{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:03:44Z","timestamp":1788267824367,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.51288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T16:56:31Z","timestamp":1703868991000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis Among School Children in Rural Areas of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Lavanya","family":"Sirigala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratibha","family":"Ramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyadharshini","family":"G","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000327028","article-title":"Chronic fluoride toxicity: dental fluorosis","volume":"22","author":"DenBesten P","year":"2011","unstructured":"DenBesten P, Li W. Chronic fluoride toxicity: dental fluorosis. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011, 22:81-96. 10.1159\/000327028","journal-title":"Monogr Oral Sci"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Fluorides. Geneva.World Health Organization. (2002). Accessed:  5 September 2012: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/wash-documents\/wash-chemicals\/fluoride-background-document.pdf."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (2012) Indian standard drinking water specifications (Second Revision) BIS. (2012). https.\/\/pcb.assam.gov.in\/information-services\/indian-standard-specifications-for-drinking-water."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Water quality standards -States Wise Details of Partly Affected Districts with Select Contaminants in Ground Water of India ** Updated as on 2021 Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India. (2021). http.\/\/cgwb.gov.in\/cgwbpnm\/public\/uploads\/documents\/1686055122486176238file.pdf."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"YSR Kadapa District\u00a0 profile 2016 Brochure. (2016). http.\/\/cgwb.gov.in\/old_website\/AQM\/NAQUIM_REPORT\/AP\/YSR-Kadapa_NAQUIM_Report.pdf."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Central Ground water Board. Ministry of water resources Government of India Ground water brochure YSR District (kadapa), Andhra pradesh. (2013). http.\/\/cgwb.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-10\/mahabubnagar.pdf."},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Determination of fluoride concentration in ground water by ion selective electrode method in Proddutur municipality, YSR kadapa district, Andhrapradesh, India","volume":"6","author":"Babu AR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Babu AR, Reddy RG, Suresh P, Rajeswari B, Raj TS, Reddy BM, Sunitha V. Determination of fluoride concentration in ground water by ion selective electrode method in Proddutur municipality, YSR kadapa district, Andhrapradesh, India. Int J Res Pharm Chem. 2016, 6:46-9.","journal-title":"Int J Res Pharm Chem"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Determination of fluoride concentration in ground water of Yerraguntla Jammalamadugu areas of YSR kadapa district of Andra Pradesh","volume":"9","author":"Babu BH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Babu BH, Suresh P, Babu AR, Latha KS, Swamy AV. Determination of fluoride concentration in ground water of Yerraguntla Jammalamadugu areas of YSR kadapa district of Andra Pradesh. Rasayan J Chem. 2016, 9:222-6.","journal-title":"Rasayan J Chem"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Fluoride contamination in groundwater in and around Badvel, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh","volume":"2","author":"Sunitha V","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sunitha V, Khan JA, Reddy BR. Fluoride contamination in groundwater in and around Badvel, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Adv Chem Sci. 2013, 2:78-82.","journal-title":"Indian J Adv Chem Sci"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Estimation of fluoride content in ground water of Yerraguntla muncipal town of YSR Kadapa Dt., A.P, India","volume":"6","author":"Suresh P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suresh P, Baba FK, Babu AR, Rajeswari B, Kumar YK, Sunitha V\r\n. Estimation of fluoride content in ground water of Yerraguntla muncipal town of YSR Kadapa Dt., A.P, India. Int J Recent Sci Res. 2015, 6:7689-92.","journal-title":"Int J Recent Sci Res"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Quality of groundwater in Lingala Mandal of YSR Kadapa District AndhraPradesh, India","volume":"4","author":"Sudarsana RG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sudarsana RG, Siddhi RR, Rajasekhar M. Quality of groundwater in Lingala Mandal of YSR Kadapa District AndhraPradesh, India. Int Res J Eng Technol. 2017, 4:378-82.","journal-title":"Int Res J Eng Technol"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref12.1","unstructured":"National programme for prevention and control of fluorosis (NPPCF) revised guidelines (2014) Directorate General of Health services, Ministry of Health &amp"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref12.2","unstructured":"Family welfare ,Government of India. (2014). https.\/\/main.mohfw.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/569857456332145987456.pdf."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.183126","article-title":"Prevalence of dental fluorosis among primary school children in association with different water fluoride levels in Mysore district, Karnataka","volume":"27","author":"Sebastian ST","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sebastian ST, Soman RR, Sunitha S. Prevalence of dental fluorosis among primary school children in association with different water fluoride levels in Mysore district, Karnataka. Indian J Dent Res. 2016, 27:151-4. 