{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T12:34:05Z","timestamp":1772109245683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T16:47:30Z","timestamp":1708188450000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Failure and Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Kyle M","family":"Rei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad S","family":"Ghauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed  B","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javed","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.103.6.0501","article-title":"Early programmable valve malfunctions in pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"103","author":"Mangano FT","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mangano FT, Menendez JA, Habrock T, Narayan P, Leonard JR, Park TS, Smyth MD. Early programmable valve malfunctions in pediatric hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 2005, 103:501-7. 10.3171\/ped.2005.103.6.0501","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2018.04.004","article-title":"Ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications: a review","volume":"13","author":"Paff M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paff M, Alexandru-Abrams D, Muhonen M, Loudon W. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications: a review. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2018, 13:66-70. 10.1016\/j.inat.2018.04.004","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584309","article-title":"Evaluation of ventriculoperitoneal shunt-related complications in intracranial meningioma with hydrocephalus","volume":"78","author":"Bir SC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bir SC, Sapkota S, Maiti TK, Konar S, Bollam P, Nanda A. Evaluation of ventriculoperitoneal shunt-related complications in intracranial meningioma with hydrocephalus. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2017, 78:30-6. 10.1055\/s-0036-1584309","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199603000-00016","article-title":"The effect of protein and blood cells on the flow-pressure characteristics of shunts","volume":"38","author":"Brydon HL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brydon HL, Bayston R, Hayward R, Harkness W. The effect of protein and blood cells on the flow-pressure characteristics of shunts. Neurosurgery. 1996, 38:498-504; discussion 505. 10.1097\/00006123-199603000-00016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-98811-4_13","article-title":"What can be found inside shunt catheters","volume":"106","author":"Czernicki Z","year":"2010","unstructured":"Czernicki Z, Strza\u0142kowski R, Walasek N, Gajkowska B. What can be found inside shunt catheters. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2010, 106:81-5. 10.1007\/978-3-211-98811-4_13","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.2.PEDS15531","article-title":"Toward a better understanding of the cellular basis for cerebrospinal fluid shunt obstruction: report on the construction of a bank of explanted hydrocephalus devices","volume":"18","author":"Hanak BW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanak BW, Ross EF, Harris CA, Browd SR, Shain W. Toward a better understanding of the cellular basis for cerebrospinal fluid shunt obstruction: report on the construction of a bank of explanted hydrocephalus devices. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016, 18:213-23. 10.3171\/2016.2.PEDS15531","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699550040927","article-title":"Physical properties of cerebrospinal fluid of relevance to shunt function. 1: the effect of protein upon CSF viscosity","volume":"9","author":"Brydon HL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brydon HL, Hayward R, Harkness W, Bayston R. Physical properties of cerebrospinal fluid of relevance to shunt function. 1: the effect of protein upon CSF viscosity. Br J Neurosurg. 1995, 9:639-44. 10.1080\/02688699550040927","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Does CSF composition predict shunt malfunction in tuberculous meningitis?","volume":"58","author":"Ambekar S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ambekar S, Dwarakanath S, Chandramouli BA, Sampath S, Devi BI, Pandey P. Does CSF composition predict shunt malfunction in tuberculous meningitis?. Indian J Tuberc. 2011, 58:77-81.","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0008","article-title":"CSF protein concentration associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction in tuberculous meningitis","volume":"22","author":"Kamat AS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kamat AS, Gretschel A, Vlok AJ, Solomons R. CSF protein concentration associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction in tuberculous meningitis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018, 22:788-92. 10.5588\/ijtld.17.0008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.144","article-title":"Valve failure in ventriculoperitoneal shunts of neuro-oncologic patients: a historical cohort study","volume":"128","author":"Richetta C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richetta C, Shofty B, Gurevich A, Grossman R. Valve failure in ventriculoperitoneal shunts of neuro-oncologic patients: a historical cohort study. World Neurosurg. 2019, 128:e329-33. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.144","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS.2008.109.12.1001","article-title":"Conversion of external ventricular drains to ventriculoperitoneal shunts after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: effects of site and protein\/red blood cell counts on shunt infection and malfunction","volume":"109","author":"Rammos S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rammos S, Klopfenstein J, Augspurger L, Wang H, Wagenbach A, Poston J, Lanzino G. Conversion of external ventricular drains to ventriculoperitoneal shunts after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: effects of site and protein\/red blood cell counts on shunt infection and malfunction. J Neurosurg. 2008, 109:1001-4. 