{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:02:02Z","timestamp":1791489722155,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.50309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T10:27:15Z","timestamp":1702290435000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Midazolam for Anesthetic Premedication in Children: Considerations and Alternatives"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Lethin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R","family":"Paluska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Falcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Codruta","family":"Soneru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2920","article-title":"Preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain, and behavioral recovery in young children undergoing surgery","volume":"118","author":"Kain ZN","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Karas DE, McClain BC. Preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain, and behavioral recovery in young children undergoing surgery. Pediatrics. 2006, 118:651-8. 10.1542\/peds.2005-2920","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13993","article-title":"Epidemiology of pediatric surgery in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Rabbitts JA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rabbitts JA, Groenewald CB. Epidemiology of pediatric surgery in the United States. Paediatr Anaesth. 2020, 30:1083-90. 10.1111\/pan.13993","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13300","article-title":"Perioperative experiences of anesthesia reported by children and parents","volume":"28","author":"Perrott C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perrott C, Lee CA, Griffiths S, Sury MR. Perioperative experiences of anesthesia reported by children and parents. Paediatr Anaesth. 2018, 28:149-56. 10.1111\/pan.13300","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Premedication in paediatrics","volume":"27","author":"Strauss L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strauss L. Premedication in paediatrics. S Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2021, 27:131-5.","journal-title":"S Afr J Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01600.x","article-title":"Midazolam as premedication: is the emperor naked or just half-dressed?","volume":"15","author":"L\u00f6nnqvist PA","year":"2005","unstructured":"L\u00f6nnqvist PA, Habre W. Midazolam as premedication: is the emperor naked or just half-dressed?. Paediatr Anaesth. 2005, 15:263-5. 10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01600.x","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03114.x","article-title":"The place of premedication in pediatric practice","volume":"19","author":"Rosenbaum A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosenbaum A, Kain ZN, Larsson P, L\u00f6nnqvist PA, Wolf AR. The place of premedication in pediatric practice. Paediatr Anaesth. 2009, 19:817-28. 10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03114.x","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182147f42","article-title":"Early childhood exposure to anesthesia and risk of developmental and behavioral disorders in a sibling birth cohort","volume":"113","author":"DiMaggio C","year":"2011","unstructured":"DiMaggio C, Sun LS, Li G. Early childhood exposure to anesthesia and risk of developmental and behavioral disorders in a sibling birth cohort. Anesth Analg. 2011, 113:1143-51. 10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182147f42","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24601","article-title":"Midazolam dose correlates with abnormal hippocampal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants","volume":"79","author":"Duerden EG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duerden EG, Guo T, Dodbiba L, et al.. Midazolam dose correlates with abnormal hippocampal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants. Ann Neurol. 2016, 79:548-59. 10.1002\/ana.24601","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000541","article-title":"Early developmental exposure to repetitive long duration of midazolam sedation causes behavioral and synaptic alterations in a rodent model of neurodevelopment","volume":"31","author":"Xu J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu J, Mathena RP, Singh S, et al.. Early developmental exposure to repetitive long duration of midazolam sedation causes behavioral and synaptic alterations in a rodent model of neurodevelopment. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2019, 31:151-62. 10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000541","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Drug safety communication. FDA review results in new warnings about using general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women. (2016). Accessed: November 4, 2023: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-review-results-new-warnings-...."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children8090761","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences predict common neurodevelopmental and behavioral health conditions among U.S. children","volume":"8","author":"Zarei K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zarei K, Xu G, Zimmerman B, Giannotti M, Strathearn L. Adverse childhood experiences predict common neurodevelopmental and behavioral health conditions among U.S. children. Children (Basel). 2021, 8:10.3390\/children8090761","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74806-9_16","article-title":"Midazolam and other benzodiazepines","author":"Olkkola KT","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olkkola KT, Ahonen J. Midazolam and other benzodiazepines. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2008, 335-60. 10.1007\/978-3-540-74806-9_16","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_491_19","article-title":"Premedication and induction of anaesthesia in paediatric patients","volume":"63","author":"Dave NM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dave NM. Premedication and induction of anaesthesia in paediatric patients. Indian J Anaesth. 2019, 63:713-20. 10.4103\/ija.IJA_491_19","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Midazolam. (2023). Accessed. November 4, 2023.: http:\/\/online.lexi.com\/."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200201000-00007","article-title":"A comparison of three doses of a commercially prepared oral midazolam syrup in children","volume":"94","author":"Cot\u00e9 CJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cot\u00e9 CJ, Cohen IT, Suresh S, et al.. A comparison of three doses of a commercially prepared oral midazolam syrup in children. Anesth Analg. 2002, 94:37-43, table of contents. 10.1097\/00000539-200201000-00007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000281895.81168.c3","article-title":"Effects of age and emotionality on the effectiveness of midazolam administered preoperatively to children","volume":"107","author":"Kain ZN","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kain ZN, MacLaren J, McClain BC, Saadat H, Wang SM, Mayes LC, Anderson GM. Effects of age and emotionality on the effectiveness of midazolam administered preoperatively to children. Anesthesiology. 2007, 107:545-52. 10.1097\/01.anes.0000281895.81168.c3","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.13101","article-title":"Effects of premedication with midazolam on recovery and discharge times after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy","volume":"13","author":"Garcia A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia A, Clark EA, Rana S, et al.. Effects of premedication with midazolam on recovery and discharge times after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Cureus. 2021, 13:e13101. 