{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T21:18:49Z","timestamp":1782335929846,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.55080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T22:10:31Z","timestamp":1709071831000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Contribution of Anatomy in Forensic Age Evaluation: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Rohin","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simmi","family":"Mehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utsav","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/frcij.2017.05.00142","article-title":"Anatomy in forensics: applications and need for collaboration","volume":"5","author":"Jervas E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jervas E. Anatomy in forensics: applications and need for collaboration. Forensic Res Criminol Int J. 2017, 5:215-9. 10.15406\/frcij.2017.05.00142","journal-title":"Forensic Res Criminol Int J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.09.001","article-title":"Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: current concepts and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Franklin D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Franklin D. Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: current concepts and future directions. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2010, 12:1-7. 10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.09.001","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2018.1549711","article-title":"Estimation of age in forensic anthropology: historical perspective and recent methodological advances","volume":"4","author":"Ubelaker DH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ubelaker DH, Khosrowshahi H. Estimation of age in forensic anthropology: historical perspective and recent methodological advances. Forensic Sci Res. 2019, 4:1-9. 10.1080\/20961790.2018.1549711","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"The importance of human anatomy in forensic anthropology","volume":"25","author":"Rissech C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rissech C. The importance of human anatomy in forensic anthropology. Eur J Anat. 2021, 25:1-18.","journal-title":"Eur J Anat"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6785.1136","article-title":"Critical appraisal of published research: introductory guidelines","volume":"302","author":"Fowkes FG","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fowkes FG, Fulton PM. Critical appraisal of published research: introductory guidelines. BMJ. 1991, 302:1136-40. 10.1136\/bmj.302.6785.1136","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/jfo.jfds_57_19","article-title":"Role of dental pulp in age estimation: a quantitative and morphometric study","volume":"11","author":"Baker A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baker A, Karpagaselvi K, Kumaraswamy J, et al.. Role of dental pulp in age estimation: a quantitative and morphometric study. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2019, 11:95-102.","journal-title":"J Forensic Dent Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11219984","article-title":"Age estimation based on pulp-tooth volume ratio of anterior teeth in cone-beam computed tomographic images in a selected population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Rengo C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rengo C, Soltani P, Spagnuolo G, et al.. Age estimation based on pulp-tooth volume ratio of anterior teeth in cone-beam computed tomographic images in a selected population: a cross-sectional study. Appl Sci. 2021, 25:9984. 10.3390\/app11219984","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2577-2279.ijha-17-1539","article-title":"Embryogenesis and applications of fingerprints-a review","volume":"27","author":"Adamu LH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adamu LH, Taura MG. Embryogenesis and applications of fingerprints-a review. Int J Hum Anat. 2017, 27:1-8. 10.14302\/issn.2577-2279.ijha-17-1539","journal-title":"Int J Hum Anat"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Epidermal ridge breadth: an indicator of age and sex in paleodermatoglyphics","volume":"11","author":"Kralik M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kralik M, Novotny V. Epidermal ridge breadth: an indicator of age and sex in paleodermatoglyphics. Variability Evol. 2003, 11:5-30.","journal-title":"Variability Evol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2011.05.001","article-title":"Sex differences in fingerprint ridge density in the Mataco-Mataguayo population","volume":"62","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Redomero E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Redomero E, Alonso MC, Dipierri JE. Sex differences in fingerprint ridge density in the Mataco-Mataguayo population. Homo. 2011, 62:487-99. 10.1016\/j.jchb.2011.05.001","journal-title":"Homo"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00060.x","article-title":"Using the acetabulum to estimate age at death of adult males","volume":"51","author":"Rissech C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rissech C, Estabrook GF, Cunha E, Malgosa A. Using the acetabulum to estimate age at death of adult males. J Forensic Sci. 2006, 51:213-29. 10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00060.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01700.x","article-title":"Evaluation of age estimation technique: testing traits of the acetabulum to estimate age at death in adult males","volume":"56","author":"Calce SE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Calce SE, Rogers TL. Evaluation of age estimation technique: testing traits of the acetabulum to estimate age at death in adult males. J Forensic Sci. 2011, 56:302-11. 10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01700.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02539-6","article-title":"Age estimation based on the acetabulum using global illumination rendering with computed tomography","volume":"135","author":"Belghith M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belghith M, Marchand E, Ben Khelil M, Roug\u00e9-Maillart C, Blum A, Martrille L. Age estimation based on the acetabulum using global illumination rendering with computed tomography. Int J Legal Med. 2021, 135:1923-34. 