{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:45:00Z","timestamp":1780472700582,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.55452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T04:15:26Z","timestamp":1709525726000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Trends and Prevalence of Psychotropic Medication Use in Children and Adolescents in the Period Between 2013 and 2023: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Yasir","family":"Altuwairqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614536164","article-title":"Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: an affective science perspective","volume":"2","author":"Gross JJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gross JJ, Jazaieri H. Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: an affective science perspective. Clin Psychol Sci. 2014, 2:387-401. 10.1177\/2167702614536164","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36106\/ijsr\/6100744","article-title":"A comparative analysis of depressive disorders in children and adults: meta-analysis of etiology, assessment tools and interventions","volume":"11","author":"Vaishnav R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vaishnav R, Vijay U, Singh R. A comparative analysis of depressive disorders in children and adults: meta-analysis of etiology, assessment tools and interventions. Int J Sci Res. 2022, 11:17-23. 10.36106\/ijsr\/6100744","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000001191","article-title":"Prevalence of mental health diagnoses among early adolescents before and during foster care","volume":"44","author":"Herd T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herd T, Palmer L, Font S. Prevalence of mental health diagnoses among early adolescents before and during foster care. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2023, 44:e269-76. 10.1097\/DBP.0000000000001191","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Introduction to child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"115","author":"Ichikawa H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ichikawa H. Introduction to child and adolescent psychiatry. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2013, 115:670-5.","journal-title":"Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder among adults in the United States, 2019 - NCHS data brief. (2019). Accessed. October 11, 2023: https:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/symptoms-generalized-anxiety-disorder-among-adults-united-states-2019-nchs-data-brief."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S240058","article-title":"Medication profile and treatment cost estimation among outpatients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders in Indonesia","volume":"16","author":"Puspitasari IM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puspitasari IM, Sinuraya RK, Rahayu C, et al.. Medication profile and treatment cost estimation among outpatients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders in Indonesia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020, 16:815-28. 10.2147\/NDT.S240058","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs","author":"Procyshyn RM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Procyshyn RM, Bezchlibnyk-Butler KZ, Kim DD. Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs. Hogrefe Publishing, Newburyport, MA; 2023."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000232","article-title":"Rates of psychotropic medication use reported by borderline patients and axis II comparison subjects over 16 years of prospective follow-up","volume":"35","author":"Zanarini MC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Bradford Reich D, Harned AL, Fitzmaurice GM. Rates of psychotropic medication use reported by borderline patients and axis II comparison subjects over 16 years of prospective follow-up. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015, 35:63-7. 10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000232","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-408078-2.00012-3","article-title":"Psychotropic drugs","author":"Wisner KL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wisner KL, Schaefer C. Psychotropic drugs. Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment. Schaefer C, Peters P, Miller RK (ed): Academic Press, Cambridge, MA; 2015. 293-339. 10.1016\/B978-0-12-408078-2.00012-3"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36621","article-title":"Psychotropic medication use in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Liu S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu S, Lagerberg T, Ludvigsson JF, et al.. Psychotropic medication use in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2023, 6:e2336621. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36621","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00014.x","article-title":"Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care","volume":"10","author":"De Hert M","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Hert M, Correll CU, Bobes J, et al.. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry. 2011, 10:52-77. 10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00014.x","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S355091","article-title":"A review of ocular complications associated with medications used for anxiety, depression, and stress","volume":"14","author":"Constable PA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Constable PA, Al-Dasooqi D, Bruce R, Prem-Senthil M. A review of ocular complications associated with medications used for anxiety, depression, and stress. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2022, 14:13-25. 10.2147\/OPTO.S355091","journal-title":"Clin Optom (Auckl)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32364\/2311-7729-2021-21-1-29-33","article-title":"Side effects of psychotropic drugs on eye","volume":"21","author":"Petukhova AA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petukhova AA, Panov AA, Malygin YaV, Kazanfarova MA. Side effects of psychotropic drugs on eye. Russ J Clin Ophthalmol. 2021, 21:29-33. 