{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:38:50Z","timestamp":1778132330694,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.48703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1699846677000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristics of Patients Diagnosed With Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, From 2000 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Shahad","family":"Almalki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lama","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jumana","family":"Khayyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rawan T","family":"Harun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayar","family":"Alyousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Alsamiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zienab","family":"Alrefaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed K","family":"Bamaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21701","article-title":"Clinical and electrophysiological features of the 2007 Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome epidemic in northeast China","volume":"42","author":"Ye Y","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ye Y, Zhu D, Wang K, et al.. Clinical and electrophysiological features of the 2007 Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome epidemic in northeast China. Muscle Nerve. 2010, 42:311-4. 10.1002\/mus.21701","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.08.005","article-title":"The morbidity and outcome of patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome admitted to the intensive care unit","volume":"264","author":"Dhar R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dhar R, Stitt L, Hahn AF. The morbidity and outcome of patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome admitted to the intensive care unit. J Neurol Sci. 2008, 264:121-8. 10.1016\/j.jns.2007.08.005","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380001500308","article-title":"New concepts of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Asbury AK","year":"2000","unstructured":"Asbury AK. New concepts of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2000, 15:183-91. 10.1177\/088307380001500308","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Infectious agents as the triggers for the pathogenesis of the neuroimmunological disorders [Article in Japanese]","volume":"66","author":"Nakamura T","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakamura T. Infectious agents as the triggers for the pathogenesis of the neuroimmunological disorders [Article in Japanese]. Nihon Rinsho. 2008, 66:1056-64.","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.56.6.758","article-title":"Preceding infections, immune factors, and outcome in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Hadden RD","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hadden RD, Karch H, Hartung HP, et al.. Preceding infections, immune factors, and outcome in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurology. 2001, 56:758-65. 10.1212\/wnl.56.6.758","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67665-9","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"366","author":"Hughes RA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hughes RA, Cornblath DR. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Lancet. 2005, 366:1653-66. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67665-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200110000-00009","article-title":"Epidemiology of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Govoni V","year":"2001","unstructured":"Govoni V, Granieri E. Epidemiology of the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol. 2001, 14:605-13. 10.1097\/00019052-200110000-00009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300309","article-title":"Antiganglioside antibodies are associated with axonal Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a Japanese-Italian collaborative study","volume":"83","author":"Sekiguchi Y","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sekiguchi Y, Uncini A, Yuki N, et al.. Antiganglioside antibodies are associated with axonal Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a Japanese-Italian collaborative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012, 83:23-8. 10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300309","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200932040-00005","article-title":"Vaccines and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Haber P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haber P, Sejvar J, Mikaeloff Y, DeStefano F. Vaccines and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Drug Saf. 2009, 32:309-23. 10.2165\/00002018-200932040-00005","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000324710","article-title":"Population incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Sejvar JJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sejvar JJ, Baughman AL, Wise M, Morgan OW. Population incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2011, 36:123-33. 10.1159\/000324710","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.05.065","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Arab countries: a systematic review","volume":"343","author":"Benamer HT","year":"2014","unstructured":"Benamer HT, Bredan A. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Arab countries: a systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2014, 343:221-3. 10.1016\/j.jns.2014.05.065","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1987.tb07901.x","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of selected neuromuscular disorders in Benghazi, Libya","volume":"75","author":"Radhakrishnan K","year":"1987","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan K, el-Mangoush MA, Gerryo SE. Descriptive epidemiology of selected neuromuscular disorders in Benghazi, Libya. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987, 75:95-100. 10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1987.tb07901.x","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S187994","article-title":"Prevalence and outcomes of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome among pediatrics in Saudi Arabia: a 10-year retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Asiri S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asiri S, Altwaijri WA, Ba-Armah D, Al Rumayyan A, Alrifai MT, Salam M, Almutairi AF. Prevalence and outcomes of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome among pediatrics in Saudi Arabia: a 10-year retrospective study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019, 15:627-35. 