{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:33:02Z","timestamp":1788492782201,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.50465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T12:54:50Z","timestamp":1702472090000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Review of Teratogenic Effects of Leflunomide, Accutane, Thalidomide, Warfarin, Tetracycline, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Raegan  B","family":"Abadie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camryn  L","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas  T","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin  L","family":"Mayeux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel J","family":"Klapper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahab","family":"Ahmadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giustino","family":"Varrassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Shekoohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1556745","article-title":"Identifying human teratogens: an update","volume":"4","author":"Alwan S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alwan S, Chambers CD. Identifying human teratogens: an update. J Pediatr Genet. 2015, 4:39-41. 10.1055\/s-0035-1556745","journal-title":"J Pediatr Genet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.51941","article-title":"Drug use in pregnancy; a point to ponder!","volume":"71","author":"Sachdeva P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sachdeva P, Patel BG, Patel BK. Drug use in pregnancy; a point to ponder!. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2009, 71:1-7. 10.4103\/0250-474X.51941","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4777","article-title":"Mechanism of action for leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"93","author":"Fox RI","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fox RI, Herrmann ML, Frangou CG, Wahl GM, Morris RE, Strand V, Kirschbaum BJ. Mechanism of action for leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol. 1999, 93:198-208. 10.1006\/clim.1999.4777","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241060-00003","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of leflunomide","volume":"41","author":"Rozman B","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rozman B. Clinical pharmacokinetics of leflunomide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002, 41:421-30. 10.2165\/00003088-200241060-00003","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.05.006","article-title":"Teratogenicity study of the dihydroorotate-dehydrogenase inhibitor and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor leflunomide in mice","volume":"24","author":"Fukushima R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fukushima R, Kanamori S, Hirashiba M, et al.. Teratogenicity study of the dihydroorotate-dehydrogenase inhibitor and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor leflunomide in mice. Reprod Toxicol. 2007, 24:310-6. 10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.05.006","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.113717","article-title":"Uses and complications of isotretinoin therapy","volume":"45","author":"Ellis CN","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ellis CN, Krach KJ. Uses and complications of isotretinoin therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001, 45:S150-7. 10.1067\/mjd.2001.113717","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.120729","article-title":"Pregnancy and isotretinoin therapy","volume":"185","author":"Choi JS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choi JS, Koren G, Nulman I. Pregnancy and isotretinoin therapy. CMAJ. 2013, 185:411-3. 10.1503\/cmaj.120729","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2056L","article-title":"Current issues in the treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"145","author":"Habeshian KA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habeshian KA, Cohen BA. Current issues in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Pediatrics. 2020, 145:S225-30. 10.1542\/peds.2019-2056L","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2021.1991307","article-title":"Thalidomide: history, withdrawal, renaissance, and safety concerns","volume":"20","author":"Vargesson N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vargesson N, Stephens T. Thalidomide: history, withdrawal, renaissance, and safety concerns. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2021, 20:1455-7. 10.1080\/14740338.2021.1991307","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2022.100138","article-title":"Anti-emetic effects of thalidomide: evidence, mechanism of action, and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Andrews PL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrews PL, Williams RS, Sanger GJ. Anti-emetic effects of thalidomide: evidence, mechanism of action, and future directions. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov. 2022, 3:100138. 10.1016\/j.crphar.2022.100138","journal-title":"Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Thalidomide: drug information","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thalidomide. drug information. UpToDate. Post TW (ed): UpToDate, Waltham; 2023."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155220975825","article-title":"A drug repositioning success: the repositioned therapeutic applications and mechanisms of action of thalidomide","volume":"27","author":"Amare GG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amare GG, Meharie BG, Belayneh YM. A drug repositioning success: the repositioned therapeutic applications and mechanisms of action of thalidomide. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2021, 27:673-8. 10.1177\/1078155220975825","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040620711413165","article-title":"The rise, fall and subsequent triumph of thalidomide: lessons learned in drug development","volume":"2","author":"Rehman W","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rehman W, Arfons LM, Lazarus HM. The rise, fall and subsequent triumph of thalidomide: lessons learned in drug development. Ther Adv Hematol. 2011, 2:291-308. 10.1177\/2040620711413165","journal-title":"Ther Adv Hematol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2162-3619-1-27","article-title":"Thalidomide and its analogues in the treatment of multiple myeloma","volume":"1","author":"Latif T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Latif T, Chauhan N, Khan R, Moran A, Usmani SZ. Thalidomide and its analogues in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2012, 1:27. 10.1186\/2162-3619-1-27","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i6.13294","article-title":"Preventable warfarin-induced birth defects: a missed opportunity?","volume":"109","author":"Conradie M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conradie M, Henderson BD, Van Wyk C. Preventable warfarin-induced birth defects: a missed opportunity?. S Afr Med J. 2019, 109:415-20. 10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i6.13294","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040773","article-title":"The effects of warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants on systemic vascular calcification: a review","volume":"10","author":"Elango K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elango K, Javaid A, Khetarpal BK, et al.. The effects of warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants on systemic vascular calcification: a review. Cells. 2021, 10:773.