{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:48:26Z","timestamp":1791395306117,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.50111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T14:25:30Z","timestamp":1701959130000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Exploring Early Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnostic Approaches in Young Children"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ruba  A","family":"Alrehaili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem M","family":"ElKady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jumana A","family":"Alrehaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem M","family":"Alreefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203799123","article-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology: A Clinical Approach","author":"Anderson V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anderson V, Northam E, Wrennall J. Developmental Neuropsychology: A Clinical Approach. Routledge, London; 2017. 10.4324\/9780203799123"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-020-00302-z","article-title":"Prevalence of autism\/ASD among preschool and school-age children in Norway","volume":"24","author":"\u00d6zerk K","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00d6zerk K, Cardinal D. Prevalence of autism\/ASD among preschool and school-age children in Norway. Contemp Sch Psychol. 2020, 24:419-28. 10.1007\/s40688-020-00302-z","journal-title":"Contemp Sch Psychol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.117131","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance","volume":"55","author":"Vahia VN","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vahia VN. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013, 55:220-3. 10.4103\/0019-5545.117131","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Blood mercury levels in autism spectrum disorder: Is there a threshold level?","volume":"70","author":"Geier DA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Geier DA, Audhya T, Kern JK, Geier MR. Blood mercury levels in autism spectrum disorder: Is there a threshold level?. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2010, 70:177-86.","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0170-6","article-title":"A comparison of motor delays in young children: Autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and developmental concerns","volume":"37","author":"Provost B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Provost B, Lopez BR, Heimerl S. A comparison of motor delays in young children: Autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and developmental concerns. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007, 37:321-8. 10.1007\/s10803-006-0170-6","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v5.i3.315","article-title":"Motor abilities of children and adolescents with a psychiatric condition: A systematic literature review","volume":"5","author":"Damme TV","year":"2015","unstructured":"Damme TV, Simons J, Sabbe B, van West D. Motor abilities of children and adolescents with a psychiatric condition: A systematic literature review. World J Psychiatry. 2015, 5:315-29. 10.5498\/wjp.v5.i3.315","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-023-06091-7","article-title":"Epidemiologic patterns of autism spectrum disorder in pediatric inpatients in the United States, 1997-2019","author":"Chihuri S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chihuri S, Blanchard A, DiGuiseppi CG, Li G. Epidemiologic patterns of autism spectrum disorder in pediatric inpatients in the United States, 1997-2019. J Autism Dev Disord. 2023, 10.1007\/s10803-023-06091-7","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12539-022-00548-6","article-title":"Review of progress in diagnostic studies of autism spectrum disorder using neuroimaging","volume":"15","author":"Kaur P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaur P, Kaur A. Review of progress in diagnostic studies of autism spectrum disorder using neuroimaging. Interdiscip Sci. 2023, 15:111-30. 10.1007\/s12539-022-00548-6","journal-title":"Interdiscip Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2013-S104","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders: An overview on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"35 Suppl 1","author":"Brentani H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brentani H, Paula CS, Bordini D, et al.. Autism spectrum disorders: An overview on diagnosis and treatment. Braz J Psychiatry. 2013, 35 Suppl 1:S62-72. 10.1590\/1516-4446-2013-S104","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00904481-20131122-10","article-title":"Children with autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Francis A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Francis A, Msall M, Obringer E, Kelley K. Children with autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. Pediatr Ann. 2013, 42:255-60. 10.3928\/00904481-20131122-10","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1934-9556-49.3.172","article-title":"Sowing the seeds of the autism field: Leo Kanner (1943)","volume":"49","author":"Blacher J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blacher J, Christensen L. Sowing the seeds of the autism field: Leo Kanner (1943). Intellect Dev Disabil. 2011, 49:172-91. 10.1352\/1934-9556-49.3.172","journal-title":"Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01310-w","article-title":"The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Salari N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salari N, Rasoulpoor S, Rasoulpoor S, et al.. The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Ital J Pediatr. 2022, 48:112. 10.1186\/s13052-022-01310-w","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2008.060871","article-title":"Autistic phenotypes and genetic testing: State-of-the-art for the clinical geneticist","volume":"46","author":"Lintas C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lintas C, Persico AM. Autistic phenotypes and genetic testing: State-of-the-art for the clinical geneticist. J Med Genet. 2009, 46:1-8. 10.1136\/jmg.2008.060871","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Systemic review of the epidemiology of autism in Arab Gulf countries","volume":"19","author":"Salhia HO","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salhia HO, Al-Nasser LA, Taher LS, Al-Khathaami AM, El-Metwally AA. Systemic review of the epidemiology of autism in Arab Gulf countries. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2014, 19:291-6.","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7433.226-c","article-title":"Autism seems to be increasing worldwide, if not in London","volume":"328","author":"Yazbak FE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yazbak FE. Autism seems to be increasing worldwide, if not in London. BMJ. 2004, 328:226-7. 