{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:55:26Z","timestamp":1791255326193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.49146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T05:25:47Z","timestamp":1700544347000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ghalia M","family":"Attia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ohood A","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reema M","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2013.868465","article-title":"Menstruation during a lifespan: a qualitative study of women's experiences","volume":"35","author":"Brantelid IE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brantelid IE, Nilv\u00e9r H, Alehagen S. Menstruation during a lifespan: a qualitative study of women's experiences. Health Care Women Int. 2014, 35:600-16. 10.1080\/07399332.2013.868465","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Essential of Medical Physiology, 7th Edition","author":"Sembulingam K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essential of Medical Physiology, 7th Edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, India; 2016."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0804","article-title":"Menstrual irregularities associated with COVID-19 vaccines among women in Saudi Arabia: a survey during 2022","volume":"18","author":"Mahfouz MS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahfouz MS, Abdelmageed MM, Alqassim AY, et al.. Menstrual irregularities associated with COVID-19 vaccines among women in Saudi Arabia: a survey during 2022. Open Med (Wars). 2023, 18:20230804. 10.1515\/med-2023-0804","journal-title":"Open Med (Wars)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2022.917643","article-title":"Menstrual irregularity and its associated factors among college students in Ethiopia, 2021","volume":"3","author":"Mittiku YM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mittiku YM, Mekonen H, Wogie G, Tizazu MA, Wake GE. Menstrual irregularity and its associated factors among college students in Ethiopia, 2021. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022, 3:917643. 10.3389\/fgwh.2022.917643","journal-title":"Front Glob Womens Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015. 11.012","article-title":"Abnormal uterine bleeding","volume":"34","author":"Whitaker L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whitaker L, Critchley HO. Abnormal uterine bleeding. Best Pract Res Clin Obstetr Gynaecol. 2016, 34:54-65. 10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015. 11.012","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstetr Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-018-0528-x","article-title":"Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause","volume":"18","author":"Bae J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bae J, Park S, Kwon JW. Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause. BMC Womens Health. 2018, 18:36. 10.1186\/s12905-018-0528-x","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-013-0399-y","article-title":"Pubertal timing, menstrual irregularity, and mental health: results of a population-based study","volume":"17","author":"Toffol E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Toffol E, Koponen P, Luoto R, Partonen T. Pubertal timing, menstrual irregularity, and mental health: results of a population-based study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2014, 17:127-35. 10.1007\/s00737-013-0399-y","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.2016.37.1.31","article-title":"Association between metabolic syndrome and menstrual irregularity in middle-aged Korean women","volume":"37","author":"Lee SS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee SS, Kim DH, Nam GE, et al.. Association between metabolic syndrome and menstrual irregularity in middle-aged Korean women. Korean J Fam Med. 2016, 37:31-6. 10.4082\/kjfm.2016.37.1.31","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.38513","article-title":"Menstrual cycle regularity and length across the reproductive lifespan and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Wang YX","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang YX, Stuart JJ, Rich-Edwards JW, et al.. Menstrual cycle regularity and length across the reproductive lifespan and risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2022, 5:e2238513. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.38513","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10040649","article-title":"The association between menstrual irregularities and the risk of diabetes in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample","volume":"10","author":"Kwan BS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwan BS, Kim SC, Jo HC, Baek JC, Park JE. The association between menstrual irregularities and the risk of diabetes in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample. Healthcare (Basel). 2022, 10:10.3390\/healthcare10040649","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2018.17180","article-title":"Is rheumatoid arthritis an innocent bystander in female reproductive problems? A comparative study of fertility in Nigerian women with and without rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Akintayo RO","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akintayo RO, Aworinde OO, Ojo O, Akintayo FC, Akinlade OM, Awodun RO, Isa SO. Is rheumatoid arthritis an innocent bystander in female reproductive problems? A comparative study of fertility in Nigerian women with and without rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2018, 5:179-83. 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2018.17180","journal-title":"Eur J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09513591003632092","article-title":"Menstrual abnormalities and predisposition to pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders: a retrospective study","volume":"26","author":"Fruscalzo A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fruscalzo A, Bertozzi S, Londero AP, Biasioli A, Driul L, Kiesel L, Marchesoni D. Menstrual abnormalities and predisposition to pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders: a retrospective study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010, 26:445-50. 