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.02.003","article-title":"Vitamin K antagonist rodenticides display different teratogenic activity","volume":"93","author":"Chetot T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chetot T, Taufana S, Benoit E, Lattard V. Vitamin K antagonist rodenticides display different teratogenic activity. Reprod Toxicol. 2020, 93:131-6. 10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.02.003","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1799","article-title":"Risk management of teratogenic medicines: a systematic review","volume":"112","author":"Shroukh WA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shroukh WA, Steinke DT, Willis SC. Risk management of teratogenic medicines: a systematic review. Birth Defects Res. 2020, 112:1755-86. 10.1002\/bdr2.1799","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Tetracycline","author":"Shutter MC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shutter MC, Akhondi H. Tetracycline. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island; 2023."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/74.7.727","article-title":"The tetracyclines","volume":"74","author":"Smilack JD","year":"1999","unstructured":"Smilack JD. The tetracyclines. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999, 74:727-9. 10.4065\/74.7.727","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Tetracycline","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tetracycline. Mother To Baby | Fact Sheets. Organization of Teratology Information Specialists, Brentwood; 2022."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156146","article-title":"Urinary tetracycline antibiotics exposure during pregnancy and maternal thyroid hormone parameters: a repeated measures study","volume":"838","author":"Geng M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geng M, Gao H, Wang B, et al.. Urinary tetracycline antibiotics exposure during pregnancy and maternal thyroid hormone parameters: a repeated measures study. Sci Total Environ. 2022, 838:156146. 10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156146","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"New FDA pregnancy categories explained. (2023). Accessed. June 30, 2023: https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/pregnancy-categories.html."},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACEI]","author":"Herman LL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herman LL, Padala SA, Ahmed I, et al.. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACEI]. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island; 2023."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78584-6","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome with ACE-inhibitor use in early pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Steffensen FH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Steffensen FH, Nielsen GL, S\u00f8rensen HT, et al.. Pregnancy outcome with ACE-inhibitor use in early pregnancy. Lancet. 1998, 21:596. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78584-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxab162","article-title":"Antihypertensive prescribing patterns and hypertension control in females of childbearing age","volume":"78","author":"White BM","year":"2021","unstructured":"White BM, Anderson SL, Marrs JC. Antihypertensive prescribing patterns and hypertension control in females of childbearing age. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021, 78:1317-22. 10.1093\/ajhp\/zxab162","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02730601","article-title":"Losartan induced fetal toxicity","volume":"70","author":"Nayar B","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nayar B, Singhal A, Aggarwal R, Malhotra N. Losartan induced fetal toxicity. Indian J Pediatr. 2003, 70:923-4. 10.1007\/BF02730601","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024304","article-title":"Use of angiotensin II receptor blocker during pregnancy: a case report","volume":"100","author":"Wei Q","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei Q, Zhang L, Duan MF, Wang YM, Huang N, Song CR. Use of angiotensin II receptor blocker during pregnancy: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021, 100:e24304. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000024304","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Experimental production of congenital malformations in strains of inbred mice by maternal treatment with hypervitaminosis A","volume":"38","author":"Kalter H","year":"1961","unstructured":"Kalter H, Warkany J. Experimental production of congenital malformations in strains of inbred mice by maternal treatment with hypervitaminosis A. Am J Pathol. 1961, 38:1-21.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.63700020034021b","article-title":"Congenital malformation in strain A mice. Its experimental production by thalidomide","volume":"183","author":"DiPaolo J","year":"1963","unstructured":"DiPaolo J. Congenital malformation in strain A mice. Its experimental production by thalidomide. JAMA. 1963, 183:139-41. 10.1001\/jama.1963.63700020034021b","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005602","article-title":"Isotretinoin exposure during pregnancy: a population-based study in The Netherlands","volume":"4","author":"Zomerdijk IM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zomerdijk IM, Ruiter R, Houweling LM, Herings RM, Sturkenboom MC, Straus SM, Stricker BH. Isotretinoin exposure during pregnancy: a population-based study in The Netherlands. BMJ Open. 2014, 4:e005602. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005602","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23435","article-title":"Low-dose maternal warfarin intake resulting in fetal warfarin syndrome: in search for a safe anticoagulant regimen during pregnancy","volume":"106","author":"Basu S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Basu S, Aggarwal P, Kakani N, Kumar A. Low-dose maternal warfarin intake resulting in fetal warfarin syndrome: in search for a safe anticoagulant regimen during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2016, 106:142-7. 10.1002\/bdra.23435","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001775","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations","volume":"129","author":"Bateman BT","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bateman BT, Patorno E, Desai RJ, et al.. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations. Obstet Gynecol. 2017, 129:174-84. 10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001775","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-021-00099-z","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to tetracycline contributes to lasting developmental effects on offspring","volume":"3","author":"Hill EM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hill EM, Howard CD, Bale TL, Ja\u0161arevi\u0107 E. Perinatal exposure to tetracycline contributes to lasting developmental effects on offspring. Anim Microbiome. 2021, 3:37. 10.1186\/s42523-021-00099-z","journal-title":"Anim Microbiome"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/209083-review-of-teratogenic-effects-of-leflunomide-accutane-thalidomide-warfarin-tetracycline-and-angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T15:10:51Z","timestamp":1707491451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/209083-review-of-teratogenic-effects-of-leflunomide-accutane-thalidomide-warfarin-tetracycline-and-angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.50465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]}}}