{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:00:07Z","timestamp":1787032807722,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.48979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:32:51Z","timestamp":1700267571000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Impact of Body Mass Index, Residual Beta Cell Function and Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate on the Development of Double Diabetes and Microvascular Complications in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Rameez Raja","family":"Bhagadurshah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subbiah","family":"Eagappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghavan","family":"Kasthuri Santharam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sridhar","family":"Subbiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198605223142106","article-title":"Type I diabetes mellitus. A chronic autoimmune disease","volume":"314","author":"Eisenbarth GS","year":"1986","unstructured":"Eisenbarth GS. Type I diabetes mellitus. A chronic autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med. 1986, 314:1360-8. 10.1056\/NEJM198605223142106","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0871","article-title":"Most people with long-duration type 1 diabetes in a large population-based study are insulin microsecretors","volume":"38","author":"Oram RA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oram RA, McDonald TJ, Shields BM, et al.. Most people with long-duration type 1 diabetes in a large population-based study are insulin microsecretors. Diabetes Care. 2015, 38:323-8. 10.2337\/dc14-0871","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134057","article-title":"High residual C-peptide likely contributes to glycemic control in type 1 diabetes","volume":"130","author":"Rickels MR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rickels MR, Evans-Molina C, Bahnson HT, et al.. High residual C-peptide likely contributes to glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2020, 130:1850-62. 10.1172\/JCI134057","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0567","article-title":"Clinical impact of residual C-peptide secretion in type 1 diabetes on glycemia and microvascular complications","volume":"44","author":"Jeyam A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeyam A, Colhoun H, McGurnaghan S, et al.. Clinical impact of residual C-peptide secretion in type 1 diabetes on glycemia and microvascular complications. Diabetes Care. 2021, 44:390-8. 10.2337\/dc20-0567","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13960","article-title":"Persistent C-peptide is associated with reduced hypoglycaemia but not HbA(1c) in adults with longstanding type 1 diabetes: evidence for lack of intensive treatment in UK clinical practice?","volume":"36","author":"Marren SM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marren SM, Hammersley S, McDonald TJ, et al.. Persistent C-peptide is associated with reduced hypoglycaemia but not HbA(1c) in adults with longstanding type 1 diabetes: evidence for lack of intensive treatment in UK clinical practice?. Diabet Med. 2019, 36:1092-9. 10.1111\/dme.13960","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.4.626","article-title":"Can clinical factors estimate insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes?","volume":"49","author":"Williams KV","year":"2000","unstructured":"Williams KV, Erbey JR, Becker D, Arslanian S, Orchard TJ. Can clinical factors estimate insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes?. Diabetes. 2000, 49:626-32. 10.2337\/diabetes.49.4.626","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00274790","article-title":"Enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity, but peripheral insulin resistance in patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Hother-Nielsen O","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hother-Nielsen O, Schmitz O, Bak J, Beck-Nielsen H. Enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity, but peripheral insulin resistance in patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia. 1987, 30:834-40. 10.1007\/BF00274790","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13848","article-title":"Double diabetes: a distinct high-risk group?","volume":"21","author":"Kietsiriroje N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kietsiriroje N, Pearson S, Campbell M, Ari\u00ebns RA, Ajjan RA. Double diabetes: a distinct high-risk group?. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019, 21:2609-18. 10.1111\/dom.13848","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0911","article-title":"Insulin resistance in patients with type 1 diabetes assessed by glucose clamp studies: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"173","author":"Donga E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Donga E, Dekkers OM, Corssmit EP, Romijn JA. Insulin resistance in patients with type 1 diabetes assessed by glucose clamp studies: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015, 173:101-9. 10.1530\/EJE-14-0911","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.02.004","article-title":"Utility of the estimated glucose disposal rate as a marker of microvascular complications in young adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"96","author":"Girgis CM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Girgis CM, Scalley BD, Park KE. Utility of the estimated glucose disposal rate as a marker of microvascular complications in young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012, 96:e70-2. 10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.02.004","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01550-3","article-title":"Estimated glucose disposal rate as a candidate biomarker for thrombotic biomarkers in T1D: a pooled analysis","volume":"44","author":"O'Mahoney LL","year":"2021","unstructured":"O'Mahoney LL, Kietsiriroje N, Pearson S, West DJ, Holmes M, Ajjan RA, Campbell MD. Estimated glucose disposal rate as a candidate biomarker for thrombotic biomarkers in T1D: a pooled analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021, 44:2417-26. 10.1007\/s40618-021-01550-3","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14529","article-title":"Body mass index, estimated glucose disposal rate and vascular complications in type 1 diabetes: beyond glycated haemoglobin","volume":"38","author":"Helliwell R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Helliwell R, Warnes H, Kietsiriroje N, Campbell M, Birch R, Pearson SM, Ajjan RA. Body mass index, estimated glucose disposal rate and vascular complications in type 1 diabetes: beyond glycated haemoglobin. Diabet Med. 2021, 38:e14529. 10.1111\/dme.14529","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3","article-title":"Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies","volume":"363","author":"WHO Expert Consultation","year":"2004","unstructured":"WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004, 363:157-63. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2020.1723487","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of protein to creatinine ratio (P\/C ratio) in spot urine sample within routine clinical practice","volume":"57","author":"Kami\u0144ska J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kami\u0144ska J, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Tomaszewska J, Matowicka-Karna J, Koper-Lenkiewicz OM. Diagnostic utility of protein to creatinine ratio (P\/C ratio) in spot urine sample within routine clinical practice. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020, 57:345-64. 10.1080\/10408363.2020.1723487","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13110","article-title":"Estimated glucose disposal rate predicts mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Nystr\u00f6m T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nystr\u00f6m T, Holzmann MJ, Eliasson B, Svensson AM, Sartipy U. Estimated glucose disposal rate predicts mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018, 20:556-63. 