10.1136\/bmj.328.7433.226-c","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9091269","article-title":"Saudi expert consensus-based autism spectrum disorder statement: From screening to management","volume":"9","author":"Alenezi S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alenezi S, Alyahya AS, AlKhalifah SM, et al.. Saudi expert consensus-based autism spectrum disorder statement: From screening to management. Children (Basel). 2022, 9:1269. 10.3390\/children9091269","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316664868","article-title":"Services for children with autism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"21","author":"Alnemary FM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alnemary FM, Aldhalaan HM, Simon-Cereijido G, Alnemary FM. Services for children with autism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Autism. 2017, 21:592-602. 10.1177\/1362361316664868","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700028099","article-title":"Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study","volume":"25","author":"Bailey A","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Gottesman I, Bolton P, Simonoff E, Yuzda E, Rutter M. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study. Psychol Med. 1995, 25:63-77. 10.1017\/s0033291700028099","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-282x2007000200003","article-title":"Genotype and natural history in unrelated individuals with phenylketonuria and autistic behavior","volume":"65","author":"Steiner CE","year":"2007","unstructured":"Steiner CE, Acosta AX, Guerreiro MM, Marques-de-Faria AP. Genotype and natural history in unrelated individuals with phenylketonuria and autistic behavior. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2007, 65:202-5. 10.1590\/s0004-282x2007000200003","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2007.12.011","article-title":"[Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders. A review]","volume":"35","author":"Lenoir P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lenoir P, Bodier C, Desombre H, Malvy J, Abert B, Ould Taleb M, Sauvage D. [Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders. A review]. Encephale. 2009, 35:36-42. 10.1016\/j.encep.2007.12.011","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.5.e472","article-title":"The genetics of autism","volume":"113","author":"Muhle R","year":"2004","unstructured":"Muhle R, Trentacoste SV, Rapin I. The genetics of autism. Pediatrics. 2004, 113:e472-86. 10.1542\/peds.113.5.e472","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcv2.12017","article-title":"Behavioral and biological divergence in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for autism phenotypes: A systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Myers L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Myers L, Pan PY, Remn\u00e9lius KL, Neufeld J, Marschik PB, Jonsson U, B\u00f6lte S. Behavioral and biological divergence in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for autism phenotypes: A systematic review. JCPP Adv. 2021, 1:e12017. 10.1111\/jcv2.12017","journal-title":"JCPP Adv"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11011","article-title":"Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"485","author":"Neale BM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neale BM, Kou Y, Liu L, et al.. Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders. Nature. 2012, 485:242-5. 10.1038\/nature11011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.009","article-title":"De novo gene disruptions in children on the autistic spectrum","volume":"74","author":"Iossifov I","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iossifov I, Ronemus M, Levy D, et al.. De novo gene disruptions in children on the autistic spectrum. Neuron. 2012, 74:285-99. 10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040966","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic etiology underlying autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Yoon SH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoon SH, Choi J, Lee WJ, Do JT. Genetic and epigenetic etiology underlying autism spectrum disorder. J Clin Med. 2020, 9:966. 10.3390\/jcm9040966","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10101532","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample","volume":"168","author":"Kim YS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, et al.. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample. Am J Psychiatry. 2011, 168:904-12. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10101532","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062817","article-title":"Association between viral infections and risk of autistic disorder: An overview","volume":"18","author":"Shuid AN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shuid AN, Jayusman PA, Shuid N, Ismail J, Kamal Nor N, Mohamed IN. Association between viral infections and risk of autistic disorder: An overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021, 18:2817. 10.3390\/ijerph18062817","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.4.334","article-title":"Maternal and paternal age and risk of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"161","author":"Croen LA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Croen LA, Najjar DV, Fireman B, Grether JK. Maternal and paternal age and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007, 161:334-40. 10.1001\/archpedi.161.4.334","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.9.1026","article-title":"Advancing paternal age and autism","volume":"63","author":"Reichenberg A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reichenberg A, Gross R, Weiser M, et al.. Advancing paternal age and autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006, 63:1026-32. 10.1001\/archpsyc.63.9.1026","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.02.018","article-title":"Advancing maternal age is associated with increasing risk for autism: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Sandin S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sandin S, Hultman CM, Kolevzon A, Gross R, MacCabe JH, Reichenberg A. Advancing maternal age is associated with increasing risk for autism: A review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012, 51:477-486.e1. 10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.02.018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.60","article-title":"Zinc intake, status and indices of cognitive function in adults and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Warthon-Medina M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Warthon-Medina M, Moran VH, Stammers AL, et al.. Zinc intake, status and indices of cognitive function in adults and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015, 69:649-61. 