10.3109\/09513591003632092","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12792","article-title":"Women with minor menstrual irregularities have increased risk of preeclampsia and low birthweight in spontaneous pregnancies","volume":"95","author":"Bonnesen B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonnesen B, Oddgeirsd\u00f3ttir HL, Naver KV, J\u00f8rgensen FS, Nilas L. Women with minor menstrual irregularities have increased risk of preeclampsia and low birthweight in spontaneous pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016, 95:88-92. 10.1111\/aogs.12792","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6866.100759","article-title":"Genetic and environmental determinants of menstrual characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Jahanfar S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jahanfar S. Genetic and environmental determinants of menstrual characteristics. Indian J Hum Genet. 2012, 18:187-92. 10.4103\/0971-6866.100759","journal-title":"Indian J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001215","article-title":"ACOG committee opinion no. 651: Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign","volume":"126","year":"2015","unstructured":"ACOG committee opinion no. 651. Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. Obstet Gynecol. 2015, 126:e143-6. 10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001215","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000342822","article-title":"Menstrual disorders in adolescents: review of current practice","volume":"78","author":"Williams CE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams CE, Creighton SM. Menstrual disorders in adolescents: review of current practice. Horm Res Paediatr. 2012, 78:135-43. 10.1159\/000342822","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Pattern of menstrual irregularities amongst women presenting to gynecological outpatient department","volume":"2","author":"Mahmood M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mahmood M, Jabeen N. Pattern of menstrual irregularities amongst women presenting to gynecological outpatient department. J Islam Med Dent Coll. 2013, 2:9-12.","journal-title":"J Islam Med Dent Coll"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214071","article-title":"Prevalence of irregular menstruation according to socioeconomic status: a population-based nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Kwak Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwak Y, Kim Y, Baek KA. Prevalence of irregular menstruation according to socioeconomic status: a population-based nationwide cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2019, 14:e0214071. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0214071","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2563112","article-title":"Pattern and determinant factors of irregular menstruation in women of eastern area of Saudi Arabia","volume":"6","author":"Aljaroudi RA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aljaroudi RA, Ali AMB, Ghawas AH, et al.. Pattern and determinant factors of irregular menstruation in women of eastern area of Saudi Arabia. Indo Am J Pharm Sci. 2019, 6:3713-720. 10.5281\/zenodo.2563112","journal-title":"Indo Am J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01156-1","article-title":"Magnitude and associated factors of menstrual irregularity among undergraduate students of Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"Zeru AB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeru AB, Gebeyaw ED, Ayele ET. Magnitude and associated factors of menstrual irregularity among undergraduate students of Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia. Reprod Health. 2021, 18:101. 10.1186\/s12978-021-01156-1","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9790\/1959-0504021321","article-title":"The body mass index and menstrual problems among adolescent students","volume":"5","author":"Abdella N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdella N, Abd-Elhalim EHN, Attia AMF. The body mass index and menstrual problems among adolescent students. IOSR J Nurs Health Sci. 2016, 5:1959-2320. 10.9790\/1959-0504021321","journal-title":"IOSR J Nurs Health Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-016-0354-y","article-title":"Menstrual pattern among adolescent girls of Pokhara Valley: a cross sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Sharma S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharma S, Deuja S, Saha CG. Menstrual pattern among adolescent girls of Pokhara Valley: a cross sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2016, 16:74. 10.1186\/s12905-016-0354-y","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0167482X.2017.1321631","article-title":"Prevalence and related factors of irregular menstrual cycles in Korean women: the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-V, 2010-2012)","volume":"39","author":"Jung EK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jung EK, Kim SW, Ock SM, Jung KI, Song CH. Prevalence and related factors of irregular menstrual cycles in Korean women: the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-V, 2010-2012). J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2018, 39:196-202. 10.1080\/0167482X.2017.1321631","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00012.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of menstrual disorders in developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"111","author":"Harlow SD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harlow SD, Campbell OM. Epidemiology of menstrual disorders in developing countries: a systematic review. BJOG. 2004, 111:6-16. 10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00012.x","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhoea among Omani high school students","volume":"11","author":"Al-Kindi R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Kindi R, Al-Bulushi A. Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhoea among Omani high school students. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2011, 11:485-91.","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2022.128061","article-title":"Prevalence of dysmenorrhea among female adolescents in Dubai: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Al Mulla A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al Mulla A, Lotfi G, Khamis AH. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea among female adolescents in Dubai: a cross-sectional study. Open J Obstet Gynecol. 2022, 12:686-705. 10.4236\/ojog.2022.128061","journal-title":"Open J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01952-2","article-title":"Menstrual cycle irregularity during examination among female medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"22","author":"Alhammadi MH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhammadi MH, Albogmi AM, Alzahrani MK, Shalabi BH, Fatta FA, AlBasri SF. Menstrual cycle irregularity during examination among female medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. BMC Womens Health. 2022, 22:367. 10.1186\/s12905-022-01952-2","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02290-7","article-title":"Prevalence and effects of menstrual disorders on quality of life of female undergraduate students in Makerere University College of Health Sciences, a cross sectional survey","volume":"23","author":"Odongo E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Odongo E, Byamugisha J, Ajeani J, Mukisa J. Prevalence and effects of menstrual disorders on quality of life of female undergraduate students in Makerere University College of Health Sciences, a cross sectional survey. BMC Womens Health. 2023, 23:152. 10.1186\/s12905-023-02290-7","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000974","article-title":"Stress-induced menstrual disorders in adolescents during the Ukrainian war: cross-sectional study","volume":"85","author":"Mykolayivna NI","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mykolayivna NI, Adebusoye FT, Awuah WA, Anatoliivna SA, Volodymyrivna BT, Fedorivna HS, Abdul-Rahman T. Stress-induced menstrual disorders in adolescents during the Ukrainian war: cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2023, 85:3428-33. 10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000974","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2021.661360","article-title":"Prevalence of common gynecological conditions in the Middle East: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Mousa M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mousa M, Al-Jefout M, Alsafar H, et al.. Prevalence of common gynecological conditions in the Middle East: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Reprod Health. 2021, 3:661360. 10.3389\/frph.2021.661360","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.120438","article-title":"Factors affecting menstrual cycle developmental trajectory in adolescents: a narrative review","volume":"20","author":"Saei Ghare Naz M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saei Ghare Naz M, Farahmand M, Dashti S, Ramezani Tehrani F. Factors affecting menstrual cycle developmental trajectory in adolescents: a narrative review. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2022, 20:e120438. 10.5812\/ijem.120438","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2022\/40\/2020494","article-title":"Menstrual cycle among adolescents: girls' awareness and influence of age at menarche and overweight","volume":"40","author":"Marques P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marques P, Madeira T, Gama A. Menstrual cycle among adolescents: girls' awareness and influence of age at menarche and overweight. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2022, 40:e2020494. 10.1590\/1984-0462\/2022\/40\/2020494","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women","volume":"99","author":"Wouk N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wouk N, Helton M. Abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women. Am Fam Physician. 2019, 99:435-43.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00752-7","article-title":"Mutational landscape screening through comprehensive in silico analysis for polycystic ovarian syndrome-related genes","volume":"29","author":"Dhar S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dhar S, Mridha S, Bhattacharjee P. Mutational landscape screening through comprehensive in silico analysis for polycystic ovarian syndrome-related genes. Reprod Sci. 2022, 29:480-96. 10.1007\/s43032-021-00752-7","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02173-y","article-title":"Food habits in overweight and obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a qualitative study in Iran","volume":"20","author":"Hajivandi L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hajivandi L, Noroozi M, Mostafavi F, Ekramzadeh M. Food habits in overweight and obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a qualitative study in Iran. BMC Pediatr. 2020, 20:277. 10.1186\/s12887-020-02173-y","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5980685","article-title":"Nutritional status and anthropometric indices in relation to menstrual disorders: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2020","author":"Taheri R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taheri R, Mesbah Ardekani F, Raeisi Shahraki H, Heidarzadeh-Esfahani N, Hajiahmadi S. Nutritional status and anthropometric indices in relation to menstrual disorders: a cross-sectional study. J Nutr Metab. 2020, 2020:5980685. 10.1155\/2020\/5980685","journal-title":"J Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2011.11.009","article-title":"Exercise and sedentary habits among adolescents with PCOS","volume":"25","author":"Eleftheriadou M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eleftheriadou M, Michala L, Stefanidis K, Iliadis I, Lykeridou A, Antsaklis A. Exercise and sedentary habits among adolescents with PCOS. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2012, 25:172-4. 10.1016\/j.jpag.2011.11.009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521002361","article-title":"Sleep disturbances may influence lifestyle behaviours in women with self-reported polycystic ovary syndrome","author":"Bennett CJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bennett CJ, Mansfield DR, Mo L, et al.. Sleep disturbances may influence lifestyle behaviours in women with self-reported polycystic ovary syndrome. Br J Nutr. 2021, 1-9. 