10.4103\/0970-9290.183126","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2004.00152.x","article-title":"Determining the optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan","volume":"32","author":"Khan AA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khan AA, Whelton H, O'Mullane D. Determining the optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004, 32:166-72. 10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2004.00152.x","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Endemic fluorosis in Southern Rajasthan, India","volume":"34","author":"SL Choubisa","year":"2001","unstructured":"SL Choubisa. Endemic fluorosis in Southern Rajasthan, India. Fluoride. 2001, 34:61-70.","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Dental and early-stage skeletal fluorosis in children induced by fluoride in brick-tea","volume":"38","author":"Cao J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cao J, Liu JW, Tang LL. Dental and early-stage skeletal fluorosis in children induced by fluoride in brick-tea. Fluoride. 2005, 38:44-7.","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2019.300","article-title":"Factors influencing the relationship between fluoride in drinking water and dental fluorosis: a ten-year systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Akuno MH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akuno MH, Nocella G, Milia EP, Gutierrez L. Factors influencing the relationship between fluoride in drinking water and dental fluorosis: a ten-year systematic review and meta-analysis. J Water Health. 2019, 17:845-62. 10.2166\/wh.2019.300","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"The evaluation of dental fluorosis in relation to DMFT rates in a fluorotic rural area of Turkey","volume":"47","author":"Ke\u00e7eci AD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ke\u00e7eci AD, Kaya BU, G\u00fclda\u015f E, Sar\u0131tekin E, \u015eenerb E. The evaluation of dental fluorosis in relation to DMFT rates in a fluorotic rural area of Turkey. Res Rep Fluor. 2014, 47:119-32.","journal-title":"Res Rep Fluor"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54589\/aol.34\/2\/156","article-title":"Dental fluorosis severity in children 8-12 years old and associated factors","volume":"34","author":"Saldarriaga A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saldarriaga A, Rojas-Gualdr\u00f3n D, Restrepo M, Santos-Pinto L, Jeremias F. Dental fluorosis severity in children 8-12 years old and associated factors. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2021, 34:156-65. 10.54589\/aol.34\/2\/156","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Latinoam"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-017-0624-9","article-title":"High prevalence of dental fluorosis among adolescents is a growing concern: a school based cross-sectional study from Southern India","volume":"22","author":"Verma A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verma A, Shetty BK, Guddattu V, Chourasia MK, Pundir P. High prevalence of dental fluorosis among adolescents is a growing concern: a school based cross-sectional study from Southern India. Environ Health Prev Med. 2017, 22:17. 10.1186\/s12199-017-0624-9","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Prevalence of dental fluorosis and associated risk factors in Alappuzha district, Kerala","volume":"12","author":"Gopalakrishnan P","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan P, Vasan RS, Sarma PS, Nair KS, Thankappan KR. Prevalence of dental fluorosis and associated risk factors in Alappuzha district, Kerala. Natl Med J India. 1999, 12:99-103.","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(12)60101-7","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis and genu valgum among school children in rural field practice area of a medical college","volume":"2","author":"Arvind B","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arvind B, Arjunan Isaac, Nandagudi SM, et al.. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis and genu valgum among school children in rural field practice area of a medical college. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2012, 2:465-9. 10.1016\/S2222-1808(12)60101-7","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-433X.107395","article-title":"A study of prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among school children in a Northern hilly state of India","volume":"3","author":"Chauhan D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chauhan D, Chauhan T, Sachdev V, Kirtaniya BC. A study of prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among school children in a Northern hilly state of India. SRM J Res Dent Sci. 2012, 3:170-4.","journal-title":"SRM J Res Dent Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00189","article-title":"Association between dietary patterns and fluorosis in Guizhou, China","volume":"6","author":"Liu J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu J, Yang S, Luo MJ, et al.. Association between dietary patterns and fluorosis in Guizhou, China. Front Nutr. 2019, 6:189. 10.3389\/fnut.2019.00189","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among 13- to 15-year-old school children of an area known for endemic fluorosis: Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh","volume":"27","author":"Sudhir KM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sudhir KM, Prashant GM, Reddy S, Mohandas U, Chandu GN. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among 13- to 15-year-old school children of an area known for endemic fluorosis: Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh. Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2009, 27:190-6.","journal-title":"Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-014-0525-6","article-title":"Child fluorosis in Chhattisgarh, India: a community-based survey","volume":"51","author":"Vilasrao GS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vilasrao GS, Kamble KM, Sabat RN. Child fluorosis in Chhattisgarh, India: a community-based survey. Indian Pediatr. 