{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:38:18Z","timestamp":1763552298638},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T18:48:28Z","timestamp":1708714108000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neonatal Male Circumcision: Clearly Beneficial for Public Health or an Ethical Dilemma? A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth E","family":"Rivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John N","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2858-8_21","article-title":"Why circumcision: From pre-history to the twenty-first century","author":"Cox G","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cox G, Morris BJ, Bolnick DA, Koyle  . Why circumcision: From pre-history to the twenty-first century. Surg Gui Circum. 2012, 243-259. 10.1007\/978-1-4471-2858-8_21","journal-title":"Surg Gui Circum"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-016-0073-5","article-title":"Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision","volume":"14","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA. Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision. Popul Health Metr. 2016, 14:4. 10.1186\/s12963-016-0073-5","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000430797.56499.0d","article-title":"Prevalence of circumcision among men and boys aged 14 to 59 years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2010","volume":"40","author":"Introcaso CE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Introcaso CE, Xu F, Kilmarx PH, Zaidi A, Markowitz LE. Prevalence of circumcision among men and boys aged 14 to 59 years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2010. Sex Transm Dis. 2013, 40:521-5. 10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000430797.56499.0d","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1431","article-title":"The medical benefits of male circumcision","volume":"306","author":"Tobian AA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tobian AA, Gray RH. The medical benefits of male circumcision. JAMA. 2011, 306:1479-80. 10.1001\/jama.2011.1431","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1989","article-title":"Circumcision policy statement","volume":"130","year":"2012","unstructured":"Circumcision policy statement. Pediatrics. 2012, 130.585-6. 10.1542\/peds.2012-1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1990","article-title":"Male circumcision","volume":"130","year":"2012","unstructured":"Male circumcision. Pediatrics. 2012, 130.e756-85. 10.1542\/peds.2012-1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for providers counseling male patients and parents regarding male circumcision and the prevention of HIV infection, STIs, and other health outcomes.. (2018). Accessed: Aug 3, 2023: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/58456."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Background, methods, and synthesis of scientific information used to inform \u201cinformation for providers to share with male patients and parents regarding male circumcision and the prevention of HIV infection, sexually transmitted infections, and other health outcomes\u201d. (2018). Accessed: Aug 3, 2023: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/58457."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.12.073","article-title":"Examining clinical practice guidelines for male circumcision: A systematic review and critical appraisal Using AGREE II","volume":"244","author":"Pokarowski M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pokarowski M, Kim JK, Milford K, et al.. Examining clinical practice guidelines for male circumcision: A systematic review and critical appraisal Using AGREE II. J Pediatr. 2022, 244:186-193.e6. 10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.12.073","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jomh1806132","article-title":"Evidence-based circumcision policy for Australia","volume":"18","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Katelaris A, Blumenthal NJ, et al.. Evidence-based circumcision policy for Australia. J Mens Health. 2022, 18:10.31083\/j.jomh1806132","journal-title":"J Mens Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.19415","article-title":"Neonatal circumcision: What are the factors affecting parental decision?","volume":"13","author":"Guevara CG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guevara CG, Achua JK, Blachman-Braun R, et al.. Neonatal circumcision: What are the factors affecting parental decision?. Cureus. 2021, 13:e19415. 10.7759\/cureus.19415","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.02.031","article-title":"A contemporary snapshot of circumcision in US children's hospitals","volume":"55","author":"Many BT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Many BT, Rizeq YK, Vacek J, et al.. A contemporary snapshot of circumcision in US children's hospitals. J Pediatr Surg. 2020, 55:1134-8. 10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.02.031","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003","article-title":"Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement","volume":"134","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021, 134:103-12. 10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"PRISMA. Transparent reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023). Accessed: Aug 1, 2023: https:\/\/protect-au.mimecast.com\/s\/_2aPCoV1kpfD8kZ3lF1P25l?domain=prisma-statement.org."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0468-4","article-title":"What kind of systematic review should I conduct? A proposed typology and guidance for systematic reviewers in the medical and health sciences","volume":"18","author":"Munn Z","year":"2018","unstructured":"Munn Z, Stern C, Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Jordan Z. What kind of systematic review should I conduct? A proposed typology and guidance for systematic reviewers in the medical and health sciences. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018, 18:5. 10.1186\/s12874-017-0468-4","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2011.01858.x","article-title":"The need for systematic reviews of reasons","volume":"26","author":"Sofaer N","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sofaer N, Strech D. The need for systematic reviews of reasons. Bioethics. 2012, 26:315-28. 10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2011.01858.x","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000060","article-title":"Innovations in the systematic review of text and opinion","volume":"13","author":"McArthur A","year":"2015","unstructured":"McArthur A, Klug\u00e1rov\u00e1 J, Yan H, Florescu S. Innovations in the systematic review of text and opinion. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015, 13:188-95. 10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000060","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Scribbr. Mixed methods research. Definition, guide &amp; examples. (2022). Accessed: Mar 11, 2023: https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/mixed-methods-research\/."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"PICO. The PICO framework for framing systematic review research questions. (2021). Accessed: Nov 11, 2023: https:\/\/pubrica.com\/academy\/systematic-review\/the-pico-framework-for-framing-systematic-review-research-questions\/#:~...."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jht059","article-title":"Systematic reviews in bioethics: types, challenges, and value","volume":"39","author":"McDougall R","year":"2014","unstructured":"McDougall R. Systematic reviews in bioethics: types, challenges, and value. J Med Philos. 2014, 39:89-97. 10.1093\/jmp\/jht059","journal-title":"J Med Philos"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0688-1","article-title":"Current state of ethics literature synthesis: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"14","author":"Mertz M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mertz M, Kahrass H, Strech D. Current state of ethics literature synthesis: a systematic review of reviews. BMC Med. 2016, 14:152. 10.1186\/s12916-016-0688-1","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-136","article-title":"Recommendation by a law body to ban infant male circumcision has serious worldwide implications for pediatric practice and human rights","volume":"13","author":"Bates MJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bates MJ, Ziegler JB, Kennedy SE, et al.. Recommendation by a law body to ban infant male circumcision has serious worldwide implications for pediatric practice and human rights. BMC Pediatr. 2013, 13:136. 10.1186\/1471-2431-13-136","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101456","article-title":"The AAP Task Force on Neonatal Circumcision: a call for respectful dialogue","volume":"39","year":"2013","unstructured":"The AAP Task Force on Neonatal Circumcision. a call for respectful dialogue. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:442-3. 10.1136\/medethics-2013-101456","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12077","article-title":"German law on circumcision and its debate: how an ethical and legal issue turned political","volume":"29","author":"Aurenque D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aurenque D, Wiesing U. German law on circumcision and its debate: how an ethical and legal issue turned political. Bioethics. 2015, 29:203-10. 10.1111\/bioe.12077","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2012-101274","article-title":"Circumcision: what should be done?","volume":"39","author":"Ben-Yami H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ben-Yami H. Circumcision: what should be done?. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:459-62. 10.1136\/medethics-2012-101274","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101519","article-title":"Evaluations of circumcision should be circumscribed by the evidence","volume":"39","author":"Benatar D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benatar D. Evaluations of circumcision should be circumscribed by the evidence. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:431-2. 10.1136\/medethics-2013-101519","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/152651603766436216","article-title":"Between prophylaxis and child abuse: the ethics of neonatal male circumcision","volume":"3","author":"Benatar M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benatar M, Benatar D. Between prophylaxis and child abuse: the ethics of neonatal male circumcision. Am J Bioeth. 2003, 3:35-48. 10.1162\/152651603766436216","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/152651603102387820","article-title":"How not to argue about circumcision","volume":"3","author":"Benatar D","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benatar D, Benatar M. How not to argue about circumcision. Am J Bioeth. 2003, 3:W1. 10.1162\/152651603102387820","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110516654119","article-title":"Newborn male circumcision with parental consent, as stated in the AAP circumcision policy statement, is both legal and ethical","volume":"44","author":"Brady MT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brady MT. Newborn male circumcision with parental consent, as stated in the AAP circumcision policy statement, is both legal and ethical. J Law Med Ethics. 2016, 44:256-62. 10.1177\/1073110516654119","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2003.003921","article-title":"Value judgment, harm, and religious liberty","volume":"30","author":"Viens AM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Viens AM. Value judgment, harm, and religious liberty. J Med Ethics. 2004, 30:241-7. 