10.2147\/NDT.S187994","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.06.003","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and Fisher syndrome: case definitions and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data","volume":"29","author":"Sejvar JJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sejvar JJ, Kohl KS, Gidudu J, et al.. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and Fisher syndrome: case definitions and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine. 2011, 29:599-612. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.06.003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt285","article-title":"Diagnosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria","volume":"137","author":"Fokke C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fokke C, van den Berg B, Drenthen J, Walgaard C, van Doorn PA, Jacobs BC. Diagnosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria. Brain. 2014, 137:33-43. 10.1093\/brain\/awt285","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-011-0190-y","article-title":"Guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome: modern theories of etiology","volume":"11","author":"Hardy TA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hardy TA, Blum S, McCombe PA, Reddel SW. Guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome: modern theories of etiology. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2011, 11:197-204. 10.1007\/s11882-011-0190-y","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52902-2.00021-7","article-title":"The Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Fujimura H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fujimura H. The Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013, 115:383-402. 10.1016\/B978-0-444-52902-2.00021-7","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389801301004","article-title":"An epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic study of childhood Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Kuwait: is it related to the oral polio vaccine?","volume":"13","author":"Ismail EA","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ismail EA, Shabani IS, Badawi M, et al.. An epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic study of childhood Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Kuwait: is it related to the oral polio vaccine?. J Child Neurol. 1998, 13:488-92. 10.1177\/088307389801301004","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000438752","article-title":"A multicentric prospective incidence study of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Italy. The ITANG study","volume":"45","author":"Benedetti MD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Benedetti MD, Pugliatti M, D'Alessandro R, et al.. A multicentric prospective incidence study of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Italy. The ITANG study. Neuroepidemiology. 2015, 45:90-9. 10.1159\/000438752","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-004-0231-6","article-title":"Public health surveillance and incidence of adulthood Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Spain, 1998-1999: the view from a sentinel network of neurologists","volume":"25","author":"Cuadrado JI","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cuadrado JI, de Pedro-Cuesta J, Ara JR, et al.. Public health surveillance and incidence of adulthood Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Spain, 1998-1999: the view from a sentinel network of neurologists. Neurol Sci. 2004, 25:57-65. 10.1007\/s10072-004-0231-6","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000184748","article-title":"The epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature review","volume":"32","author":"McGrogan A","year":"2009","unstructured":"McGrogan A, Madle GC, Seaman HE, de Vries CS. The epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature review. Neuroepidemiology. 2009, 32:150-63. 10.1159\/000184748","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369344","article-title":"Estimation of background incidence rates of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Germany - a retrospective cohort study with electronic healthcare data","volume":"43","author":"Hense S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hense S, Schink T, Kreisel SH, Marcelon L, Simondon F, Tahden M, Garbe E. Estimation of background incidence rates of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Germany - a retrospective cohort study with electronic healthcare data. Neuroepidemiology. 2014, 43:244-52. 10.1159\/000369344","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12202","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in France: a nationwide epidemiological analysis based on hospital discharge data (2008-2013)","volume":"22","author":"Delannoy A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Delannoy A, Rudant J, Chaignot C, Bolgert F, Mikaeloff Y, Weill A. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in France: a nationwide epidemiological analysis based on hospital discharge data (2008-2013). J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2017, 22:51-8. 10.1111\/jns.12202","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Sweden 1996","volume":"7","author":"Cheng Q","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cheng Q, Jiang GX, Fredrikson S, Link H, De Pedro-Cuesta J. Incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Sweden 1996. Eur J Neurol. 2000, 7:11-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.54.3.620","article-title":"Mild forms of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in an epidemiologic survey in The Netherlands","volume":"54","author":"Van Koningsveld R","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van Koningsveld R, Van Doorn PA, Schmitz PI, Ang CW, Van der Mech\u00e9 FG. Mild forms of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in an epidemiologic survey in The Netherlands. Neurology. 2000, 54:620-5. 10.1212\/wnl.54.3.620","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in the northern area of Gran Canaria and the island of Lanzarote [Article in Spanish]","volume":"35","author":"Aladro-Benito Y","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aladro-Benito Y, Conde-Sendin MA, Mu\u00f1oz-Fern\u00e1ndez C, P\u00e9rez-Correa S, Alemany-Rodr\u00edguez MJ, Fiuza-P\u00e9rez MD, Alamo-Santana F. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in the northern area of Gran Canaria and the island of Lanzarote [Article in Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2002, 35:705-10.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.12.1301","article-title":"No association between immunization and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in the United Kingdom, 1992 to 2000","volume":"166","author":"Hughes RA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hughes RA, Charlton J, Latinovic R, Gulliford MC. No association between immunization and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in the United Kingdom, 1992 to 2000. Arch Intern Med. 2006, 166:1301-4. 10.1001\/archinte.166.12.1301","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12239","article-title":"Epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Finland 2004-2014","volume":"22","author":"Sipil\u00e4 JO","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sipil\u00e4 JO, Soilu-H\u00e4nninen M, Ruuskanen JO, Rautava P, Kyt\u00f6 V. Epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Finland 2004-2014. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2017, 22:440-5. 10.1111\/jns.12239","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300418","article-title":"The use of hospital discharge data for public health surveillance of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Koobatian TJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Koobatian TJ, Birkhead GS, Schramm MM, Vogt RL. The use of hospital discharge data for public health surveillance of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1991, 30:618-21. 10.1002\/ana.410300418","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000339248","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome incidence in a large United States cohort (2000-2009)","volume":"39","author":"Shui IM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shui IM, Rett MD, Weintraub E, et al.. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome incidence in a large United States cohort (2000-2009). Neuroepidemiology. 2012, 39:109-15. 10.1159\/000339248","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jns5.12045","article-title":"Clinical features of patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome at seven hospitals on the East Coast of Australia","volume":"18","author":"Blum S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blum S, Reddel S, Spies J, McCombe P. Clinical features of patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome at seven hospitals on the East Coast of Australia. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2013, 18:316-20. 10.1111\/jns5.12045","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12265","article-title":"Population incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in parts of China: three large populations in Jiangsu province, 2008-2010","volume":"21","author":"Chen Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen Y, Ma F, Zhang J, Chu X, Xu Y. Population incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in parts of China: three large populations in Jiangsu province, 2008-2010. Eur J Neurol. 2014, 21:124-9. 10.1111\/ene.12265","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11477\/mf.1416200300","article-title":"Epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome [Article in Japanese]","volume":"67","author":"Yoshikawa H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yoshikawa H. Epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome [Article in Japanese]. Brain Nerve. 2015, 67:1305-11. 10.11477\/mf.1416200300","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3688-4","article-title":"Incidence study of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in the province of Ferrara, Northern Italy, between 2003 and 2017. A 40-year follow-up","volume":"40","author":"Granieri E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Granieri E, Andreasi NG, De Martin P, et al.. Incidence study of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in the province of Ferrara, Northern Italy, between 2003 and 2017. A 40-year follow-up. Neurol Sci. 2019, 40:603-9. 10.1007\/s10072-018-3688-4","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_50_17","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"7","author":"Ansari B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ansari B, Basiri K, Derakhshan Y, Kadkhodaei F, Okhovat AA. Epidemiology and clinical features of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Isfahan, Iran. Adv Biomed Res. 2018, 7:87. 10.4103\/abr.abr_50_17","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02314-5","article-title":"Clinical features and outcome of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Saudi Arabia: a multicenter, retrospective study","volume":"21","author":"Alanazy MH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alanazy MH, Bakry SS, Alqahtani A, et al.. Clinical features and outcome of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Saudi Arabia: a multicenter, retrospective study. BMC Neurol. 2021, 21:275. 10.1186\/s12883-021-02314-5","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02444006","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome: a series observed at Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital January 1984--January 1994","volume":"243","author":"Bahou YG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bahou YG, Biary N, al Deeb S. Guillain-Barre syndrome: a series observed at Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital January 1984--January 1994. J Neurol. 1996, 243:147-52. 10.1007\/BF02444006","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000090916","article-title":"Clinical and neurophysiological pattern of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Kuwait","volume":"15","author":"Nagarajan V","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nagarajan V, Al-Shubaili A. Clinical and neurophysiological pattern of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract. 2006, 15:120-5. 10.1159\/000090916","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.82793","article-title":"Clinical features and prognosis with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Akbayram S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Akbayram S, Do\u011fan M, Akg\u00fcn C, et al.. Clinical features and prognosis with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2011, 14:98-102. 