10.32364\/2311-7729-2021-21-1-29-33","journal-title":"Russ J Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0631-y","article-title":"Recent international trends in psychotropic medication prescriptions for children and adolescents","volume":"24","author":"Steinhausen HC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steinhausen HC. Recent international trends in psychotropic medication prescriptions for children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015, 24:635-40. 10.1007\/s00787-014-0631-y","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"88","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg. 2021, 88:105906. 10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne JA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Hern\u00e1n MA, Reeves BC, et al.. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016, 355:i4919. 10.1136\/bmj.i4919","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne JA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, et al.. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019, 366:l4898. 10.1136\/bmj.l4898","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.881291","article-title":"Mental health service use among adolescents following participation in a randomized clinical trial for depression","volume":"44","author":"Brenner SL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brenner SL, Burns BJ, Curry JF, Silva SG, Kratochvil CJ, Domino ME. Mental health service use among adolescents following participation in a randomized clinical trial for depression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015, 44:551-8. 10.1080\/15374416.2014.881291","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000179","article-title":"Psychotropic medication use in children and adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Downes A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Downes A, Anixt JS, Esbensen AJ, Wiley S, Meinzen-Derr J. Psychotropic medication use in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2015, 36:613-9. 10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000179","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0018","article-title":"The pharmacoepidemiology of psychotropic medication use in Canadian children from 2012 to 2016","volume":"29","author":"Pringsheim T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Stewart DG, Chan P, Tehrani A, Patten SB. The pharmacoepidemiology of psychotropic medication use in Canadian children from 2012 to 2016. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019, 29:740-5. 10.1089\/cap.2019.0018","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0032","article-title":"Psychotropic medication prescription rates and trends for New Zealand children and adolescents 2008-2016","volume":"30","author":"Barczyk ZA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barczyk ZA, Rucklidge JJ, Eggleston M, Mulder RT. Psychotropic medication prescription rates and trends for New Zealand children and adolescents 2008-2016. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2020, 30:87-96. 10.1089\/cap.2019.0032","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.09.023","article-title":"Trends in antipsychotic medication use in young privately insured children","volume":"60","author":"Bushnell GA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bushnell GA, Crystal S, Olfson M. Trends in antipsychotic medication use in young privately insured children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021, 60:877-86. 10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.09.023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211067720","article-title":"Trends in prescription of psychotropic medications to children and adolescents in Australian primary care from 2011 to 2018","volume":"56","author":"Klau J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klau J, Bernardo CO, Gonzalez-Chica DA, Raven M, Jureidini J. Trends in prescription of psychotropic medications to children and adolescents in Australian primary care from 2011 to 2018. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2022, 56:1477-90. 10.1177\/00048674211067720","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4165","article-title":"Psychotropic medication use and psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic among Danish children, adolescents, and young adults","volume":"80","author":"Bliddal M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bliddal M, Rasmussen L, Andersen JH, et al.. Psychotropic medication use and psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic among Danish children, adolescents, and young adults. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023, 80:176-80. 10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4165","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-023-06182-5","article-title":"Psychotropic medication use in children and youth with autism enrolled in Medicaid. [PREPRINT]","author":"Rast JE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rast JE, Tao S, Schott W, et al.. Psychotropic medication use in children and youth with autism enrolled in Medicaid. [PREPRINT]. J Autism Dev Disord. 2023, 10.1007\/s10803-023-06182-5","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221121425","article-title":"Concomitant medication use in children with autism spectrum disorder: data from the Autism Biomarkers Consortium for Clinical Trials","volume":"27","author":"Shurtz L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shurtz L, Schwartz C, DiStefano C, et al.. Concomitant medication use in children with autism spectrum disorder: data from the Autism Biomarkers Consortium for Clinical Trials. Autism. 2023, 27:952-66. 10.1177\/13623613221121425","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update","author":"Maglione M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maglione M, Maher AR, Hu J, et al.. Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD; 2011."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Atypical antipsychotic medications. use in pediatric patients. (2013). https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare-medicaid-coordination\/fraud-prevention\/medicaid-integrity-education\/pharmacy-education-m...."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.5.w770","article-title":"Broadened use of atypical antipsychotics: safety, effectiveness, and policy challenges","volume":"28","author":"Crystal S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Crystal S, Olfson M, Huang C, Pincus H, Gerhard T. Broadened use of atypical antipsychotics: safety, effectiveness, and policy challenges. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009, 28:w770-81. 10.1377\/hlthaff.28.5.w770","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0500","article-title":"Treatment of young people with antipsychotic medications in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Olfson M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olfson M, King M, Schoenbaum M. Treatment of young people with antipsychotic medications in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015, 72:867-74. 10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0500","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796021000147","article-title":"EMA and FDA psychiatric drug trial guidelines: assessment of guideline development and trial design recommendations","volume":"30","author":"Boesen K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boesen K, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Ioannidis JP. EMA and FDA psychiatric drug trial guidelines: assessment of guideline development and trial design recommendations. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2021, 30:e35. 10.1017\/S2045796021000147","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0077","article-title":"National patterns of commonly prescribed psychotropic medications to young people","volume":"28","author":"Sultan RS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sultan RS, Correll CU, Schoenbaum M, King M, Walkup JT, Olfson M. National patterns of commonly prescribed psychotropic medications to young people. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018, 28:158-65. 10.1089\/cap.2017.0077","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0155","article-title":"Antipsychotics in Dutch youth: prevalence, dosages, and duration of use from 2005 to 2015","volume":"28","author":"Kloosterboer SM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kloosterboer SM, Schuiling-Veninga CC, Bos JH, et al.. Antipsychotics in Dutch youth: prevalence, dosages, and duration of use from 2005 to 2015. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018, 28:173-9. 10.1089\/cap.2017.0155","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.02.001","article-title":"Trends and patterns of antidepressant use in children and adolescents from five western countries, 2005-2012","volume":"26","author":"Bachmann CJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bachmann CJ, Aagaard L, Burcu M, et al.. Trends and patterns of antidepressant use in children and adolescents from five western countries, 2005-2012. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016, 26:411-9. 10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.02.001","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.1.17","article-title":"Psychotropic practice patterns for youth: a 10-year perspective","volume":"157","author":"Zito JM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zito JM, Safer DJ, DosReis S, et al.. Psychotropic practice patterns for youth: a 10-year perspective. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003, 157:17-25. 10.1001\/archpedi.157.1.17","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e318054e724","article-title":"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"46","author":"Pliszka S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pliszka S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007, 46:894-921. 10.1097\/chi.0b013e318054e724","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.05.008","article-title":"The burden of severe depression: a review of diagnostic challenges and treatment alternatives","volume":"41","author":"Nemeroff CB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nemeroff CB. The burden of severe depression: a review of diagnostic challenges and treatment alternatives. J Psychiatr Res. 2007, 41:189-206. 10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.05.008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.017","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication--Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)","volume":"49","author":"Merikangas KR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, et al.. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication--Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010, 49:980-9. 10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291797005928","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults","volume":"28","author":"Wittchen HU","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wittchen HU, Nelson CB, Lachner G. Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med. 1998, 28:109-26. 10.1017\/s0033291797005928","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.58.8_suppl_5.s2","article-title":"Staged approach to epilepsy management","volume":"58","author":"Brodie MJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brodie MJ, Kwan P. Staged approach to epilepsy management. Neurology. 2002, 58:S2-8. 10.1212\/wnl.58.8_suppl_5.s2","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201800321","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use and misuse among adults in the United States","volume":"70","author":"Maust DT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maust DT, Lin LA, Blow FC. Benzodiazepine use and misuse among adults in the United States. Psychiatr Serv. 2019, 70:97-106. 10.1176\/appi.ps.201800321","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Analgesic and sedative pharmacology in the intensive care unit","volume":"15","author":"Wong C","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wong C, Burry L, Molino-Carmona S, Leo M, Tessler J, Hynes P, Mehta S. Analgesic and sedative pharmacology in the intensive care unit. Dynamics. 2004, 15:23-6.","journal-title":"Dynamics"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/230457-trends-and-prevalence-of-psychotropic-medication-use-in-children-and-adolescents-in-the-period-between-2013-and-2023-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T04:15:30Z","timestamp":1709525730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/230457-trends-and-prevalence-of-psychotropic-medication-use-in-children-and-adolescents-in-the-period-between-2013-and-2023-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.55452","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]]}}}