10.1111\/dom.13110","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2022.21039","article-title":"Prevalence of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with metabolic parameters: the double trouble","volume":"54","author":"Pathak V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pathak V, Mishra I, Baliarsinha AK, Choudhury AK. Prevalence of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with metabolic parameters: the double trouble. Eurasian J Med. 2022, 54:107-12. 10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2022.21039","journal-title":"Eurasian J Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00851-1","article-title":"The association between overweight\/obesity and double diabetes in adults with type 1 diabetes; a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Cantley NW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cantley NW, Lonnen K, Kyrou I, Tahrani AA, Kahal H. The association between overweight\/obesity and double diabetes in adults with type 1 diabetes; a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021, 21:187. 10.1186\/s12902-021-00851-1","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.164234","article-title":"Prevalence of generalized &amp; abdominal obesity in urban &amp; rural India - the ICMR-INDIAB Study (Phase-I) [ICMR- NDIAB-3]","volume":"142","author":"Pradeepa R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pradeepa R, Anjana RM, Joshi SR, et al.. Prevalence of generalized &amp;amp; abdominal obesity in urban &amp;amp; rural India - the ICMR-INDIAB Study (Phase-I) [ICMR- NDIAB-3]. Indian J Med Res. 2015, 142:139-50. 10.4103\/0971-5916.164234","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2006.00686.x","article-title":"Insulin-associated weight gain in diabetes - causes, effects and coping strategies","volume":"9","author":"Russell-Jones D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Russell-Jones D, Khan R. Insulin-associated weight gain in diabetes - causes, effects and coping strategies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007, 9:799-812. 10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2006.00686.x","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.140","article-title":"Effect of excessive weight gain with intensive therapy of type 1 diabetes on lipid levels and blood pressure: results from the DCCT. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial","volume":"280","author":"Purnell JQ","year":"1998","unstructured":"Purnell JQ, Hokanson JE, Marcovina SM, Steffes MW, Cleary PA, Brunzell JD. Effect of excessive weight gain with intensive therapy of type 1 diabetes on lipid levels and blood pressure: results from the DCCT. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. JAMA. 1998, 280:140-6. 10.1001\/jama.280.2.140","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90988-2","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence for \u2018double diabetes\u2019","volume":"337","author":"Teupe B","year":"1991","unstructured":"Teupe B, Bergis K. Epidemiological evidence for \u2018double diabetes\u2019. Lancet. 1991, 337:361-2. 10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90988-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0472","article-title":"Effect of parental type 2 diabetes on offspring with type 1 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Thorn LM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thorn LM, Forsblom C, Wad\u00e9n J, et al.. Effect of parental type 2 diabetes on offspring with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009, 32:63-8. 10.2337\/dc08-0472","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.115","article-title":"Family history of type 2 diabetes is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and an impaired balance between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in white youth","volume":"28","author":"Arslanian SA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arslanian SA, Bacha F, Saad R, Gungor N. Family history of type 2 diabetes is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and an impaired balance between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in white youth. Diabetes Care. 2005, 28:115-19. 10.2337\/diacare.28.1.115","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.2","article-title":"Insulin therapy, hyperglycemia, and hypertension in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"168","author":"de Boer IH","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Boer IH, Kestenbaum B, Rue TC, et al.. Insulin therapy, hyperglycemia, and hypertension in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 2008, 168:1867-73. 10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.2","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2565","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome components in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Pinhas-Hamiel O","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinhas-Hamiel O, Levek-Motola N, Kaidar K, et al.. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome components in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2015, 31:76-84. 10.1002\/dmrr.2565","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000170","article-title":"Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Polsky S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polsky S, Ellis SL. Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015, 22:277-82. 10.1097\/MED.0000000000000170","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12049","article-title":"Obesity-related hypertension: pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment: a position paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension","volume":"15","author":"Landsberg L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Landsberg L, Aronne LJ, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Igel LI, Lloyd-Jones D, Sowers J. Obesity-related hypertension: pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment: a position paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013, 15:14-33. 10.1111\/jch.12049","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-961-P","article-title":"961-P: The effect of obesity on HbA1c among adults with type 1 diabetes: a U.S. based multicenter study","volume":"71","author":"Noor N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noor N, Akturk HK, Desimone M, et al.. 961-P: The effect of obesity on HbA1c among adults with type 1 diabetes: a U.S. based multicenter study. Diabetes. 2022, 71:961. 10.2337\/db22-961-P","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0171","article-title":"Non-insulin antidiabetes treatment in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Cai X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai X, Lin C, Yang W, Nie L, Ji L. Non-insulin antidiabetes treatment in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab J. 2021, 45:312-25. 10.4093\/dmj.2020.0171","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/200671-the-impact-of-body-mass-index-residual-beta-cell-function-and-estimated-glucose-disposal-rate-on-the-development-of-double-diabetes-and-microvascular-complications-in-patients-with-type-1-diabetes-mellitus","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T15:06:19Z","timestamp":1707491179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/200671-the-impact-of-body-mass-index-residual-beta-cell-function-and-estimated-glucose-disposal-rate-on-the-development-of-double-diabetes-and-microvascular-complications-in-patients-with-type-1-diabetes-mellitus"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.48979","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]}}}