2014, 51:903-5. 10.1007\/s13312-014-0525-6","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00503","article-title":"Expression of steroid receptors in ameloblasts during amelogenesis in rat incisors","volume":"7","author":"Houari S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Houari S, Loiodice S, Jedeon K, Berdal A, Babajko S. Expression of steroid receptors in ameloblasts during amelogenesis in rat incisors. Front Physiol. 2016, 7:503. 10.3389\/fphys.2016.00503","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.07.041","article-title":"Assessment of water contribution on total fluoride intake of various age groups of people in fluoride endemic and non-endemic areas of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, South India","volume":"44","author":"Viswanathan G","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viswanathan G, Gopalakrishnan S, Siva Ilango S. Assessment of water contribution on total fluoride intake of various age groups of people in fluoride endemic and non-endemic areas of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, South India. Water Res. 2010, 44:6186-200. 10.1016\/j.watres.2010.07.041","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.01.038","article-title":"Relationship between fluoride intake in Serbian children living in two areas with different natural levels of fluorides and occurrence of dental fluorosis","volume":"47","author":"Mandinic Z","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mandinic Z, Curcic M, Antonijevic B, Lekic CP, Carevic M. Relationship between fluoride intake in Serbian children living in two areas with different natural levels of fluorides and occurrence of dental fluorosis. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009, 47:1080-4. 10.1016\/j.fct.2009.01.038","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.03.002","article-title":"Groundwater quality and its health impact: an assessment of dental fluorosis in rural inhabitants of the Main Ethiopian Rift","volume":"43","author":"Rango T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rango T, Kravchenko J, Atlaw B, McCornick PG, Jeuland M, Merola B, Vengosh A. Groundwater quality and its health impact: an assessment of dental fluorosis in rural inhabitants of the Main Ethiopian Rift. Environ Int. 2012, 43:37-47. 10.1016\/j.envint.2012.03.002","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.108929","article-title":"Prevalence of dental fluorosis in relation with different fluoride levels in drinking water among school going children in Sarada tehsil of Udaipur district, Rajasthan","volume":"30","author":"Sarvaiya BU","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sarvaiya BU, Bhayya D, Arora R, Mehta DN. Prevalence of dental fluorosis in relation with different fluoride levels in drinking water among school going children in Sarada tehsil of Udaipur district, Rajasthan. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2012, 30:317-22.","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/pl00010677","article-title":"Age as a determinant of severity of dental fluorosis in children residing in areas with 0.5 and 2.5 mg fluoride per liter in drinking water","volume":"4","author":"Rwenyonyi CM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rwenyonyi CM, Birkeland JM, Haugejorden O, Bjorvatn K. Age as a determinant of severity of dental fluorosis in children residing in areas with 0.5 and 2.5 mg fluoride per liter in drinking water. Clin Oral Investig. 2000, 4:157-61. 10.1007\/pl00010677","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1978.tb01173.x","article-title":"Clinical appearance of dental fluorosis in permanent teeth in relation to histologic changes","volume":"6","author":"Thylstrup A","year":"1978","unstructured":"Thylstrup A, Fejerskov O. Clinical appearance of dental fluorosis in permanent teeth in relation to histologic changes. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1978, 6:315-28. 10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1978.tb01173.x","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1986.tb01780","article-title":"Posteruptive tooth age and severity of dental fluorosis in Kenya","volume":"94","author":"Baelum V","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baelum V, Manji F, Fejerskov O. Posteruptive tooth age and severity of dental fluorosis in Kenya. Eur J Oral Sci. 1986, 94:405-10. 10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1986.tb01780","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Association between urine fluoride and dental fluorosis as a toxicity factor in a rural community in the state of San Luis Potosi","volume":"20(15)","author":"Jarqu\u00edn-Ya\u00f1ez L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jarqu\u00edn-Ya\u00f1ez L, de Jes\u00fas Mej\u00eda-Saavedra J, Molina-Frechero N, et al.. Association between urine fluoride and dental fluorosis as a toxicity factor in a rural community in the state of San Luis Potosi. Sci. World. J. 2015, 20(15):647184-10.","journal-title":"Sci. World. J"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/201327-prevalence-of-dental-and-skeletal-fluorosis-among-school-children-in-rural-areas-of-ysr-kadapa-district-andhra-pradesh-india","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:06:22Z","timestamp":1707509182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/201327-prevalence-of-dental-and-skeletal-fluorosis-among-school-children-in-rural-areas-of-ysr-kadapa-district-andhra-pradesh-india"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.51288","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]}}}