10.1038\/ejcn.2015.60","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03639.x","article-title":"Aluminum, iron, and zinc ions promote aggregation of physiological concentrations of beta-amyloid peptide","volume":"61","author":"Mantyh PW","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mantyh PW, Ghilardi JR, Rogers S, DeMaster E, Allen CJ, Stimson ER, Maggio JE. Aluminum, iron, and zinc ions promote aggregation of physiological concentrations of beta-amyloid peptide. J Neurochem. 1993, 61:1171-4. 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03639.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15493","article-title":"Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism","volume":"8","author":"Arora M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arora M, Reichenberg A, Willfors C, et al.. Fetal and postnatal metal dysregulation in autism. Nat Commun. 2017, 8:15493. 10.1038\/ncomms15493","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2016.08.004","article-title":"Diagnosing autism\/autism spectrum disorders","volume":"26","author":"Yates K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yates K, Le Couteur A. Diagnosing autism\/autism spectrum disorders. Paediatr Child Health. 2016, 26:513-8. 10.1016\/j.paed.2016.08.004","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073816635748","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders in Africa: Current challenges in identification, assessment, and treatment: A report on the International Child Neurology Association Meeting on ASD in Africa, Ghana, April 3-5, 2014","volume":"31","author":"Ruparelia K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruparelia K, Abubakar A, Badoe E, et al.. Autism spectrum disorders in Africa: Current challenges in identification, assessment, and treatment: A report on the International Child Neurology Association Meeting on ASD in Africa, Ghana, April 3-5, 2014. J Child Neurol. 2016, 31:1018-26. 10.1177\/0883073816635748","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-12","article-title":"DSM-5 and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): An opportunity for identifying ASD subtypes","volume":"4","author":"Grzadzinski R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grzadzinski R, Huerta M, Lord C. DSM-5 and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): An opportunity for identifying ASD subtypes. Mol Autism. 2013, 4:12. 10.1186\/2040-2392-4-12","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01674-1","article-title":"DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder maximizes diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in preschool children","volume":"54","author":"Wiggins LD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiggins LD, Rice CE, Barger B, et al.. DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder maximizes diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in preschool children. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019, 54:693-701. 10.1007\/s00127-019-01674-1","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31129-2","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"392","author":"Lord C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Autism spectrum disorder. Lancet. 2018, 392:508-20. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31129-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2020.02.007","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: Characteristics, associated behaviors, and early intervention","volume":"67","author":"Kodak T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kodak T, Bergmann S. Autism spectrum disorder: Characteristics, associated behaviors, and early intervention. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2020, 67:525-35. 10.1016\/j.pcl.2020.02.007","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134726","article-title":"Clinical assessment, genetics, and treatment approaches in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)","volume":"21","author":"Genovese A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Genovese A, Butler MG. Clinical assessment, genetics, and treatment approaches in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:4726. 10.3390\/ijms21134726","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.010","article-title":"The serotonin system in autism spectrum disorder: From biomarker to animal models","volume":"321","author":"Muller CL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muller CL, Anacker AM, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. The serotonin system in autism spectrum disorder: From biomarker to animal models. Neuroscience. 2016, 321:24-41. 10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.032","article-title":"Eye tracking reveals abnormal visual preference for geometric images as an early biomarker of an autism spectrum disorder subtype associated with increased symptom severity","volume":"79","author":"Pierce K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pierce K, Marinero S, Hazin R, McKenna B, Barnes CC, Malige A. Eye tracking reveals abnormal visual preference for geometric images as an early biomarker of an autism spectrum disorder subtype associated with increased symptom severity. Biol Psychiatry. 2016, 79:657-66. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.032","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.120","article-title":"The serotonin-N-acetylserotonin-melatonin pathway as a biomarker for autism spectrum disorders","volume":"4","author":"Pagan C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pagan C, Delorme R, Callebert J, et al.. The serotonin-N-acetylserotonin-melatonin pathway as a biomarker for autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2014, 4:e479. 10.1038\/tp.2014.120","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-2-4","article-title":"Review of neuroimaging in autism spectrum disorders: What have we learned and where we go from here","volume":"2","author":"Anagnostou E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anagnostou E, Taylor MJ. Review of neuroimaging in autism spectrum disorders: What have we learned and where we go from here. Mol Autism. 2011, 2:4. 10.1186\/2040-2392-2-4","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.12.005","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of autism","volume":"31","author":"Amaral DG","year":"2008","unstructured":"Amaral DG, Schumann CM, Nordahl CW. Neuroanatomy of autism. Trends Neurosci. 2008, 31:137-45. 