10.1136\/jme.2003.003921","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Medical-legal risks associated with circumcision of newborn males: need for revised consent","volume":"34","author":"Brown JL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brown JL. Medical-legal risks associated with circumcision of newborn males: need for revised consent. AAP News. 2013, 34:1.","journal-title":"AAP News"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2008.00683.x","article-title":"Cultural circumcision in EU public hospitals--an ethical discussion","volume":"23","author":"Brusa M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brusa M, Barilan YM. Cultural circumcision in EU public hospitals--an ethical discussion. Bioethics. 2009, 23:470-82. 10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2008.00683.x","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2015.1026236","article-title":"The mysterious disappearance of the object of inquiry: Jacobs and Arora's defense of circumcision","volume":"15","author":"Darby R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darby R. The mysterious disappearance of the object of inquiry: Jacobs and Arora's defense of circumcision. Am J Bioeth. 2015, 15:70-2. 10.1080\/15265161.2015.1026236","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.2016.0018","article-title":"Moral hypocrisy or intellectual inconsistency?: A historical perspective on our habit of placing male and female genital cutting in separate ethical boxes","volume":"26","author":"Darby R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Darby R. Moral hypocrisy or intellectual inconsistency?: A historical perspective on our habit of placing male and female genital cutting in separate ethical boxes. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 2016, 26:155-63. 10.1353\/ken.2016.0018","journal-title":"Kennedy Inst Ethics J"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101469","article-title":"Ancient rites and new laws: how should we regulate religious circumcision of minors?","volume":"39","author":"Davis DS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davis DS. Ancient rites and new laws: how should we regulate religious circumcision of minors?. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:456-8. 10.1136\/medethics-2013-101469","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-004-3530-z","article-title":"Bodily integrity and male and female circumcision","volume":"8","author":"Dekkers W","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dekkers W, Hoffer C, Wils JP. Bodily integrity and male and female circumcision. Med Health Care Philos. 2005, 8:179-91. 10.1007\/s11019-004-3530-z","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.0.0279","article-title":"Routine (non-religious) neonatal circumcision and bodily integrity: a transatlantic dialogue","volume":"19","author":"Dekkers W","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dekkers W. Routine (non-religious) neonatal circumcision and bodily integrity: a transatlantic dialogue. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 2009, 19:125-46. 10.1353\/ken.0.0279","journal-title":"Kennedy Inst Ethics J"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Preventive newborn male circumcision: What is the child's best interest?","volume":"28","author":"Di Pietro ML","year":"2017","unstructured":"Di Pietro ML, Teleman AA, Di Pietro ML, Poscia A, Gonzalez-Melado FJ, Panocchia N. Preventive newborn male circumcision: What is the child's best interest?. Cuad Bioet. 2017, 28:303-316.","journal-title":"Cuad Bioet"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/JCE200920309","article-title":"Boldt v. Boldt: A pediatric ethics perspective","volume":"20","author":"Diekema DS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diekema DS. Boldt v. Boldt: A pediatric ethics perspective. J Clin Ethics. 2009, 20:251-257. 10.1086\/JCE200920309","journal-title":"J Clin Ethics"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101517","article-title":"The ethics of infant male circumcision","volume":"39","author":"Earp BD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Earp BD. The ethics of infant male circumcision. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:418-20. 10.1136\/medethics-2013-101517","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phe\/phx024","article-title":"Circumcision, autonomy and public health","volume":"12","author":"Earp BD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Earp BD, Darby R. Circumcision, autonomy and public health. Pub Hea Eth. 2019, 12:64-81. 10.1093\/phe\/phx024","journal-title":"Pub Hea Eth"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-106782","article-title":"Male or female genital cutting: why 'health benefits' are morally irrelevant","author":"Earp BD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Earp BD. Male or female genital cutting: why 'health benefits' are morally irrelevant. J Med Ethics. 2021, 10.1136\/medethics-2020-106782","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12542","article-title":"Non-therapeutic male genital cutting and harm: Law, policy and evidence from U.K. hospitals","volume":"33","author":"Fox M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fox M, Thomson M, Warburton J. Non-therapeutic male genital cutting and harm: Law, policy and evidence from U.K. hospitals. Bioethics. 2019, 33:467-74. 10.1111\/bioe.12542","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03351343","article-title":"In defence of male circumcision","volume":"31","author":"Garasic MD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garasic MD. In defence of male circumcision. Monash Bioeth Rev. 2013, 31:60-9. 10.1007\/BF03351343","journal-title":"Monash Bioeth Rev"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12141","article-title":"The enhancement of children versus circumcision: A case of double moral standards?","volume":"29","author":"Hainz T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hainz T. The enhancement of children versus circumcision: A case of double moral standards?. Bioethics. 2015, 29:507-15. 10.1111\/bioe.12141","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39406.520498.AD","article-title":"Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child? Yes","volume":"335","author":"Hinchley G","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hinchley G. Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child? Yes. BMJ. 2007, 335:1180. 10.1136\/bmj.39406.520498.AD","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.28.1.10","article-title":"Prophylactic interventions on children: balancing human rights with public health","volume":"28","author":"Hodges FM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hodges FM, Svoboda JS, Van Howe RS. Prophylactic interventions on children: balancing human rights with public health. J Med Ethics. 2002, 28:10-6. 10.1136\/jme.28.1.10","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.832","article-title":"Male circumcision cost-effective articles ignore methodological problems and ethical concerns","volume":"167","author":"Booker CS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Booker CS. Male circumcision cost-effective articles ignore methodological problems and ethical concerns. JAMA Pediatr. 2013, 167:198-9. 10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.832","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2015.00018","article-title":"Do the benefits of male circumcision outweigh the risks? A critique of the proposed CDC Guidelines","volume":"3","author":"Earp BD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Earp BD. Do the benefits of male circumcision outweigh the risks? A critique of the proposed CDC Guidelines. Front Pediatr. 2015, 3:18. 10.3389\/fped.2015.00018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"The ethics of circumcision of male infants","volume":"15","author":"Jacobs AJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jacobs AJ. The ethics of circumcision of male infants. Isr Med Assoc J. 2013, 15:60-65.","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2015.1058119","article-title":"Response to \"The mysterious disappearance of the object of inquiry: Jacobs and Arora's defense of circumcision\"","volume":"15","author":"Jacobs AJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jacobs AJ, Arora KS. Response to \"The mysterious disappearance of the object of inquiry: Jacobs and Arora's defense of circumcision\". Am J Bioeth. 2015, 15:W4-5. 10.1080\/15265161.2015.1058119","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2014.990162","article-title":"Ritual male infant circumcision and human rights","volume":"15","author":"Jacobs AJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jacobs AJ, Arora KS. Ritual male infant circumcision and human rights. Am J Bioeth. 2015, 15:30-9. 10.1080\/15265161.2014.990162","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.835","article-title":"Male circumcision cost-effective articles ignore methodological problems and ethical concerns--reply","volume":"167","author":"Kacker S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kacker S, Frick KD, Gaydos CA, Tobian AA. Male circumcision cost-effective articles ignore methodological problems and ethical concerns--reply. JAMA Pediatr. 2013, 167:199-200. 10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.835","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2014-102319","article-title":"Infant male circumcision and the autonomy of the child: two ethical questions","volume":"41","author":"McMath A","year":"2015","unstructured":"McMath A. Infant male circumcision and the autonomy of the child: two ethical questions. J Med Ethics. 2015, 41:687-90. 10.1136\/medethics-2014-102319","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2012-101284","article-title":"After Cologne: male circumcision and the law. Parental right, religious liberty or criminal assault?","volume":"39","author":"Merkel R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Merkel R, Putzke H. After Cologne: male circumcision and the law. Parental right, religious liberty or criminal assault?. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:444-9. 10.1136\/medethics-2012-101284","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.2761","article-title":"Legal threat to infant male circumcision","volume":"167","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Tobian AA. Legal threat to infant male circumcision. JAMA Pediatr. 2013, 167:890-1. 10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.2761","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101614","article-title":"Veracity and rhetoric in paediatric medicine: a critique of Svoboda and Van Howe's response to the AAP policy on infant male circumcision","volume":"40","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Tobian AA, Hankins CA, et al.. Veracity and rhetoric in paediatric medicine: a critique of Svoboda and Van Howe's response to the AAP policy on infant male circumcision. J Med Ethics. 2014, 40:463-70. 10.1136\/medethics-2013-101614","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12714","article-title":"What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis","volume":"34","author":"Myers A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Myers A, Earp BD. What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis. Bioethics. 2020, 34:645-63. 10.1111\/bioe.12714","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39406.523762.AD","article-title":"Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child? No","volume":"335","author":"Patrick K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Patrick K. Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child? No. BMJ. 2007, 335:1181. 10.1136\/bmj.39406.523762.AD","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5789","article-title":"German ethics council backs religious circumcision if specific conditions met","volume":"345","author":"Stafford N","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stafford N. German ethics council backs religious circumcision if specific conditions met. BMJ. 2012, 345:e5789. 10.1136\/bmj.e5789","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2012-101229","article-title":"Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation","volume":"39","author":"Svoboda JS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Svoboda JS. Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:469-74. 10.1136\/medethics-2012-101229","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101346","article-title":"Out of step: fatal flaws in the latest AAP policy report on neonatal circumcision","volume":"39","author":"Svoboda JS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Svoboda JS, Van Howe RS. Out of step: fatal flaws in the latest AAP policy report on neonatal circumcision. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:434-41. 10.1136\/medethics-2013-101346","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110516654120","article-title":"Circumcision is unethical and unlawful","volume":"44","author":"Svoboda JS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Svoboda JS, Adler PW, Van Howe RS. Circumcision is unethical and unlawful. J Law Med Ethics. 2016, 44:263-82. 10.1177\/1073110516654120","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2012-101209","article-title":"Infant circumcision: the last stand for the dead dogma of parental (sovereignal) rights","volume":"39","author":"Van Howe RS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Howe RS. Infant circumcision: the last stand for the dead dogma of parental (sovereignal) rights. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:475-81. 10.1136\/medethics-2012-101209","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12363","article-title":"Response to Vogelstein: How the 2012 AAP Task Force on circumcision went wrong","volume":"32","author":"Van Howe RS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Howe RS. Response to Vogelstein: How the 2012 AAP Task Force on circumcision went wrong. Bioethics. 2018, 32:77-80. 10.1111\/bioe.12363","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12186","article-title":"Professional hubris and its consequences: Why organizations of health-care professions should not adopt ethically controversial positions","volume":"30","author":"Vogelstein E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vogelstein E. Professional hubris and its consequences: Why organizations of health-care professions should not adopt ethically controversial positions. Bioethics. 2016, 30:234-43. 10.1111\/bioe.12186","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0081","article-title":"Cultural bias and circumcision: the AAP Task Force on circumcision responds","volume":"131","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cultural bias and circumcision. the AAP Task Force on circumcision responds. Pediatrics. 2013, 131:801-4. 10.1542\/peds.2013-0081","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.09.036","article-title":"A legal database review of circumcision related litigation in the United States","volume":"160","author":"Li KD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li KD, Hakam N, Low P, et al.. A legal database review of circumcision related litigation in the United States. Urology. 2022, 160:94-101. 10.1016\/j.urology.2021.09.036","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2014.990164","article-title":"Ritual male infant circumcision: the consequences and the principles say yes","volume":"15","author":"Bester JC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bester JC. Ritual male infant circumcision: the consequences and the principles say yes. Am J Bioeth. 2015, 15:56-8. 10.1080\/15265161.2014.990164","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Mandatory neonatal male circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa: medical and ethical analysis","volume":"13","author":"Clark PA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clark PA, Eisenman J, Szapor S. Mandatory neonatal male circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa: medical and ethical analysis. Med Sci Monit. 2007, 13:205-213.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2012-101182","article-title":"The child's right to an open future: is the principle applicable to non-therapeutic circumcision?","volume":"39","author":"Darby RJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Darby RJ. The child's right to an open future: is the principle applicable to non-therapeutic circumcision?. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:463-8. 10.1136\/medethics-2012-101182","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.2015.0004","article-title":"Risks, benefits, complications and harms: neglected factors in the current debate on non-therapeutic circumcision","volume":"25","author":"Darby R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darby R. Risks, benefits, complications and harms: neglected factors in the current debate on non-therapeutic circumcision. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 2015, 25:1-34. 10.1353\/ken.2015.0004","journal-title":"Kennedy Inst Ethics J"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101318","article-title":"The child's interests and the case for the permissibility of male infant circumcision","volume":"39","author":"Mazor J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mazor J. The child's interests and the case for the permissibility of male infant circumcision. J Med Ethics. 2013, 39:421-8. 10.1136\/medethics-2013-101318","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110517750603","article-title":"The ethical course is to recommend infant male circumcision - Arguments disparaging American Academy of Pediatrics affirmative policy do not withstand scrutiny","volume":"45","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Krieger JN, Klausner JD, Rivin BE. The ethical course is to recommend infant male circumcision - Arguments disparaging American Academy of Pediatrics affirmative policy do not withstand scrutiny. J Law Med Ethics. 2017, 45:647-663. 10.1177\/1073110517750603","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12361","article-title":"Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Moreton S, Krieger JN. Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review. J Evid Based Med. 2019, 12:263-90. 10.1111\/jebm.12361","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02943.x","article-title":"Legal arguments opposing infant male circumcision are flawed","volume":"42","author":"Bates B","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bates B, Morris BJ. Legal arguments opposing infant male circumcision are flawed. Intern Med J. 2012, 42:1281-2. 10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02943.x","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135910530200700310","article-title":"Male circumcision: pain, trauma and psychosexual sequelae","volume":"7","author":"Boyle GJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boyle GJ, Goldman R, Svoboda JS, Fernandez E. Male circumcision: pain, trauma and psychosexual sequelae. J Health Psychol. 2002, 7:329-43. 10.1177\/135910530200700310","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2016.08.012","article-title":"[Forensic issues raised by circumcision: Review and case report]","volume":"23","author":"Gorgiard C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gorgiard C, Rey-Salmon C. [Forensic issues raised by circumcision: Review and case report]. Arch Pediatr. 2016, 23:1153-6. 10.1016\/j.arcped.2016.08.012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/medlaw\/fwv039","article-title":"A dangerous muddying of the waters? The \u2018significant harm' of Re B and G (Children) (Care Proceedings)[2015] Ewfc 3","volume":"24","author":"Mcalister RD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mcalister RD. A dangerous muddying of the waters? The \u2018significant harm' of Re B and G (Children) (Care Proceedings)[2015] Ewfc 3. Med Law Rev. 2016, 24:259-67. 10.1093\/medlaw\/fwv039","journal-title":"Med Law Rev"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.7115","article-title":"Legality of circumcision in South Africa","volume":"103","author":"Millard PS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Millard PS, Goldstuck N. Legality of circumcision in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2013, 103:436. 10.7196\/samj.7115","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"Informed consent for neonatal circumcision: an ethical and legal conundrum","volume":"17","author":"Svoboda JS","year":"2000","unstructured":"Svoboda JS, Van Howe RS, Dwyer JG. Informed consent for neonatal circumcision: an ethical and legal conundrum. J Contemp Health Law Policy. 2000, 17:61-133.","journal-title":"J Contemp Health Law Policy"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Female Genital Mutilation: A Report to the Attorney General","author":"Attorney General","year":"1994","unstructured":"Attorney General. Female Genital Mutilation: A Report to the Attorney General. Commonwealth Publishing House, Canberra; 1994."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365598609040554","article-title":"Circumcision for phimosis: a follow-up study","volume":"20","author":"Stenram A","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stenram A, Malmfors G, Okmian L. Circumcision for phimosis: a follow-up study. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1986, 20:89-92. 10.3109\/00365598609040554","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.27.3.208-a","article-title":"Male and female circumcision: medical, legal and ethical considerations in pediatric practice","author":"Hellsten DS","unstructured":"Hellsten DS. Male and female circumcision: medical, legal and ethical considerations in pediatric practice. J Med Ethics. 2001. 10.1136\/jme.27.3.208-a","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2009.01.002","article-title":"Optimal time for neonatal circumcision: an observation-based study","volume":"5","author":"Banieghbal B","year":"2009","unstructured":"Banieghbal B. Optimal time for neonatal circumcision: an observation-based study. J Pediatr Urol. 2009, 5:359-62. 10.1016\/j.jpurol.2009.01.002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.134403","article-title":"Determinants and policy implications of male circumcision in the United States","volume":"99","author":"Leibowitz AA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leibowitz AA, Desmond K, Belin T. Determinants and policy implications of male circumcision in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2009, 99:138-45. 10.2105\/AJPH.2008.134403","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.161281","article-title":"Medicaid coverage of newborn circumcision: a health parity right of the poor","volume":"99","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Bailis SA, Waskett JH, Wiswell TE, Halperin DT. Medicaid coverage of newborn circumcision: a health parity right of the poor. Am J Public Health. 2009, 99:969-71. 10.2105\/AJPH.2009.161281","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"To the readers","volume":"1","author":"Kelishadi R: To the readers. Int J Prev Med. 2010","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kelishadi R. To the readers. Int J Prev Med. 2010, 1: i: To the readers. Int J Prev Med. 2010, 1:i.","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-10-2","article-title":"Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Weiss HA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weiss HA, Larke N, Halperin D, Schenker I. Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: a systematic review. BMC Urol. 2010, 10:2. 10.1186\/1471-2490-10-2","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"Neonatal circumcision - violation of children's rights or public health necessity?","volume":"4","author":"Vawda YA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vawda YA, Maqutu LN. Neonatal circumcision - violation of children's rights or public health necessity?. S Afr J Bioethics Law. 2011, 4:36-42.