10.7759\/cureus.13101","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaceaccp\/mkq003","article-title":"Anaesthesia for the uncooperative child","volume":"10","author":"Tan L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tan L, Meakin GH. Anaesthesia for the uncooperative child. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2010, 10:48-52. 10.1093\/bjaceaccp\/mkq003","journal-title":"Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"The bigger picture of preoperative anxiety: a qualitative study of children\u2019s and parents\u2019 perspectives","volume":"130","author":"Uhl K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uhl K, Kennedy AA, Jastrowski Mano KE. The bigger picture of preoperative anxiety: a qualitative study of children\u2019s and parents\u2019 perspectives. Anesth Analg. 2020, 130:11106-15.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13747","article-title":"Efficacy of oral midazolam for minimal and moderate sedation in pediatric patients: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Manso MA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manso MA, Guittet C, Vandenhende F, Granier LA. Efficacy of oral midazolam for minimal and moderate sedation in pediatric patients: a systematic review. Paediatr Anaesth. 2019, 29:1094-106. 10.1111\/pan.13747","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03021583","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical update: does premedication with oral midazolam lead to improved behavioural outcomes in children?","volume":"53","author":"Cox RG","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cox RG, Nemish U, Ewen A, Crowe MJ. Evidence-based clinical update: does premedication with oral midazolam lead to improved behavioural outcomes in children?. Can J Anaesth. 2006, 53:1213-9. 10.1007\/BF03021583","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199903000-00018","article-title":"Postoperative behavioral outcomes in children: effects of sedative premedication","volume":"90","author":"Kain ZN","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Wang SM, Hofstadter MB. Postoperative behavioral outcomes in children: effects of sedative premedication. Anesthesiology. 1999, 90:758-65. 10.1097\/00000542-199903000-00018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1994.tb04451.x","article-title":"Oral administration of midazolam as a premedicant for paediatric day-case anaesthesia","volume":"49","author":"McCluskey A","year":"1994","unstructured":"McCluskey A, Meakin GH. Oral administration of midazolam as a premedicant for paediatric day-case anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1994, 49:782-5. 10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1994.tb04451.x","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.1998.00724.x","article-title":"Oral midazolam premedication and postoperative behaviour in children","volume":"8","author":"McGraw T","year":"1998","unstructured":"McGraw T, Kendrick A. Oral midazolam premedication and postoperative behaviour in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 1998, 8:117-21. 10.1046\/j.1460-9592.1998.00724.x","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084137","article-title":"Decoding the synaptic proteome with long-term exposure to midazolam during early development","volume":"23","author":"Nguyen NM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen NM, Vellichirammal NN, Guda C, Pendyala G. Decoding the synaptic proteome with long-term exposure to midazolam during early development\r\n. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:10.3390\/ijms23084137","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002052.pub2","article-title":"Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","author":"Ng E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ng E, Taddio A, Ohlsson A. Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, CD002052. 10.1002\/14651858.CD002052.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2020.02.006","article-title":"Anxiolytic premedication for children","volume":"20","author":"Heikal S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heikal S, Stuart G. Anxiolytic premedication for children. BJA Educ. 2020, 20:220-5. 10.1016\/j.bjae.2020.02.006","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200003000-00035","article-title":"Sedative, amnestic, and analgesic properties of small-dose dexmedetomidine infusions","volume":"90","author":"Hall JE","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hall JE, Uhrich TD, Barney JA, Arain SR, Ebert TJ. Sedative, amnestic, and analgesic properties of small-dose dexmedetomidine infusions. Anesth Analg. 2000, 90:699-705. 10.1097\/00000539-200003000-00035","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12587","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam as preanesthetic medication in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Pasin L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pasin L, Febres D, Testa V, Frati E, Borghi G, Landoni G, Zangrillo A. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam as preanesthetic medication in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015, 25:468-76. 10.1111\/pan.12587","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2002.02698_4.x","article-title":"A comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl and oral midazolam for premedication in children","volume":"57","author":"Howell TK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Howell TK, Smith S, Rushman SC, Walker RW, Radivan F. A comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl and oral midazolam for premedication in children. Anaesthesia. 2002, 57:798-805. 10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2002.02698_4.x","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198907000-00006","article-title":"Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate premedication in children","volume":"69","author":"Streisand JB","year":"1989","unstructured":"Streisand JB, Stanley TH, Hague B, van Vreeswijk H, Ho GH, Pace NL. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate premedication in children. Anesth Analg. 1989, 69:28-34.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.92431","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of midazolam and butorphanol as oral premedication in pediatric patients","volume":"28","author":"Sinha C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sinha C, Kaur M, Kumar A, Kulkarni A, Ambareesha M, Upadya M. Comparative evaluation of midazolam and butorphanol as oral premedication in pediatric patients. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2012, 28:32-5. 10.4103\/0970-9185.92431","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006447.pub3","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children","volume":"2015","author":"Manyande A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manyande A, Cyna AM, Yip P, Chooi C, Middleton P. Non-pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015, 2015:CD006447. 10.1002\/14651858.CD006447.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.01914.x","article-title":"Distraction with a hand-held video game reduces pediatric preoperative anxiety","volume":"16","author":"Patel A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Patel A, Schieble T, Davidson M, Tran MC, Schoenberg C, Delphin E, Bennett H. Distraction with a hand-held video game reduces pediatric preoperative anxiety. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006, 16:1019-27. 10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.01914.x","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/206725-midazolam-for-anesthetic-premedication-in-children-considerations-and-alternatives","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:09:07Z","timestamp":1707509347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/206725-midazolam-for-anesthetic-premedication-in-children-considerations-and-alternatives"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.50309","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]}}}