10.4103\/0972-2327.82793","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-282x2004000100006","article-title":"Epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"62","author":"Rocha MS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rocha MS, Brucki SM, Carvalho AA, Lima UW. Epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2004, 62:33-7. 10.1590\/s0004-282x2004000100006","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2021.1965337","article-title":"Elevated blood and cerebrospinal fluid glucose levels affect the severity and short-term prognosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Gong Q","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gong Q, Liu S, Xiao Z, Fu X, Lu Z. Elevated blood and cerebrospinal fluid glucose levels affect the severity and short-term prognosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurol Res. 2022, 44:121-7. 10.1080\/01616412.2021.1965337","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207282","article-title":"CSF Findings in relation to clinical characteristics, subtype, and disease course in patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Al-Hakem H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Hakem H, Doets AY, Stino AM, et al.. CSF Findings in relation to clinical characteristics, subtype, and disease course in patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurology. 2023, 100:e2386-97. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207282","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.96383","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Paul BS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Paul BS, Bhatia R, Prasad K, Padma MV, Tripathi M, Singh MB. Clinical predictors of mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurol India. 2012, 60:150-3. 10.4103\/0028-3886.96383","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.36.3.429","article-title":"Severe acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Ropper AH","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ropper AH. Severe acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurology. 1986, 36:429-32. 10.1212\/wnl.36.3.429","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200301000-00044","article-title":"Early predictors of mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Sharshar T","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sharshar T, Chevret S, Bourdain F, Rapha\u00ebl JC. Early predictors of mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2003, 31:278-83. 10.1097\/00003246-200301000-00044","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.117582","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the clinical recovery of patients with Guillain Barr\u00e9 syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation","volume":"61","author":"Sriganesh K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sriganesh K, Netto A, Kulkarni GB, Taly AB, Umamaheswara Rao GS. Seasonal variation in the clinical recovery of patients with Guillain Barr\u00e9 syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation. Neurol India. 2013, 61:349-54. 10.4103\/0028-3886.117582","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/NCC:1:4:415","article-title":"Respiratory dysfunction in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Orlikowski D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Orlikowski D, Prigent H, Sharshar T, Lofaso F, Raphael JC. Respiratory dysfunction in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurocrit Care. 2004, 1:415-22. 10.1385\/NCC:1:4:415","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26905","article-title":"Risk factors for mechanical ventilation in children with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Luo H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo H, Hong S, Li M, Wang L, Jiang L. Risk factors for mechanical ventilation in children with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2020, 62:214-8. 10.1002\/mus.26905","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.6.893","article-title":"Anticipating mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Lawn ND","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lawn ND, Fletcher DD, Henderson RD, Wolter TD, Wijdicks EF. Anticipating mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2001, 58:893-8. 10.1001\/archneur.58.6.893","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21976","article-title":"Prediction of respiratory insufficiency in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Walgaard C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walgaard C, Lingsma HF, Ruts L, et al.. Prediction of respiratory insufficiency in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2010, 67:781-7. 10.1002\/ana.21976","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440512","article-title":"Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange\/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Trial Group","volume":"44","author":"Hadden RD","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hadden RD, Cornblath DR, Hughes RA, Zielasek J, Hartung HP, Toyka KV, Swan AV. Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange\/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Trial Group. Ann Neurol. 1998, 44:780-8. 10.1002\/ana.410440512","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133520","article-title":"Subtypes and prognosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Southwest China","volume":"10","author":"Zhang G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang G, Li Q, Zhang R, Wei X, Wang J, Qin X. Subtypes and prognosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Southwest China. PLoS One. 2015, 10:e0133520. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0133520","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01366.x","article-title":"Clinico-electrophysiological findings and prognosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome--10 years' experience","volume":"123","author":"Soysal A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soysal A, Aysal F, Caliskan B, et al.. Clinico-electrophysiological findings and prognosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome--10 years' experience. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011, 123:181-6. 10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01366.x","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.4.494","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Taiwan: a clinical study of 167 patients","volume":"63","author":"Lyu RK","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lyu RK, Tang LM, Cheng SY, Hsu WC, Chen ST. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Taiwan: a clinical study of 167 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997, 63:494-500. 10.1136\/jnnp.63.4.494","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.56.8.1104","article-title":"Clinical features and prognosis of Miller Fisher syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Mori M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, Yuki N, Hattori T. Clinical features and prognosis of Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology. 2001, 56:1104-6. 10.1212\/wnl.56.8.1104","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12104","article-title":"Cytoalbuminologic dissociation in Asian patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 and Miller Fisher syndromes","volume":"20","author":"Wong AH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong AH, Umapathi T, Nishimoto Y, Wang YZ, Chan YC, Yuki N. Cytoalbuminologic dissociation in Asian patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 and Miller Fisher syndromes. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2015, 20:47-51. 10.1111\/jns.12104","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-95","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: natural history and prognostic factors: a retrospective review of 106 cases","volume":"13","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Su\u00e1rez I","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Su\u00e1rez I, Sanz-Gallego I, Rodr\u00edguez de Rivera FJ, Arpa J. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: natural history and prognostic factors: a retrospective review of 106 cases. BMC Neurol. 2013, 13:95. 10.1186\/1471-2377-13-95","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002063.pub6","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"2014","author":"Hughes RA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hughes RA, Swan AV, van Doorn PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014, 2014:CD002063. 10.1002\/14651858.CD002063.pub6","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70215-1","article-title":"Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"7","author":"van Doorn PA","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Doorn PA, Ruts L, Jacobs BC. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2008, 7:939-50. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70215-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-981686","article-title":"Clinical presentation and course of childhood Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a prospective multicentre study","volume":"38","author":"Korinthenberg R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Korinthenberg R, Schessl J, Kirschner J. Clinical presentation and course of childhood Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a prospective multicentre study. Neuropediatrics. 2007, 38:10-7. 10.1055\/s-2007-981686","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199204233261705","article-title":"A randomized trial comparing intravenous immune globulin and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Dutch Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Study Group","volume":"326","author":"van der Mech\u00e9 FG","year":"1992","unstructured":"van der Mech\u00e9 FG, Schmitz PI. A randomized trial comparing intravenous immune globulin and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Dutch Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992, 326:1123-9. 10.1056\/NEJM199204233261705","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09095-2","article-title":"Randomised trial of plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, and combined treatments in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Plasma Exchange\/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Trial Group","volume":"349","year":"1997","unstructured":"Randomised trial of plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, and combined treatments in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Plasma Exchange\/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Trial Group. Lancet. 1997, 349.225-30. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09095-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.67","article-title":"Predictive factors for achieving independent walking in children with Guillain-Barre syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Barzegar M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barzegar M, Toopchizadeh V, Maher MH, Sadeghi P, Jahanjoo F, Pishgahi A. Predictive factors for achieving independent walking in children with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Pediatr Res. 2017, 82:333-9. 10.1038\/pr.2017.67","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Electrophysiological subtypes and prognostic factors of childhood Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Konu\u015fkan B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konu\u015fkan B, Okuyaz \u00c7, Ta\u015fdelen B, Kurul SH, Anlar B. Electrophysiological subtypes and prognostic factors of childhood Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2018, 55:199-204.","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr Ars"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310983.38724.d4","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: incidence and mortality rates in US hospitals","volume":"70","author":"Alshekhlee A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alshekhlee A, Hussain Z, Sultan B, Katirji B. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: incidence and mortality rates in US hospitals. Neurology. 2008, 70:1608-13. 10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310983.38724.d4","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/196232-characteristics-of-patients-diagnosed-with-guillain-barr-syndrome-at-king-abdulaziz-university-hospital-jeddah-saudi-arabia-from-2000-to-2018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:10:00Z","timestamp":1707509400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/196232-characteristics-of-patients-diagnosed-with-guillain-barr-syndrome-at-king-abdulaziz-university-hospital-jeddah-saudi-arabia-from-2000-to-2018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]]},"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.48703","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]]}}}