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bioethics Law"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02960.x","article-title":"'Circumcision of infant males' must warn doctors of possible criminal assault charges","volume":"42","author":"Hill G","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hill G, Boyle GJ, Geisheker JV. 'Circumcision of infant males' must warn doctors of possible criminal assault charges. Intern Med J. 2012, 42:1280-1. 10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02960.x","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/apjcp.2012.13.9.4839","article-title":"Should male circumcision be advocated for genital cancer prevention?","volume":"13","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Mindel A, Tobian AA, et al.. Should male circumcision be advocated for genital cancer prevention?. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012, 13:4839-42. 10.7314\/apjcp.2012.13.9.4839","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-20","article-title":"A 'snip' in time: what is the best age to circumcise?","volume":"12","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Waskett JH, Banerjee J, et al.. A 'snip' in time: what is the best age to circumcise?. BMC Pediatr. 2012, 12:20. 10.1186\/1471-2431-12-20","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02823.x","article-title":"The 2010 Royal Australasian College of Physicians' policy statement 'Circumcision of infant males' is not evidence based","volume":"42","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Wodak AD, Mindel A, et al.. The 2010 Royal Australasian College of Physicians' policy statement 'Circumcision of infant males' is not evidence based. Intern Med J. 2012, 42:822-8. 10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02823.x","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02582.x","article-title":"Men's health: sexual dysfunction, physical, and psychological health--is there a link?","volume":"9","author":"Tan HM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tan HM, Tong SF, Ho CC. Men's health: sexual dysfunction, physical, and psychological health--is there a link?. J Sex Med. 2012, 9:663-71. 10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02582.x","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Informed consent: Principles for elective circumcision","author":"Vemulakonda VM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vemulakonda VM. Informed consent: Principles for elective circumcision. Surgical Guide to Circumcision. Bolnick DA, Koyle MS, Yosha A (ed): Springer-Verlag, London; 2012. 9-13."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2896","article-title":"Cultural bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on male circumcision","volume":"131","author":"Frisch M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frisch M, Aigrain Y, Barauskas V, et al.. Cultural bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on male circumcision. Pediatrics. 2013, 131:796-800. 10.1542\/peds.2012-2896","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.829","article-title":"Costs and benefits of male circumcision","volume":"167","author":"Hay JW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hay JW. Costs and benefits of male circumcision. JAMA Pediatr. 2013, 167:198. 10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.829","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.5414","article-title":"Rates of adverse events associated with male circumcision in U.S. medical settings, 2001 to 2010","volume":"168","author":"El Bcheraoui C","year":"2014","unstructured":"El Bcheraoui C, Zhang X, Cooper CS, Rose CE, Kilmarx PH, Chen RT. Rates of adverse events associated with male circumcision in U.S. medical settings, 2001 to 2010. JAMA Pediatr. 2014, 168:625-34. 10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.5414","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/684706","article-title":"Does male circumcision protect against sexually transmitted infections? Arguments and meta-analyses to the contrary fail to withstand scrutiny","volume":"2014","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Hankins CA, Tobian AA, Krieger JN, Klausner JD. Does male circumcision protect against sexually transmitted infections? Arguments and meta-analyses to the contrary fail to withstand scrutiny. ISRN Urol. 2014, 2014:684706. 10.1155\/2014\/684706","journal-title":"ISRN Urol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.5110","article-title":"Circumcision is a religious\/cultural procedure, not a medical procedure-reply","volume":"168","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Tobian AA. Circumcision is a religious\/cultural procedure, not a medical procedure-reply. JAMA Pediatr. 2014, 168:294. 10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.5110","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.01.024","article-title":"Do adult men with untreated hypospadias have adverse outcomes? A pilot study using a social media advertised survey","volume":"10","author":"Schlomer B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schlomer B, Breyer B, Copp H, Baskin L, DiSandro M. Do adult men with untreated hypospadias have adverse outcomes? A pilot study using a social media advertised survey. J Pediatr Urol. 2014, 10:672-9. 10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.01.024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.5107","article-title":"Circumcision is a religious\/cultural procedure, not a medical procedure","volume":"168","author":"Svoboda JS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Svoboda JS. Circumcision is a religious\/cultural procedure, not a medical procedure. JAMA Pediatr. 2014, 168:293-4. 10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.5107","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2014.51","article-title":"Libertarianism and circumcision","volume":"3","author":"Testa P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Testa P, Block WE. Libertarianism and circumcision. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014, 3:33-40. 10.15171\/ijhpm.2014.51","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.09.105","article-title":"Teasing in school locker rooms regarding penile appearance","volume":"193","author":"Alexander SE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alexander SE, Storm DW, Cooper CS. Teasing in school locker rooms regarding penile appearance. J Urol. 2015, 193:983-7. 10.1016\/j.juro.2014.09.105","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2014.957231","article-title":"Syphilis 1855 and HIV-AIDS 2007: Historical reflections on the tendency to blame human anatomy for the action of micro-organisms","volume":"10","author":"Darby R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darby R. Syphilis 1855 and HIV-AIDS 2007: Historical reflections on the tendency to blame human anatomy for the action of micro-organisms. Glob Public Health. 2015, 10:573-88. 10.1080\/17441692.2014.957231","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13136","article-title":"Evidence-based (S3) Guideline on (anogenital) Lichen sclerosus","volume":"29","author":"Kirtschig G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirtschig G, Becker K, G\u00fcnthert A, et al.. Evidence-based (S3) Guideline on (anogenital) Lichen sclerosus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015, 29:e1-43. 10.1111\/jdv.13136","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2015.00088","article-title":"Commentary: Do the benefits of male circumcision outweigh the risks? A critique of the proposed CDC guidelines","volume":"3","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morris BJ. Commentary: Do the benefits of male circumcision outweigh the risks? A critique of the proposed CDC guidelines. Front Pediatr. 2015, 3:88. 10.3389\/fped.2015.00088","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/20.6.311","article-title":"Newborn male circumcision","volume":"20","author":"Sorokan ST","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sorokan ST, Finlay JC, Jefferies AL. Newborn male circumcision. Paediatr Child Health. 2015, 20:311-20. 10.1093\/pch\/20.6.311","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15718182-02402001","article-title":"The draft CDC circumcision recommendations: Medical, ethical, legal, and procedural concerns","volume":"24","author":"Adler PW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adler PW. The draft CDC circumcision recommendations: Medical, ethical, legal, and procedural concerns. Int J Child Rights. 2016, 24:237-262. 10.1163\/15718182-02402001","journal-title":"Int J Child Rights"},{"key":"ref112","article-title":"Canadian Paediatrics Society position statement on newborn circumcision: a risk-benefit analysis revisited","volume":"23","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Klausner JD, Krieger JN, Willcox BJ, Crouse PD, Pollock N. Canadian Paediatrics Society position statement on newborn circumcision: a risk-benefit analysis revisited. Can J Urol. 2016, 23:8492-8502.","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/15718182-02402004","article-title":"Critical evaluation of Adler's challenge to the CDC's male circumcision recommendations","volume":"24","author":"Rivin BE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rivin BE, Diekema DE, Mastroianni AC, Krieger JN, Klausner JD, Morris BJ. Critical evaluation of Adler's challenge to the CDC's male circumcision recommendations. Int J Child Rights. 2016, 24:265-303.","journal-title":"Int J Child Rights"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13642987.2016.1260007","article-title":"Long-term adverse outcomes from neonatal circumcision reported in a survey of 1,008 men: an overview of health and human rights implications","volume":"21","author":"Hammond T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hammond T, Carmack A. Long-term adverse outcomes from neonatal circumcision reported in a survey of 1,008 men: an overview of health and human rights implications. Int J Hum Rights. 2017, 21:189-218. 10.1080\/13642987.2016.1260007","journal-title":"Int J Hum Rights"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.8.msoc2-1708","article-title":"Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury","volume":"19","author":"Svoboda JS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Svoboda JS. Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury. AMA J Ethics. 2017, 19:815-24. 10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.8.msoc2-1708","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0231-z","article-title":"The challenge of the post-truth era","volume":"20","year":"2018","unstructured":"The challenge of the post-truth era. Nat Cell Biol. 2018, 20.1231. 10.1038\/s41556-018-0231-z","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.5033","article-title":"Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (full version)","volume":"12","author":"Dave S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dave S, Afshar K, Braga LH, Anderson P. Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (full version). Can Urol Assoc J. 2018, 12:E76-99. 10.5489\/cuaj.5033","journal-title":"Can Urol Assoc J"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2017.1400104","article-title":"False beliefs predict increased circumcision satisfaction in a sample of US American men","volume":"20","author":"Earp BD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Earp BD, Sardi LM, Jellison WA. False beliefs predict increased circumcision satisfaction in a sample of US American men. Cult Health Sex. 2018, 20:945-59. 10.1080\/13691058.2017.1400104","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2016.1184292","article-title":"Circumcision of male infants and children as a public health measure in developed countries: A critical assessment of recent evidence","volume":"13","author":"Frisch M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frisch M, Earp BD. Circumcision of male infants and children as a public health measure in developed countries: A critical assessment of recent evidence. Glob Public Health. 2018, 13:626-41. 