10.3171\/JNS.2008.109.12.1001","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000368385.74625.96","article-title":"Early ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement after severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: role of intraventricular hemorrhage and shunt function","volume":"66","author":"Kang DH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kang DH, Park J, Park SH, Kim YS, Hwang SK, Hamm IS. Early ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement after severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: role of intraventricular hemorrhage and shunt function. Neurosurgery. 2010, 66:904-8; discussion 908-9. 10.1227\/01.NEU.0000368385.74625.96","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699650040124","article-title":"Does the cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration increase the risk of shunt complications?","volume":"10","author":"Brydon HL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brydon HL, Hayward R, Harkness W, Bayston R. Does the cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration increase the risk of shunt complications?. Br J Neurosurg. 1996, 10:267-73. 10.1080\/02688699650040124","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.11.PEDS10244","article-title":"Analysis of the risk of shunt failure or infection related to cerebrospinal fluid cell count, protein level, and glucose levels in low-birth-weight premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus","volume":"7","author":"Fulkerson DH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fulkerson DH, Vachhrajani S, Bohnstedt BN, et al.. Analysis of the risk of shunt failure or infection related to cerebrospinal fluid cell count, protein level, and glucose levels in low-birth-weight premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011, 7:147-51. 10.3171\/2010.11.PEDS10244","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-021-04864-6","article-title":"CSF shunt valve occlusion - does CSF protein and cell count matter?","volume":"163","author":"Kaestner S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaestner S, Sani R, Graf K, Uhl E, Godau J, Deinsberger W. CSF shunt valve occlusion - does CSF protein and cell count matter?. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021, 163:1991-6. 10.1007\/s00701-021-04864-6","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25742-w","article-title":"Ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 77 HIV-negative patients with Cryptococcal meningitis who received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt","volume":"12","author":"Dong Q","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong Q, Huang Z, Yu P, Song E, Chen Z, Qin F. Ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 77 HIV-negative patients with Cryptococcal meningitis who received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Sci Rep. 2022, 12:21366. 10.1038\/s41598-022-25742-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0","author":"Higgins J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins J, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. 2011."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0483-0","article-title":"Dealing with missing standard deviation and mean values in meta-analysis of continuous outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Weir CJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weir CJ, Butcher I, Assi V, Lewis SC, Murray GD, Langhorne P, Brady MC. Dealing with missing standard deviation and mean values in meta-analysis of continuous outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018, 18:25. 10.1186\/s12874-018-0483-0","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"328","author":"Oxman AD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oxman AD. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004, 328:","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000065394","article-title":"The effects of protein, red blood cells and whole blood on PS valve function","volume":"37","author":"Baird C","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baird C, Farner S, Mohr C, Pittman T. The effects of protein, red blood cells and whole blood on PS valve function. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2002, 37:186-93. 10.1159\/000065394","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa203","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of cerebrospinal fluid protein content on the performance of differential pressure valves and antisiphon devices using a novel benchtop shunting model","volume":"87","author":"Gorelick NL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gorelick NL, Serra R, Iyer R, et al.. Evaluating the effects of cerebrospinal fluid protein content on the performance of differential pressure valves and antisiphon devices using a novel benchtop shunting model. Neurosurgery. 2020, 87:1046-54. 10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa203","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000956","article-title":"Effect of protein concentration on the flow of cerebrospinal fluid through shunt tubing","volume":"77","author":"Cheatle JT","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cheatle JT, Bowder AN, Tefft JL, Agrawal SK, Hellbusch LC. Effect of protein concentration on the flow of cerebrospinal fluid through shunt tubing. Neurosurgery. 2015, 77:972-8. 10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000956","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-022-05689-z","article-title":"Proximal ventricular shunt catheter occlusion model","volume":"39","author":"Qi D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qi D, Patel A, Dunwoody R, McCall S, Bach S, Lin J. Proximal ventricular shunt catheter occlusion model. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023, 39:205-10. 10.1007\/s00381-022-05689-z","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.61.6.1079","article-title":"Sterile shunt malfunction. A scanning electron microscopic perspective","volume":"61","author":"Gower DJ","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gower DJ, Lewis JC, Kelly DL. Sterile shunt malfunction. A scanning electron microscopic perspective. J Neurosurg. 1984, 61:1079-84. 