10.1007\/s00414-021-02539-6","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2017.12.002","article-title":"Sex and age at death estimation from the sternal end of the fourth rib. Does \u00cd\u015fcan's method really work?","volume":"31","author":"Mu\u00f1oz A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz A, Maestro N, Benito M, S\u00e1nchez JA, M\u00e1rquez-Grant N, Trejo D, R\u00edos L. Sex and age at death estimation from the sternal end of the fourth rib. Does \u00cd\u015fcan's method really work?. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2018, 31:24-9. 10.1016\/j.legalmed.2017.12.002","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2019.101663","article-title":"Age estimation from ossification of sternum and true ribs using 3D post-mortem CT images in a Japanese population","volume":"43","author":"Monum T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monum T, Makino Y, Prasitwattanaseree S, et al.. Age estimation from ossification of sternum and true ribs using 3D post-mortem CT images in a Japanese population. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2020, 43:101663. 10.1016\/j.legalmed.2019.101663","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110654","article-title":"Bone age estimation with the Greulich-Pyle atlas using 3T MR images of hand and wrist","volume":"319","author":"Widek T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Widek T, Genet P, Ehammer T, Schwark T, Urschler M, Scheurer E. Bone age estimation with the Greulich-Pyle atlas using 3T MR images of hand and wrist. Forensic Sci Int. 2021, 319:110654. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110654","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8460493","article-title":"Fully automated bone age assessment on large-scale hand X-ray dataset","volume":"2020","author":"Pan X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan X, Zhao Y, Chen H, Wei D, Zhao C, Wei Z. Fully automated bone age assessment on large-scale hand X-ray dataset. Int J Biomed Imaging. 2020, 2020:8460493. 10.1155\/2020\/8460493","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Imaging"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2022.2043437","article-title":"Age estimation of epiphyseal union around wrist joint and its correlation with chronological age: a radiological study in Qassim population, Saudi Arabia","volume":"55","author":"Soliman KE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soliman KE, Al Shehri F, AlThaqufi OJ. Age estimation of epiphyseal union around wrist joint and its correlation with chronological age: a radiological study in Qassim population, Saudi Arabia. Aust J Forensic Sci. 2023, 55:605-20. 10.1080\/00450618.2022.2043437","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2022.2157484","article-title":"Bone-specific median age of hand-wrist maturation from Sudan","volume":"50","author":"Elamin F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elamin F, Mohamed HY, Abdelazeem N, Elamin A, Liversidge HM. Bone-specific median age of hand-wrist maturation from Sudan. Ann Hum Biol. 2023, 50:1-7. 10.1080\/03014460.2022.2157484","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1629-z","article-title":"The iliac crest in forensic age estimation: evaluation of three methods in pelvis X-rays","volume":"132","author":"Bartolini V","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bartolini V, Pinchi V, Gualco B, et al.. The iliac crest in forensic age estimation: evaluation of three methods in pelvis X-rays. Int J Legal Med. 2018, 132:279-88. 10.1007\/s00414-017-1629-z","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.03.047","article-title":"Age estimation of adult human remains from hip bones using advanced methods","volume":"287","author":"Kot\u011brov\u00e1 A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kot\u011brov\u00e1 A, Navega D, \u0160tepanovsk\u00fd M, Buk Z, Br\u016f\u017eek J, Cunha E. Age estimation of adult human remains from hip bones using advanced methods. Forensic Sci Int. 2018, 287:163-75. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.03.047","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.11.031","article-title":"Estimation of age at death from the pubic symphysis and the auricular surface of the ilium using a smoothing procedure","volume":"219","author":"Martins R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martins R, Oliveira PE, Schmitt A. Estimation of age at death from the pubic symphysis and the auricular surface of the ilium using a smoothing procedure. Forensic Sci Int. 2012, 219:287.e1-7. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.11.031","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.06.006","article-title":"Development of the femur--implications for age and sex determination","volume":"180","author":"Rissech C","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rissech C, Schaefer M, Malgosa A. Development of the femur--implications for age and sex determination. Forensic Sci Int. 2008, 180:1-9. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.06.006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2017.1391330","article-title":"Age estimation using aspartic amino acid racemization from a femur","volume":"51","author":"Monum T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monum T, Jaikang C, Sinthubua A, et al.. Age estimation using aspartic amino acid racemization from a femur. Aust J Forensic Sci. 2019, 51:417-25. 10.1080\/00450618.2017.1391330","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251388","article-title":"Age estimation based on 3D post-mortem computed tomography images of mandible and femur using convolutional neural networks","volume":"16","author":"Pham CV","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pham CV, Lee SJ, Kim SY, Lee S, Kim SH, Kim HS. Age estimation based on 3D post-mortem computed tomography images of mandible and femur using convolutional neural networks. PLoS One. 2021, 16:e0251388. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0251388","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsir.2022.100270","article-title":"Models for estimating age and sex from variables of the proximal femur in a Ghanaian population","volume":"5","author":"Abdulai AR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdulai AR, Banyeh M, Adams Y. Models for estimating age and sex from variables of the proximal femur in a Ghanaian population. Forensic Sci Int Rep. 2022, 5:100270. 