10.1080\/17441692.2016.1184292","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4734","article-title":"First no harm: the impossible oath","volume":"366","author":"Abbasi K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abbasi K. First no harm: the impossible oath. BMJ. 2019, 366:14734. 10.1136\/bmj.l4734","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref121","unstructured":"APSA preprints. Comparative politics of circumcision bans in western Europe: A causal narrative. (2019). Accessed: Nov 10, 2023: https:\/\/preprintsapsanetorg\/engage\/apsa\/article-details\/5dc4273aa6490200117d2a04."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/asm.2019.94006","article-title":"Critical evaluation of a survey claiming \u201cLong-term adverse outcomes from neonatal circumcision\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Bailis SA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bailis SA, Moreton S, Morris BJ. Critical evaluation of a survey claiming \u201cLong-term adverse outcomes from neonatal circumcision\u201d. Adv Sex Med. 2019, 9:67-109. 10.4236\/asm.2019.94006","journal-title":"Adv Sex Med"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2019.1643945","article-title":"Medically unnecessary genital cutting and the rights of the child: Moving toward consensus","volume":"19","author":"Brussels Collaboration on Genital Integrity","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brussels Collaboration on Genital Integrity. Medically unnecessary genital cutting and the rights of the child: Moving toward consensus. Am J Bioeth. 2019, 19:17-28. 10.1080\/15265161.2019.1643945","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.02.027","article-title":"Surgical management of genitourinary lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in boys in England: A 10-year review of practices and outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Green PA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Green PA, Bethell GS, Wilkinson DJ, Kenny SE, Corbett HJ. Surgical management of genitourinary lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in boys in England: A 10-year review of practices and outcomes. J Pediatr Urol. 2019, 15:45.e1-5. 10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.02.027","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"ref125","article-title":"Rapid response to: First do no harm: the impossible oath","volume":"366","author":"Retsas S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Retsas S. Rapid response to: First do no harm: the impossible oath. BMJ. 2019, 366:4734.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2019.08.004","article-title":"Save the foreskin: Outcomes of preputioplasty in the treatment of childhood phimosis","volume":"18","author":"Hotonu S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hotonu S, Mohamed A, Rajimwale A, Gopal M. Save the foreskin: Outcomes of preputioplasty in the treatment of childhood phimosis. Surgeon. 2020, 18:150-3. 10.1016\/j.surge.2019.08.004","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/asm.2020.102003","article-title":"Do false beliefs predict increased circumcision satisfaction in men?","volume":"10","author":"Moreton S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moreton S. Do false beliefs predict increased circumcision satisfaction in men?. Adv Sex Med. 2020, 10:42-55. 10.4236\/asm.2020.102003","journal-title":"Adv Sex Med"},{"key":"ref128","article-title":"Non-therapeutic male circumcision","volume":"30","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Krieger JN. Non-therapeutic male circumcision. Paediatr Child Health (UK. 2020, 30:102-107.","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health (UK"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00102-9","article-title":"Association between medical male circumcision and HIV risk compensation among heterosexual men: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Gao Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao Y, Yuan T, Zhan Y, et al.. Association between medical male circumcision and HIV risk compensation among heterosexual men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2021, 9:e932-41. 10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00102-9","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-020-01139-9","article-title":"Is physical alteration a sufficient reason to prohibit ritual infant circumcision?","volume":"60","author":"Jacobs AJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jacobs AJ. Is physical alteration a sufficient reason to prohibit ritual infant circumcision?. J Relig Health. 2021, 60:1672-93. 10.1007\/s10943-020-01139-9","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.17157","article-title":"Causes and consequences of the decline in circumcision in Australia","volume":"91","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Wodak AD. Causes and consequences of the decline in circumcision in Australia. ANZ J Surg. 2021, 91:2546-7. 10.1111\/ans.17157","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.16927","article-title":"Early childhood circumcision in Australia: Trends over 20\u2009years and interrupted time series analysis","volume":"91","author":"Qin KR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin KR, Paynter JA, Wang LC, Mollah T, Qu LG. Early childhood circumcision in Australia: Trends over 20\u2009years and interrupted time series analysis. ANZ J Surg. 2021, 91:1491-6. 10.1111\/ans.16927","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-16-00390","article-title":"CDC's male circumcision recommendations represent a key public health measure","volume":"5","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Krieger JN, Klausner JD. CDC's male circumcision recommendations represent a key public health measure. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2017, 5:15-27. 10.9745\/GHSP-D-16-00390","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"ref134","article-title":"Sub-Saharan African randomized clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns","volume":"19","author":"Boyle GJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boyle GJ, Hill G. Sub-Saharan African randomized clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns. J Law Med. 2011, 19:316-333.","journal-title":"J Law Med"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2022.07.011","article-title":"YouTube as a source for information on newborn male circumcision: Is YouTube a reliable patient resource?","volume":"18","author":"Zaliznyak M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaliznyak M, Masterson JM, Duel B. YouTube as a source for information on newborn male circumcision: Is YouTube a reliable patient resource?. J Pediatr Urol. 2022, 18:678.e1-7. 10.1016\/j.jpurol.2022.07.011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.12.003","article-title":"Engagement of common pediatric urologic conditions on social media","volume":"18","author":"Cheng JW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng JW, Fernandez N, Shnorhavorian M, Merguerian PA, Kieran K. Engagement of common pediatric urologic conditions on social media. J Pediatr Urol. 2022, 18:236.e1-7. 10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.12.003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","article-title":"The spread of true and false news online","volume":"359","author":"Vosoughi S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vosoughi S, Roy D, Aral S. The spread of true and false news online. Science. 2018, 359:1146-51. 10.1126\/science.aap9559","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.03.003","article-title":"It's not all about autism: The emerging landscape of anti-vaccination sentiment on Facebook","volume":"37","author":"Hoffman BL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoffman BL, Felter EM, Chu KH, et al.. It's not all about autism: The emerging landscape of anti-vaccination sentiment on Facebook. Vaccine. 2019, 37:2216-23. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.03.003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-018-0058-y","article-title":"The activity and discussion points of #Circumcision through Twitter; a microblogging platform","volume":"30","author":"Ucar T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ucar T, Culpan M, Caskurlu T, Karaman M\u0130, Silay MS. The activity and discussion points of #Circumcision through Twitter; a microblogging platform. Int J Impot Res. 2018, 30:249-52. 10.1038\/s41443-018-0058-y","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1494-7","article-title":"Hidden resilience and adaptive dynamics of the global online hate ecology","volume":"573","author":"Johnson NF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson NF, Leahy R, Restrepo NJ, et al.. Hidden resilience and adaptive dynamics of the global online hate ecology. Nature. 2019, 573:261-5. 10.1038\/s41586-019-1494-7","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.156463","article-title":"Medicaid coverage of circumcision spreads harm to the poor","volume":"99","author":"Green LW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Green LW, McAllister RG, Peterson KW, Travis JW. Medicaid coverage of circumcision spreads harm to the poor. Am J Public Health. 2009, 99:584-6. 10.2105\/AJPH.2008.156463","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.156620","article-title":"Leibowitz et al. respond","volume":"99","author":"Leibowitz AA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leibowitz AA, Desmond K, Belin T. Leibowitz et al. respond. Am J Public Health. 2009, 99:584-6. 10.2105\/AJPH.2008.156620","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v5.i3.251","article-title":"Critical evaluation of unscientific arguments disparaging affirmative infant male circumcision policy","volume":"5","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Krieger JN, Klausner JD. Critical evaluation of unscientific arguments disparaging affirmative infant male circumcision policy. World J Clin Pediatr. 2016, 5:251-61. 10.5409\/wjcp.v5.i3.251","journal-title":"World J Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"ref144","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Male circumcision: context, criteria and culture (Part 1). (2007). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/presscentre\/featurestories\/2007\/february\/20070226mcpt1."},{"key":"ref145","unstructured":"Quillette. The unbearable assymetry of bullshit. (2016). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: http:\/\/quillette.com\/2016\/02\/15\/the-unbearable-asymmetry-of-bullshit\/."},{"key":"ref146","unstructured":"Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG). Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors. (2010). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: http:\/\/knmg.artsennet.nl\/Publicaties\/KNMGpublicatie\/Nontherapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-2010.htm."},{"key":"ref147","unstructured":"United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Convention on the Rights of the Child. 44\/25. Nov 20, 1989. (1989). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/professionalinterest\/pages\/crc.aspx."},{"key":"ref148","unstructured":"CRIN. International NGO council on violence against children. (2016). Accessed: Sep 23, 2023: https:\/\/www.crin.org\/en\/home\/what-we-do\/working-partnership\/working-others\/international-ngo-council-violence-against."},{"key":"ref149","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Manual for male circumcision under local anaesthesia and HIV prevention services for adolescent boys and men. (2018). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/272387\/9789241513593-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.01.001","article-title":"Circumcision rates in the United States: rising or falling? What effect might the new affirmative pediatric policy statement have?","volume":"89","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Bailis SA, Wiswell TE. Circumcision rates in the United States: rising or falling? What effect might the new affirmative pediatric policy statement have?. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014, 89:677-86. 10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.01.001","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v6.i1.89","article-title":"Early infant male circumcision: Systematic review, risk-benefit analysis, and progress in policy","volume":"6","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Kennedy SE, Wodak AD, et al.. Early infant male circumcision: Systematic review, risk-benefit analysis, and progress in policy. World J Clin Pediatr. 2017, 6:89-102. 10.5409\/wjcp.v6.i1.89","journal-title":"World J Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.27.3.208-a","article-title":"Circumcision: A bioethical challenge","author":"Svoboda JS","unstructured":"Svoboda JS, Van Howe RS. Circumcision: A bioethical challenge. J Med Ethics. 10.1136\/jme.27.3.208-a","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"ref153","unstructured":"Acuity magazine. Giving advice in a post-truth world. (2018). Accessed: Nov 13, 2023: https:\/\/www.acuitymag.com\/opinion\/giving-advice-in-a-post-truth-world."},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/152651603766436298","article-title":"Male circumcision, religious preferences, and the question of harm","volume":"3","author":"Sheldon M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sheldon M. Male circumcision, religious preferences, and the question of harm. Am J Bioeth. 2003, 3:61-2. 10.1162\/152651603766436298","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"ref155","unstructured":"Department of Health and Community Services v JWB and SMB (Marion's Case). [1992] HCA 15; 175 CLR 218 96, May 1992. High Court of Australia. (1992). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_of_the_Department_of_Health_and_Community_Services_v_JWB."},{"key":"ref156","unstructured":"District Court, Fourth Judicial District, state of Minnesota, County of Hennepin, File No. 27CV08-13968, M.L.G. vs. Dr. Natalie Zabezhinsky, M.D., et al., Memorandum Granting Defendant\u2019s Motion to Dismiss and Defendents\u2019 Motion for Summary Judgement. May 21. (2009). Accessed. Sep 15, 2023: http:\/\/www.circlist.com\/circ-law\/mcgunnigle.pdf."},{"key":"ref157","unstructured":"MGM bill. Federal prohibition of genital mutilation act. (2014). Accessed: Dec 29, 2021: http:\/\/www.mgmbill.org."},{"key":"ref158","unstructured":"Huffington Post. Ritual circumcision ban recommended in Sweden and Denmark by medical associations. (2014). Accessed: Nov 8, 2023: https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/circumcision-ban-sweden-denmark_n_4674547 ."},{"key":"ref159","unstructured":"The Guardian. Iceland law to outlaw male circumcision sparks a row over religious freedom. (2018). Accessed: Dec 24, 2021: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2018\/feb\/18\/iceland-ban-male-circumcision-first-european-country."},{"key":"ref160","unstructured":"California Assembly Bill 768. Male circumcision. (2011). Accessed: Sep 11, 2023: http:\/\/legiscan.com\/CA\/text\/AB768\/id\/348729."},{"key":"ref161","unstructured":"DW news-service. Circumcision remains legal in Germany. (2012). Accessed. Sep 15, 2023: http:\/\/www.dw.de\/circumcision-remains-legal-in-germany\/a-16399336."},{"key":"ref162","unstructured":"District Court, Cologne. Landgericht Koln. 7 May 2012 Urteil 151 Ns 169\/11. (2012). Accessed: Nov 14, 2023: http:\/\/www.justiz.nrw.de\/nrwe\/lgs\/koeln\/lg_koeln\/j2012\/."},{"key":"ref163","unstructured":"Library of Congress. Regional court ruling criminalizes circumcision of young boys. (2012). Accessed: Jan 17, 2024: https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/global-legal-monitor\/2012-07-03\/germany-regional-court-ruling-criminalizes-circumcision-of-y...."},{"key":"ref164","unstructured":"District Court of Cologne - Judgement of 7 May 2012 on male circumcision for religious reasons. (Translation in English). Durham University news. (2012). Accessed. Sep 15, 2023: https:\/\/ceulearning.ceu.edu\/pluginfile.php\/361922\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/CircumcisionJudgmentLGCologne7May20121.pdf."},{"key":"ref165","unstructured":"Tasmanian Law Reform Institute. Non-therapeutic male circumcision. Final report no 17. (2012). Accessed. Sep 15, 2023: http:\/\/www.utas.edu.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0006\/302829\/Non-Therapuetic-Circ_Final-Report-August-2012.pdf."},{"key":"ref166","unstructured":"Royal Courts of Justice. Sir James Munby. In the matter of B and G (Children) (No 2), Neutral Citation number. [2015] EWFC 3, Case Number LJ13C00295, 14 January 2015. (2015). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: https:\/\/www.judiciary.gov.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/BandG_2_.pdf."},{"key":"ref167","unstructured":"Russell Medical. Non-circumcision a legal risk. Law in Practice. 2005: Aug issue. (2005). Accessed: Dec 21, 2022: https:\/\/www.russellmedical.com.au."},{"key":"ref168","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins University. Hippocratic oath, modern version. (2015). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: https:\/\/guides.library.jhu.edu\/bioethics\/codes."},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/540295","article-title":"The cost of Medicaid savings: the potential detrimental public health impact of neonatal circumcision defunding","volume":"2012","author":"Andrews AL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andrews AL, Lazenby GB, Unal ER, Simpson KN. The cost of Medicaid savings: the potential detrimental public health impact of neonatal circumcision defunding. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2012, 2012:540295. 10.1155\/2012\/540295","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.1440","article-title":"Costs and effectiveness of neonatal male circumcision","volume":"166","author":"Kacker S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kacker S, Frick KD, Gaydos CA, Tobian AA. Costs and effectiveness of neonatal male circumcision. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012, 166:910-8. 10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.1440","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008723","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of newborn circumcision in reducing lifetime HIV risk among U.S. males","volume":"5","author":"Sansom SL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sansom SL, Prabhu VS, Hutchinson AB, et al.. Cost-effectiveness of newborn circumcision in reducing lifetime HIV risk among U.S. males. PLoS One. 2010, 5:e8723. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0008723","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.02.027","article-title":"Projected financial impact of noncoverage of elective circumcision by Louisiana medicaid in boys 0 to 5 years old","volume":"190","author":"Ortenberg J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ortenberg J, Roth CC. Projected financial impact of noncoverage of elective circumcision by Louisiana medicaid in boys 0 to 5 years old. J Urol. 2013, 190:1540-4. 10.1016\/j.juro.2013.02.027","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481307900916","article-title":"Allocation of healthcare dollars: analysis of nonneonatal circumcisions in Florida","volume":"79","author":"Gutwein LG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gutwein LG, Alvarez JF, Gutwein JL, Kays DW, Islam S. Allocation of healthcare dollars: analysis of nonneonatal circumcisions in Florida. Am Surg. 2013, 79:865-9. 10.1177\/000313481307900916","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.11.114","article-title":"Circumcision and lifetime risk of urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"189","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Wiswell TE. Circumcision and lifetime risk of urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol. 2013, 189:2118-24. 10.1016\/j.juro.2012.11.114","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.10.003","article-title":"Prevalence of phimosis in males of all ages: systematic review","volume":"135","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Matthews JG, Krieger JN. Prevalence of phimosis in males of all ages: systematic review. Urology. 2020, 135:124-32. 10.1016\/j.urology.2019.10.003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2010.00501.x","article-title":"Circumcision in Australia: further evidence on its effects on sexual health and wellbeing","volume":"34","author":"Ferris JA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferris JA, Richters J, Pitts MK, Shelley JM, Simpson JM, Ryall R, Smith AM. Circumcision in Australia: further evidence on its effects on sexual health and wellbeing. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2010, 34:160-4. 10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2010.00501.x","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.03.028","article-title":"Association between male circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in males and females: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"29","author":"Shapiro SB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shapiro SB, Laurie C, El-Zein M, Franco EL. Association between male circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in males and females: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023, 29:968-978. 10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.03.028","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14102","article-title":"Male circumcision for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition: a meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Sharma SC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma SC, Raison N, Khan S, Shabbir M, Dasgupta P, Ahmed K. Male circumcision for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition: a meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2018, 121:515-26. 10.1111\/bju.14102","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462961918374","article-title":"Genital ulcer disease among STD clinic attenders in Nairobi: association with HIV-1 and circumcision status","volume":"7","author":"Nasio JM","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nasio JM, Nagelkerke NJ, Mwatha A, Moses S, Ndinya-Achola JO, Plummer FA. Genital ulcer disease among STD clinic attenders in Nairobi: association with HIV-1 and circumcision status. Int J STD AIDS. 1996, 7:410-4. 10.1258\/0956462961918374","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328352d116","article-title":"Circumcision status and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, genital ulcer disease, and HIV infection","volume":"26","author":"Mehta SD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mehta SD, Moses S, Parker CB, Agot K, Maclean I, Bailey RC. Circumcision status and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, genital ulcer disease, and HIV infection. AIDS. 2012, 26:1141-9. 10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328352d116","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/386329","article-title":"Genital herpes in Canada: Deciphering the hidden epidemic","volume":"23","author":"Aslam M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aslam M, Kropp RY, Jayaraman G, Dinner K, Wong T, Steben M. Genital herpes in Canada: Deciphering the hidden epidemic. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2012, 23:e6-9. 10.1155\/2012\/386329","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.017442","article-title":"Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Weiss HA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ. Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2006, 82:101-9; discussion 110. 