10.3171\/jns.1984.61.6.1079","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.5.643","article-title":"Protein adsorption to hydrocephalus shunt catheters: CSF protein adsorption","volume":"64","author":"Brydon HL","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brydon HL, Keir G, Thompson EJ, Bayston R, Hayward R, Harkness W. Protein adsorption to hydrocephalus shunt catheters: CSF protein adsorption. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998, 64:643-7.","journal-title":"Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.100.3.0534","article-title":"An investigation of structural degradation of cerebrospinal fluid shunt valves performed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis","volume":"100","author":"Sgouros S","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sgouros S, Dipple SJ. An investigation of structural degradation of cerebrospinal fluid shunt valves performed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. J Neurosurg. 2004, 100:534-40. 10.3171\/jns.2004.100.3.0534","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.024","article-title":"Immune reactions associated with silicone-based ventriculo-peritoneal shunt malfunctions in children","volume":"25","author":"VandeVord PJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"VandeVord PJ, Gupta N, Wilson RB, Vinuya RZ, Schaefer CJ, Canady AI, Wooley PH. Immune reactions associated with silicone-based ventriculo-peritoneal shunt malfunctions in children. Biomaterials. 2004, 25:3853-60. 10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000028659","article-title":"Effects of proteins, blood cells and glucose on the viscosity of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"28","author":"Bloomfield IG","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bloomfield IG, Johnston IH, Bilston LE. Effects of proteins, blood cells and glucose on the viscosity of cerebrospinal fluid. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1998, 28:246-51.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699550040936","article-title":"Physical properties of cerebrospinal fluid of relevance to shunt function. 2: the effect of protein upon CSF surface tension and contact angle","volume":"9","author":"Brydon HL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brydon HL, Hayward R, Harkness W, Bayston R. Physical properties of cerebrospinal fluid of relevance to shunt function. 2: the effect of protein upon CSF surface tension and contact angle. Br J Neurosurg. 1995, 9:645-51. 10.1080\/02688699550040936","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699409002391","article-title":"The role of ethylene oxide allergy in sterile shunt malfunctions","volume":"8","author":"Pittman T","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pittman T, Williams D, Rathore M, Knutsen AP, Mueller KR. The role of ethylene oxide allergy in sterile shunt malfunctions. Br J Neurosurg. 1994, 8:41-5. 10.3109\/02688699409002391","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000320130","article-title":"Eosinophil activation in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with shunt obstruction","volume":"46","author":"Heidemann SM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heidemann SM, Fiore M, Sood S, Ham S. Eosinophil activation in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with shunt obstruction. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2010, 46:255-8. 10.1159\/000320130","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00237-4","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neuroinflammation in children with hydrocephalus and shunt malfunction","volume":"18","author":"Harris CA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harris CA, Morales DM, Arshad R, McAllister JP, Limbrick DD. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neuroinflammation in children with hydrocephalus and shunt malfunction. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2021, 18:4. 10.1186\/s12987-021-00237-4","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-022-00367-3","article-title":"The effect of A1 and A2 reactive astrocyte expression on hydrocephalus shunt failure","volume":"19","author":"Khodadadei F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khodadadei F, Arshad R, Morales DM, et al.. The effect of A1 and A2 reactive astrocyte expression on hydrocephalus shunt failure. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2022, 19:78. 10.1186\/s12987-022-00367-3","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.33078","article-title":"Effects of surface wettability, flow, and protein concentration on macrophage and astrocyte adhesion in an in vitro model of central nervous system catheter obstruction","volume":"97","author":"Harris CA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harris CA, Resau JH, Hudson EA, West RA, Moon C, Black AD, McAllister JP. Effects of surface wettability, flow, and protein concentration on macrophage and astrocyte adhesion in an in vitro model of central nervous system catheter obstruction. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2011, 97:433-40. 10.1002\/jbm.a.33078","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1988.tb04772.x","article-title":"Outcome of infants shunted for post-haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation","volume":"30","author":"Hislop JE","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hislop JE, Dubowitz LM, Kaiser AM, Singh MP, Whitelaw AG. Outcome of infants shunted for post-haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1988, 30:451-6. 10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1988.tb04772.x","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/222830-ventriculoperitoneal-shunt-failure-and-cerebrospinal-fluid-protein-a-meta-analysis-and-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T16:47:35Z","timestamp":1708188455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/222830-ventriculoperitoneal-shunt-failure-and-cerebrospinal-fluid-protein-a-meta-analysis-and-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"references-count":35,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.54362","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]}}}