10.1016\/j.fsir.2022.100270","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Rep"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02927-6","article-title":"The distal femoral epiphysis in forensic age diagnostics: studies on the evaluation of the ossification process by means of T1- and PD\/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"137","author":"Chitavishvili N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chitavishvili N, Papageorgiou I, Malich A, Hahnemann ML, Mall G, Mentzel HJ, Wittschieber D. The distal femoral epiphysis in forensic age diagnostics: studies on the evaluation of the ossification process by means of T1- and PD\/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Legal Med. 2023, 137:427-35. 10.1007\/s00414-022-02927-6","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5281-2","article-title":"Forensic age assessment by 3.0T MRI of the knee: proposal of a new MRI classification of ossification stages","volume":"28","author":"Vieth V","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vieth V, Schulz R, Heindel W, Pfeiffer H, Buerke B, Schmeling A, Ottow C. Forensic age assessment by 3.0T MRI of the knee: proposal of a new MRI classification of ossification stages. Eur Radiol. 2018, 28:3255-62. 10.1007\/s00330-017-5281-2","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2014\/3199","article-title":"Estimation of age by X-ray examination of distal end of humerus","volume":"3","author":"Singh A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh A, Singh DK, Paricharak DG, et al.. Estimation of age by X-ray examination of distal end of humerus. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2014, 3:9286-303. 10.14260\/jemds\/2014\/3199","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20170989","article-title":"A radiological study of ossification at the lower end of humerus for age estimation among boys in Central Karnataka, India","volume":"5","author":"Choudhary U","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choudhary U, Kumar S, Singh A, et al.. A radiological study of ossification at the lower end of humerus for age estimation among boys in Central Karnataka, India. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017, 5:1204-7. 10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20170989","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Age determination from epiphyseal appearence and union around the elbow and wrist joints and their correlation with gender: a radiological study in a Nigerian population","volume":"1","author":"Ominde BS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ominde BS, Igbigbi PS, Kayode R. Age determination from epiphyseal appearence and union around the elbow and wrist joints and their correlation with gender: a radiological study in a Nigerian population. Acta Scientiae Anatomica. 2019, 1:88-97.","journal-title":"Acta Scientiae Anatomica"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37506\/ijfmt.v16i1.17411","article-title":"Study of ossification centres around the elbow and wrist of adolescent age group 15-18 years","volume":"16","author":"Jacquiline RJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jacquiline RJ. Study of ossification centres around the elbow and wrist of adolescent age group 15-18 years. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2022, 16:33-40. 10.37506\/ijfmt.v16i1.17411","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02418","article-title":"Accuracy of the Sauvegrain method in determining skeletal age during puberty","volume":"87","author":"Dim\u00e9glio A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dim\u00e9glio A, Charles YP, Daures JP, de Rosa V, Kabor\u00e9 B. Accuracy of the Sauvegrain method in determining skeletal age during puberty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005, 87:1689-96. 10.2106\/JBJS.D.02418","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsir.2020.100164","article-title":"Southern Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Ebeye OA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ebeye OA, Okoro OG, Ikubor JE. Southern Nigeria. Forensic Sci Int Rep. 2021, 3:1-4. 10.1016\/j.fsir.2020.100164","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Rep"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Age of fusion of epiphysis at distal end of radius and ulna","volume":"1","author":"Rajdev BM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rajdev BM, Gajera CN, Rajdev SB, et al.. Age of fusion of epiphysis at distal end of radius and ulna. Int J Int Med Res. 2014, 1:5-11.","journal-title":"Int J Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.05.023","article-title":"Reference study on the time frame for ossification of the distal radius and ulnar epiphyses on the hand radiograph","volume":"191","author":"Baumann U","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baumann U, Schulz R, Reisinger W, Heinecke A, Schmeling A, Schmidt S. Reference study on the time frame for ossification of the distal radius and ulnar epiphyses on the hand radiograph. Forensic Sci Int. 2009, 191:15-8. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.05.023","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199707)103:3<393::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Why do we fail in aging the skull from the sagittal suture?","volume":"103","author":"Hershkovitz I","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hershkovitz I, Latimer B, Dutour O, et al.. Why do we fail in aging the skull from the sagittal suture?. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1997, 103:393-9. 10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199707)103:3&lt;393::AID-AJPA8&gt;3.0.CO;2-R","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2003.22.7.683","article-title":"Accuracy of skeletal age assessment in children from birth to 6 years of age with the ultrasonographic version of the Greulich-Pyle atlas","volume":"22","author":"Bilgili Y","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bilgili Y, Hizel S, Kara SA, Sanli C, Erdal HH, Altinok D. Accuracy of skeletal age assessment in children from birth to 6 years of age with the ultrasonographic version of the Greulich-Pyle atlas. J Ultrasound Med. 2003, 22:683-90. 10.7863\/jum.2003.22.7.683","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/213720-contribution-of-anatomy-in-forensic-age-evaluation-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T22:14:19Z","timestamp":1709072059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/213720-contribution-of-anatomy-in-forensic-age-evaluation-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.55080","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]}}}