10.1136\/sti.2005.017442","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70315-8","article-title":"Association between male circumcision and incidence of syphilis in men and women: a prospective study in HIV-1 serodiscordant heterosexual African couples","volume":"2","author":"Pintye J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pintye J, Baeten JM, Manhart LE, et al.. Association between male circumcision and incidence of syphilis in men and women: a prospective study in HIV-1 serodiscordant heterosexual African couples. Lancet Glob Health. 2014, 2:e664-71. 10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70315-8","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032334","article-title":"Male circumcision and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis: observations after a randomised controlled trial for HIV prevention","volume":"85","author":"Sobngwi-Tambekou J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Taljaard D, Nieuwoudt M, Lissouba P, Puren A, Auvert B. Male circumcision and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis: observations after a randomised controlled trial for HIV prevention. Sex Transm Infect. 2009, 85:116-20. 10.1136\/sti.2008.032334","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318240189c","article-title":"The effect of medical male circumcision on urogenital Mycoplasma genitalium among men in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"39","author":"Mehta SD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mehta SD, Gaydos C, Maclean I, et al.. The effect of medical male circumcision on urogenital Mycoplasma genitalium among men in Kisumu, Kenya. Sex Transm Dis. 2012, 39:276-80. 10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318240189c","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832d4042","article-title":"Incident HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among men in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"23","author":"Tobian AA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tobian AA, Ssempijja V, Kigozi G, et al.. Incident HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among men in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS. 2009, 23:1589-94. 10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832d4042","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597074","article-title":"Factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among men in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"199","author":"Tobian AA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tobian AA, Charvat B, Ssempijja V, et al.. Factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among men in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2009, 199:945-9. 10.1086\/597074","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597208","article-title":"Effect of HSV-2 serostatus on acquisition of HIV by young men: results of a longitudinal study in Orange Farm, South Africa","volume":"199","author":"Sobngwi-Tambekou J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Taljaard D, Lissouba P, Zarca K, Puren A, Lagarde E, Auvert B. Effect of HSV-2 serostatus on acquisition of HIV by young men: results of a longitudinal study in Orange Farm, South Africa. J Infect Dis. 2009, 199:958-64. 10.1086\/597208","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit371","article-title":"Medical male circumcision and herpes simplex virus 2 acquisition: posttrial surveillance in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"208","author":"Mehta SD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehta SD, Moses S, Agot K, Maclean I, Odoyo-June E, Li H, Bailey RC. Medical male circumcision and herpes simplex virus 2 acquisition: posttrial surveillance in Kisumu, Kenya. J Infect Dis. 2013, 208:1869-76. 10.1093\/infdis\/jit371","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.S2.246","article-title":"A trade-off analysis of routine newborn circumcision","volume":"105","author":"Christakis DA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christakis DA, Harvey E, Zerr DM, Feudtner C, Wright JA, Connell FA. A trade-off analysis of routine newborn circumcision. Pediatrics. 2000, 105:246-249. 10.1542\/peds.105.S2.246","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.3.e36","article-title":"The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer","volume":"105","author":"Schoen EJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schoen EJ, Oehrli M, Colby Cd, Machin G. The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer. Pediatrics. 2000, 105:E36. 10.1542\/peds.105.3.e36","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.45.1.8","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 1995","volume":"45","author":"Wingo PA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wingo PA, Tong T, Bolden S. Cancer statistics, 1995. CA Cancer J Clin. 1995, 45:8-30. 10.3322\/canjclin.45.1.8","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref193","article-title":"Male circumcision and prostate cancer: A meta-analysis re-visited","volume":"28","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Matthews JG, Pabalan N, Moreton S, Krieger JN. Male circumcision and prostate cancer: A meta-analysis re-visited. Can J Urol. 2021, 28:10768-10776.","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26653","article-title":"Circumcision and the risk of prostate cancer","volume":"118","author":"Wright JL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wright JL, Lin DW, Stanford JL. Circumcision and the risk of prostate cancer. Cancer. 2012, 118:4437-43. 10.1002\/cncr.26653","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.83.6.1011","article-title":"Risks from circumcision during the first month of life compared with those for uncircumcised boys","volume":"83","author":"Wiswell TE","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wiswell TE, Geschke DW. Risks from circumcision during the first month of life compared with those for uncircumcised boys. Pediatrics. 1989, 83:1011-1015.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2020.08.011","article-title":"The contrasting evidence concerning the effect of male circumcision on sexual function, sensation, and pleasure: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Krieger JN. The contrasting evidence concerning the effect of male circumcision on sexual function, sensation, and pleasure: A systematic review. Sex Med. 2020, 8:577-98. 10.1016\/j.esxm.2020.08.011","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12851","article-title":"Circumcision does not have effect on premature ejaculation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Yang Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Y, Wang X, Bai Y, Han P. Circumcision does not have effect on premature ejaculation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia. 2018, 50:10.1111\/and.12851","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07369.x","article-title":"The effect of male circumcision on sexual satisfaction and function, results from a randomized trial of male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus prevention, Rakai, Uganda","volume":"101","author":"Kigozi G","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kigozi G, Watya S, Polis CB, et al.. The effect of male circumcision on sexual satisfaction and function, results from a randomized trial of male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus prevention, Rakai, Uganda. BJU Int. 2008, 101:65-70. 10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07369.x","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00979.x","article-title":"Adult male circumcision: effects on sexual function and sexual satisfaction in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Krieger JN","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krieger JN, Mehta SD, Bailey RC, Agot K, Ndinya-Achola JO, Parker C, Moses S. Adult male circumcision: effects on sexual function and sexual satisfaction in Kisumu, Kenya. J Sex Med. 2008, 5:2610-22. 10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00979.x","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/asm.2015.53007","article-title":"Male circumcision does not reduce sexual function, sensitivity or satisfaction","volume":"5","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Krieger JN. Male circumcision does not reduce sexual function, sensitivity or satisfaction. Adv Sex Med. 2015, 5:53-60. 10.4236\/asm.2015.53007","journal-title":"Adv Sex Med"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05566","article-title":"Neonatal male circumcision is associated with altered adult socio-affective processing","volume":"6","author":"Miani A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miani A, Di Bernardo GA, H\u00f8jgaard AD, et al.. Neonatal male circumcision is associated with altered adult socio-affective processing. Heliyon. 2020, 6:e05566. 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05566","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12482","article-title":"Critical evaluation of contrasting evidence on whether male circumcision has adverse psychological effects: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Moreton S, Bailis SA, Cox G, Krieger JN. Critical evaluation of contrasting evidence on whether male circumcision has adverse psychological effects: A systematic review. J Evid Based Med. 2022, 15:123-35. 10.1111\/jebm.12482","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"ref203","unstructured":"Slate. How circumcision broke the Internet. (2013). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/health_and_science\/medical_examiner\/2013\/09\/intactivists_online_a_fringe_group_turned_t...."},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.02.001","article-title":"Prevalence of transgender depends on the \u201ccase\" definition: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Collin L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Collin L, Reisner SL, Tangpricha V, Goodman M. Prevalence of transgender depends on the \u201ccase\" definition: A systematic review. J Sex Med. 2016, 13:613-26. 10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.02.001","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2016.01.09","article-title":"Men's health and transgender surgery: a urologist's perspective","volume":"5","author":"Garcia MM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garcia MM. Men's health and transgender surgery: a urologist's perspective. Transl Androl Urol. 2016, 5:225-7. 10.21037\/tau.2016.01.09","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2015.1066745","article-title":"Should surgery for hypospadias be performed before an age of consent?","volume":"53","author":"Carmack A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carmack A, Notini L, Earp BD. Should surgery for hypospadias be performed before an age of consent?. J Sex Res. 2016, 53:1047-58. 10.1080\/00224499.2015.1066745","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_377_16","article-title":"Penile inflammatory skin disorders and the preventive role of circumcision","volume":"8","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Krieger JN. Penile inflammatory skin disorders and the preventive role of circumcision. Int J Prev Med. 2017, 8:32. 10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_377_16","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/812368","article-title":"The strong protective effect of circumcision against cancer of the penis","volume":"2011","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Gray RH, Castellsague X, Bosch FX, Halperin DT, Waskett JH, Hankins CA.  The strong protective effect of circumcision against cancer of the penis. Adv Urol. 2011, 2011:812368. 10.1155\/2011\/812368","journal-title":"Adv Urol"},{"key":"ref209","article-title":"Male circumcision and prostate cancer: a meta-analysis revisited","volume":"28","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Matthews JG, Pabalan N, Moreton S, Krieger JN. Male circumcision and prostate cancer: a meta-analysis revisited. Can J Urol. 2021, 28:10768-10776.","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2017.12.021","article-title":"Does application of topical steroids for lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans) affect the rate of circumcision? A systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Folaranmi SE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Folaranmi SE, Corbett HJ, Losty PD. Does application of topical steroids for lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans) affect the rate of circumcision? A systematic review. J Pediatr Surg. 2018, 53:2225-7. 