10.1017\/S0007114521002361","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371088","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: do endocrine-disrupting chemicals play a role?","volume":"32","author":"Barrett ES","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barrett ES, Sobolewski M. Polycystic ovary syndrome: do endocrine-disrupting chemicals play a role?. Semin Reprod Med. 2014, 32:166-76. 10.1055\/s-0034-1371088","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2022.101241","article-title":"The effects of obesity on the menstrual cycle","volume":"52","author":"Itriyeva K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Itriyeva K. The effects of obesity on the menstrual cycle. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2022, 52:101241. 10.1016\/j.cppeds.2022.101241","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.10.007","article-title":"The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and menstrual disorders at different ages of menarche and sex hormones","volume":"110","author":"Tayebi N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tayebi N, Yazdanpanahi Z, Yektatalab S, Pourahmad S, Akbarzadeh M. The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and menstrual disorders at different ages of menarche and sex hormones. J Natl Med Assoc. 2018, 110:440-7. 10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.10.007","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-01085-4","article-title":"Is body mass index associated with irregular menstruation: a questionnaire study?","volume":"20","author":"Tang Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang Y, Chen Y, Feng H, Zhu C, Tong M, Chen Q. Is body mass index associated with irregular menstruation: a questionnaire study?. BMC Womens Health. 2020, 20:226. 10.1186\/s12905-020-01085-4","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3954","article-title":"Endometrial cancer","volume":"343","author":"Saso S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saso S, Chatterjee J, Georgiou E, Ditri AM, Smith JR, Ghaem-Maghami S. Endometrial cancer. BMJ. 2011, 343:d3954. 10.1136\/bmj.d3954","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Comprehensive Gynecology: Neoplastic Diseases of the Uterus","author":"Soliman P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Soliman P, Lu K. Comprehensive Gynecology: Neoplastic Diseases of the Uterus. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri; 2013."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.951186","article-title":"The importance of estradiol for body weight regulation in women","volume":"13","author":"Vigil P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vigil P, Mel\u00e9ndez J, Petkovic G, Del R\u00edo JP. The importance of estradiol for body weight regulation in women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022, 13:951186. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.951186","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753944717711379","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds","volume":"11","author":"Rochlani Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rochlani Y, Pothineni NV, Kovelamudi S, Mehta JL. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2017, 11:215-25. 10.1177\/1753944717711379","journal-title":"Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168402","article-title":"Menstrual cycle irregularity and metabolic disorders: a population-based prospective study","volume":"11","author":"Rostami Dovom M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rostami Dovom M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Djalalinia S, Cheraghi L, Behboudi Gandavani S, Azizi F. Menstrual cycle irregularity and metabolic disorders: a population-based prospective study. PLoS One. 2016, 11:e0168402. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0168402","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2014.01.002","article-title":"Menstrual cycle alterations during adolescence: early expression of metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Bouzas IC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bouzas IC, Cader SA, Le\u00e3o L, Kuschnir MC, Braga C. Menstrual cycle alterations during adolescence: early expression of metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2014, 27:335-41. 10.1016\/j.jpag.2014.01.002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.03.033","article-title":"Dysfunction of persisting \u03b2 cells is a key feature of early type 2 diabetes pathogenesis","volume":"31","author":"Cohrs CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohrs CM, Panzer JK, Drotar DM, et al.. Dysfunction of persisting \u03b2 cells is a key feature of early type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. Cell Rep. 2020, 31:107469. 10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.03.033","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.03.021","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and abnormal menstrual cycle in Saudi females with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Hussein K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussein K, Karami M. Association between insulin resistance and abnormal menstrual cycle in Saudi females with polycystic ovary syndrome. Saudi Pharm J. 2023, 31:1104-8. 10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.03.021","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27928","article-title":"Associations of menstrual cycle characteristics across the reproductive life span and lifestyle factors with risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Wang YX","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang YX, Shan Z, Arvizu M, et al.. Associations of menstrual cycle characteristics across the reproductive life span and lifestyle factors with risk of type 2 diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2020, 3:e2027928. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27928","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030561","article-title":"Overview and new insights into the metabolic syndrome: risk factors and emerging variables in the development of type 2 diabetes and cerebrocardiovascular disease","volume":"59","author":"Hayden MR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hayden MR. Overview and new insights into the metabolic syndrome: risk factors and emerging variables in the development of type 2 diabetes and cerebrocardiovascular disease. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023, 59:10.3390\/medicina59030561","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.029020","article-title":"Associations of menstrual cycle regularity and length with cardiovascular diseases: a prospective study from UK Biobank","volume":"12","author":"Huang C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang C, Lin B, Yuan Y, et al.. Associations of menstrual cycle regularity and length with cardiovascular diseases: a prospective study from UK Biobank. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023, 12:e029020. 10.1161\/JAHA.122.029020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25076","article-title":"Cardio-metabolic disease and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Sangaraju SL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sangaraju SL, Yepez D, Grandes XA, Talanki Manjunatha R, Habib S. Cardio-metabolic disease and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): a narrative review. Cureus. 2022, 14:e25076. 10.7759\/cureus.25076","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12040564","article-title":"Insulin resistance is cheerfully hitched with hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Sinha S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sinha S, Haque M. Insulin resistance is cheerfully hitched with hypertension. Life (Basel). 2022, 12:10.3390\/life12040564","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01166-6","article-title":"Risk for cardiovascular disease associated with metabolic syndrome and its components: a 13-year prospective study in the RIVANA cohort","volume":"19","author":"Guembe MJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guembe MJ, Fernandez-Lazaro CI, Sayon-Orea C, Toledo E, Moreno-Iribas C. Risk for cardiovascular disease associated with metabolic syndrome and its components: a 13-year prospective study in the RIVANA cohort. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020, 19:195. 10.1186\/s12933-020-01166-6","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.03.044","article-title":"Menstrual cycle characteristics and risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"94","author":"Gast GC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gast GC, Grobbee DE, Smit HA, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Samsioe GN, van der Schouw YT. Menstrual cycle characteristics and risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Fertil Steril. 2010, 94:2379-81. 10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.03.044","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603581","article-title":"Hypothalamic amenorrhea and the long-term health consequences","volume":"35","author":"Shufelt CL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shufelt CL, Torbati T, Dutra E. Hypothalamic amenorrhea and the long-term health consequences. Semin Reprod Med. 2017, 35:256-62. 10.1055\/s-0037-1603581","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew318","article-title":"The role of female hormonal factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"56","author":"Alp\u00edzar-Rodr\u00edguez D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alp\u00edzar-Rodr\u00edguez D, Pluchino N, Canny G, Gabay C, Finckh A. The role of female hormonal factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017, 56:1254-63. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew318","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15287","article-title":"Successful control of menstrual cycle-related exacerbation of inflammatory arthritis with GnRH agonist with add-back therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Ueno A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ueno A, Yoshida T, Yamamoto Y, Hayashi K. Successful control of menstrual cycle-related exacerbation of inflammatory arthritis with GnRH agonist with add-back therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2022, 48:2005-9. 10.1111\/jog.15287","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116193","article-title":"Organokines in rheumatoid arthritis: a critical review","volume":"23","author":"Laurindo LF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laurindo LF, de Maio MC, Barbalho SM, et al.. Organokines in rheumatoid arthritis: a critical review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:10.3390\/ijms23116193","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12292","article-title":"Heavy menstrual bleeding significantly affects quality of life","volume":"93","author":"Karlsson TS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karlsson TS, Marions LB, Edlund MG. Heavy menstrual bleeding significantly affects quality of life. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014, 93:52-7. 10.1111\/aogs.12292","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000329","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms across the menstrual cycle in adult women: a comprehensive review","volume":"30","author":"Handy AB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Handy AB, Greenfield SF, Yonkers KA, Payne LA. Psychiatric symptoms across the menstrual cycle in adult women: a comprehensive review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2022, 30:100-17. 10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000329","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-45082014ao2942","article-title":"Menstruation disorders in adolescents with eating disorders-target body mass index percentiles for their resolution","volume":"12","author":"Vale B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vale B, Brito S, Paulos L, Moleiro P. Menstruation disorders in adolescents with eating disorders-target body mass index percentiles for their resolution. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2014, 12:175-80. 10.1590\/s1679-45082014ao2942","journal-title":"Einstein (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.11.036","article-title":"The association between mental health problems and menstrual cycle irregularity among adolescent Korean girls","volume":"210","author":"Yu M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu M, Han K, Nam GE. The association between mental health problems and menstrual cycle irregularity among adolescent Korean girls. J Affect Disord. 2017, 210:43-8. 10.1016\/j.jad.2016.11.036","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2021.01.033","article-title":"Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents: association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and psychological symptoms","volume":"60","author":"Kabuk\u00e7u C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kabuk\u00e7u C, Kabuk\u00e7u Ba\u015fay B, Ba\u015fay \u00d6. Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents: association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and psychological symptoms. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2021, 60:311-7. 10.1016\/j.tjog.2021.01.033","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref67","unstructured":"Anemia in women and children WHO Global Anemia estimates. (2021). https.\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/anaemia_in_women_and_children."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.2888","article-title":"Treatment of iron deficiency anemia: practical considerations","volume":"125","author":"Taylor S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taylor S, Rampton D. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia: practical considerations. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2015, 125:452-60. 10.20452\/pamw.2888","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms2114516","article-title":"Osteocyte-related cytokines regulate osteoclast formation and bone resorption","volume":"21","author":"Kitaura H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kitaura H, Marahleh A, Ohori F, et al.. Osteocyte-related cytokines regulate osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:5169-93. 10.3390\/ijms2114516","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30441","article-title":"Long and irregular menstrual cycles, polycystic ovary syndrome, and ovarian cancer risk in a population-based case-control study","volume":"140","author":"Harris HR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harris HR, Titus LJ, Cramer DW, Terry KL. Long and irregular menstrual cycles, polycystic ovary syndrome, and ovarian cancer risk in a population-based case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2017, 140:285-91. 10.1002\/ijc.30441","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jbm.2022.104014","article-title":"Types of infertility and its risk factors among infertile women: a prospective study in Dhaka City","volume":"10","author":"Magdum M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magdum M, Chowdhury M, Begum N, et al.. Types of infertility and its risk factors among infertile women: a prospective study in Dhaka City. J Biosci Med. 2022, 10:158-68. 10.4236\/jbm.2022.104014","journal-title":"J Biosci Med"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-312968","article-title":"The majority of irregular menstrual cycles in adolescence are ovulatory: results of a prospective study","volume":"103","author":"Pe\u00f1a AS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a AS, Doherty DA, Atkinson HC, Hickey M, Norman RJ, Hart R. The majority of irregular menstrual cycles in adolescence are ovulatory: results of a prospective study. Arch Dis Child. 2018, 103:235-9. 10.1136\/archdischild-2017-312968","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0146","article-title":"Developmental influences on fertility decisions by women: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"371","author":"Coall DA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coall DA, Tickner M, McAllister LS, Sheppard P. Developmental influences on fertility decisions by women: an evolutionary perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016, 371:20150146. 10.1098\/rstb.2015.0146","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113762118","article-title":"Menstrual irregularity as a biological limit to early pregnancy awareness","volume":"119","author":"Nobles J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nobles J, Cannon L, Wilcox AJ. Menstrual irregularity as a biological limit to early pregnancy awareness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022, 119:10.1073\/pnas.2113762118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11010","article-title":"An update of polycystic ovary syndrome: causes and therapeutics options","volume":"8","author":"Rababa'h AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rababa'h AM, Matani BR, Yehya A. An update of polycystic ovary syndrome: causes and therapeutics options. Heliyon. 2022, 8:e11010. 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11010","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00218.2017","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease, and stroke in postpartum women and their fetuses after a hypertensive pregnancy","volume":"315","author":"Cunningham MW Jr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cunningham MW Jr, LaMarca B. Risk of cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease, and stroke in postpartum women and their fetuses after a hypertensive pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2018, 315:R521-8. 10.1152\/ajpregu.00218.2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/197833-the-impact-of-irregular-menstruation-on-health-a-review-of-the-literature","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:53:48Z","timestamp":1707508428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/197833-the-impact-of-irregular-menstruation-on-health-a-review-of-the-literature"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"references-count":76,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.49146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]}}}