10.1016\/j.tins.2007.12.005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.05.006","article-title":"Towards a neuroanatomy of autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"23","author":"Stanfield AC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stanfield AC, McIntosh AM, Spencer MD, Philip R, Gaur S, Lawrie SM. Towards a neuroanatomy of autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. Eur Psychiatry. 2008, 23:289-99. 10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.05.006","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2014.957719","article-title":"Neural bases of atypical emotional face processing in autism: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies","volume":"16","author":"Aoki Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aoki Y, Cortese S, Tansella M. Neural bases of atypical emotional face processing in autism: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015, 16:291-300. 10.3109\/15622975.2014.957719","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2001.00604.x","article-title":"A parent-completed developmental questionnaire: Follow up of ex-premature infants","volume":"37","author":"Skellern CY","year":"2001","unstructured":"Skellern CY, Rogers Y, O'Callaghan MJ. A parent-completed developmental questionnaire: Follow up of ex-premature infants. J Paediatr Child Health. 2001, 37:125-9. 10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2001.00604.x","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.1.192","article-title":"Developmental surveillance and screening of infants and young children","volume":"108","year":"2001","unstructured":"Developmental surveillance and screening of infants and young children. Pediatrics. 2001, 108.192-6. 10.1542\/peds.108.1.192","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.05.007","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: Classification, diagnosis and therapy","volume":"190","author":"Sharma SR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma SR, Gonda X, Tarazi FI. Autism spectrum disorder: Classification, diagnosis and therapy. Pharmacol Ther. 2018, 190:91-104. 10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.05.007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0949-0","article-title":"Psychosocial treatments targeting anxiety and depression in adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum: Review of the latest research and recommended future directions","volume":"20","author":"White SW","year":"2018","unstructured":"White SW, Simmons GL, Gotham KO, Conner CM, Smith IC, Beck KB, Mazefsky CA. Psychosocial treatments targeting anxiety and depression in adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum: Review of the latest research and recommended future directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018, 20:82. 10.1007\/s11920-018-0949-0","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20134","article-title":"Early communication development and intervention for children with autism","volume":"13","author":"Landa R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Landa R. Early communication development and intervention for children with autism. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007, 13:16-25. 10.1002\/mrdd.20134","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.01.008","article-title":"Applied behavior analytic intervention for autism in early childhood: Meta-analysis, meta-regression and dose-response meta-analysis of multiple outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Viru\u00e9s-Ortega J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viru\u00e9s-Ortega J. Applied behavior analytic intervention for autism in early childhood: Meta-analysis, meta-regression and dose-response meta-analysis of multiple outcomes. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010, 30:387-99. 10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.01.008","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0089-y","article-title":"Teaching reciprocal imitation skills to young children with autism using a naturalistic behavioral approach: Effects on language, pretend play, and joint attention","volume":"36","author":"Ingersoll B","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ingersoll B, Schreibman L. Teaching reciprocal imitation skills to young children with autism using a naturalistic behavioral approach: Effects on language, pretend play, and joint attention. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006, 36:487-505. 10.1007\/s10803-006-0089-y","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2137-3","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial comparison between pivotal response treatment (PRT) and structured applied behavior analysis (ABA) intervention for children with autism","volume":"44","author":"Mohammadzaheri F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammadzaheri F, Koegel LK, Rezaee M, Rafiee SM. A randomized clinical trial comparison between pivotal response treatment (PRT) and structured applied behavior analysis (ABA) intervention for children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014, 44:2769-77. 10.1007\/s10803-014-2137-3","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013171","article-title":"Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems","volume":"347","author":"McCracken JT","year":"2002","unstructured":"McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, et al.. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med. 2002, 347:314-21. 10.1056\/NEJMoa013171","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-013-0390-x","article-title":"A head-to-head comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone for safety and treating autistic disorders, a randomized double blind clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"Ghanizadeh A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghanizadeh A, Sahraeizadeh A, Berk M. A head-to-head comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone for safety and treating autistic disorders, a randomized double blind clinical trial. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2014, 45:185-92. 10.1007\/s10578-013-0390-x","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/210620-exploring-early-childhood-autism-spectrum-disorders-a-comprehensive-review-of-diagnostic-approaches-in-young-children","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:09:25Z","timestamp":1707509365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/210620-exploring-early-childhood-autism-spectrum-disorders-a-comprehensive-review-of-diagnostic-approaches-in-young-children"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"references-count":57,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.50111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]}}}