10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2017.12.021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2019.04.021","article-title":"Randomized open-label trial comparing topical prescription triamcinolone to over-the-counter hydrocortisone for the treatment of phimosis","volume":"15","author":"Chamberlin JD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chamberlin JD, Dorgalli C, Abdelhalim A, et al.. Randomized open-label trial comparing topical prescription triamcinolone to over-the-counter hydrocortisone for the treatment of phimosis. J Pediatr Urol. 2019, 15:388.e1-5. 10.1016\/j.jpurol.2019.04.021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4340","article-title":"Foreskin morbidity in uncircumcised males","volume":"137","author":"Sneppen I","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sneppen I, Thorup J. Foreskin morbidity in uncircumcised males. Pediatrics. 2016, 137:10.1542\/peds.2015-4340","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.014","article-title":"Can lumbar puncture be deferred in febrile neonates with suspected UTI?","volume":"184","author":"Long SS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Long SS. Can lumbar puncture be deferred in febrile neonates with suspected UTI?. J Pediatr. 2017, 184:3. 10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i939","article-title":"Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"352","author":"Bryce A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bryce A, Hay AD, Lane IF, Thornton HV, Wootton M, Costelloe C. Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016, 352:i939. 10.1136\/bmj.i939","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref215","unstructured":"Circfacts.org. Real facts about male circumcision. (2017). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: http:\/\/circfacts.org\/cyber-bullying\/#cyber10."},{"key":"ref216","unstructured":"Circfacts.org. MRI scans and circumcision brain damage. The lie that just won\u2019t die. (2017). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: http:\/\/circfacts.org\/debunking-corner\/#debk4."},{"key":"ref217","unstructured":"Anonymous. Daniel Patrick Moynihan quotes. (2021). Accessed: Nov 5, 2023: https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/quotes\/219349.Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan."},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.180006","article-title":"The relationship between neonatal circumcision, urinary tract infection, and health","volume":"36","author":"Eisenberg ML","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eisenberg ML, Galusha D, Kennedy WA, Cullen MR. The relationship between neonatal circumcision, urinary tract infection, and health. World J Mens Health. 2018, 36:176-82. 10.5534\/wjmh.180006","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0167","article-title":"Childhood influenza: number needed to vaccinate to prevent 1 hospitalization or outpatient visit","volume":"120","author":"Lewis EN","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lewis EN, Griffin MR, Szilagyi PG, Zhu Y, Edwards KM, Poehling KA. Childhood influenza: number needed to vaccinate to prevent 1 hospitalization or outpatient visit. Pediatrics. 2007, 120:467-72. 10.1542\/peds.2007-0167","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000101849.11912.8e","article-title":"Pediatric urinary tract infections: the role of fluoroquinolones","volume":"22","author":"Koyle MA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koyle MA, Barqawi A, Wild J, Passamaneck M, Furness PD 3rd. Pediatric urinary tract infections: the role of fluoroquinolones. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003, 22:1133-7. 10.1097\/01.inf.0000101849.11912.8e","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3705-5","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in small children: the evolution of renal damage over time","volume":"32","author":"Swerkersson S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Swerkersson S, Jodal U, Sixt R, Stokland E, Hansson S. Urinary tract infection in small children: the evolution of renal damage over time. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017, 32:1907-13. 10.1007\/s00467-017-3705-5","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o867","article-title":"The benefits of large scale covid-19 vaccination","volume":"377","author":"Dye C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dye C. The benefits of large scale covid-19 vaccination. BMJ. 2022, 377:o867. 10.1136\/bmj.o867","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.10.005","article-title":"Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: a narrative review","volume":"28","author":"Fiolet T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fiolet T, Kherabi Y, MacDonald CJ, Ghosn J, Peiffer-Smadja N. Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022, 28:202-21. 10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.10.005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2018.30.62-66","article-title":"The association between male circumcision and condom use behavior - a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Kabwama SN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kabwama SN, Ssewanyana D, Berg-Beckhoff G. The association between male circumcision and condom use behavior - a meta-analysis. Mater Sociomed. 2018, 30:62-6. 10.5455\/msm.2018.30.62-66","journal-title":"Mater Sociomed"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2012.661836","article-title":"Review: a critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision for HIV prevention in developed countries","volume":"24","author":"Morris BJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morris BJ, Bailey RC, Klausner JD, et al.. Review: a critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision for HIV prevention in developed countries. AIDS Care. 2012, 24:1565-75. 10.1080\/09540121.2012.661836","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7035a1","article-title":"National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years - United States","volume":"70","author":"Pingali C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pingali C, Yankey D, Elam-Evans LD, et al.. National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021, 70:1183-90. 10.15585\/mmwr.mm7035a1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(10)70230-8","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study","volume":"11","author":"de Sanjose S","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L, et al.. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol. 2010, 11:1048-1056. 10.1016\/s1470-2045(10)70230-8","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1098-3","article-title":"Efficacy, effectiveness and safety of vaccination against human papillomavirus in males: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Harder T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harder T, Wichmann O, Klug SJ, van der Sande MA, Wiese-Posselt M. Efficacy, effectiveness and safety of vaccination against human papillomavirus in males: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2018, 16:110. 10.1186\/s12916-018-1098-3","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182387abd","article-title":"Male circumcision and genital human papillomavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Albero G","year":"2012","unstructured":"Albero G, Castellsagu\u00e9 X, Giuliano AR, Bosch FX. Male circumcision and genital human papillomavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2012, 39:104-13. 10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182387abd","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.175092","article-title":"Relationship between circumcision and human papillomavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Zhu YP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu YP, Jia ZW, Dai B, Ye DW, Kong YY, Chang K, Wang Y. Relationship between circumcision and human papillomavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl. 2017, 19:125-31. 10.4103\/1008-682X.175092","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"ref231","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in HIV-related risk behaviors among high school students \u2014 United States, 1991-2011. The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 61, no. 29:556-560. (2012). Accessed: Nov 1, 2023: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm6129a4.htm?s_cid=mm6129a4 _w."},{"key":"ref232","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of public comments and CDC responses to public comments for information for providers counseling male patients and parents regarding male circumcision and the prevention of HIV infection, sexually transmitted infections, and other health outcomes. (2018). Accessed: Aug 1, 2023: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/pdf\/risk\/MC-HISA-Public-Comments-and-Responses.pdf."},{"key":"ref233","unstructured":"British Medical Association. Non-therapeutic male circumcision of children toolkit. (2019). Accessed. Nov 10, 2023: https:\/\/www.bma.org.uk\/advice\/employment\/ethics\/children-and-young-people\/non-therapeutic-male-circumcision-of-childr...."},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14777509221104703","article-title":"Non-therapeutic penile circumcision of minors: current controversies in UK law and medical ethics","volume":"18","author":"Lempert A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lempert A, Chegwidden J, Steinfeld R, Earp BD. Non-therapeutic penile circumcision of minors: current controversies in UK law and medical ethics. Clin Ethics. 2022, 18:36-54. 10.1177\/14777509221104703","journal-title":"Clin Ethics"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v12.i5.244","article-title":"Comments by opponents on the British Medical Association's guidance on non-therapeutic male circumcision of children seem one-sided and may undermine public health","volume":"12","author":"Moreton S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moreton S, Cox G, Sheldon M, Bailis SA, Klausner JD, Morris BJ. Comments by opponents on the British Medical Association's guidance on non-therapeutic male circumcision of children seem one-sided and may undermine public health. World J Clin Pediatr. 2023, 12:244-62. 10.5409\/wjcp.v12.i5.244","journal-title":"World J Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"ref236","unstructured":"Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Paediatrics &amp; Child Health Division. Circumcision of infant males. (2010). Accessed: Sep 15, 2023: http:\/\/www.racp.edu.au\/index.cfm?objectid=65118B16-F145-8B74-236C86100E4E3E8E."},{"key":"ref237","unstructured":"Danish Medical Association. L\u00e6geforeningens politik vedr\u00f8rende omsk\u00e6ring afdrengeb\u00f8rn uden medicinsk indication. (2016). Accessed: Sep 11, 2023: https:\/\/www.laeger.dk\/laegeforeningens-politik-vedroerende-omskaering-af-drengeboern-uden-medicinsk-indikation."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/213672-neonatal-male-circumcision-clearly-beneficial-for-public-health-or-an-ethical-dilemma-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T18:48:46Z","timestamp":1708714126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/213672-neonatal-male-circumcision-clearly-beneficial-for-public-health-or-an-ethical-dilemma-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"references-count":237,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.54772","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}}}