{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T15:48:50Z","timestamp":1723736930563},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.55571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T10:55:58Z","timestamp":1709636158000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["COVID-19 and Its Ophthalmic Manifestations: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Neal T","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Martinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raheel","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Payal","family":"Kahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepesh","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22491","article-title":"Socioeconomic determinants of COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Florida","volume":"14","author":"Backer S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Backer S, Rezene A, Kahar P, Khanna D. Socioeconomic determinants of COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Florida. Cureus. 2022, 14:e22491. 10.7759\/cureus.22491","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-021-00915-2","article-title":"COVID-19 and pregnancy: risk, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Hapshy V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hapshy V, Aziz D, Kahar P, Khanna D, Johnson KE, Parmar MS. COVID-19 and pregnancy: risk, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. SN Compr Clin Med. 2021, 3:1477-83. 10.1007\/s42399-021-00915-2","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.2002083","article-title":"A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna & Johnson & Johnson","volume":"18","author":"Patel R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel R, Kaki M, Potluri VS, Kahar P, Khanna D. A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna & Johnson & Johnson. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022, 18:10.1080\/21645515.2021.2002083","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020, 20:533-4. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3303","article-title":"COVID-19: virology, biology and novel laboratory diagnosis","volume":"23","author":"Mohamadian M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohamadian M, Chiti H, Shoghli A, Biglari S, Parsamanesh N, Esmaeilzadeh A. COVID-19: virology, biology and novel laboratory diagnosis. J Gene Med. 2021, 23:e3303. 10.1002\/jgm.3303","journal-title":"J Gene Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27438","article-title":"A review of COVID-19 in relation to metabolic syndrome: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia","volume":"14","author":"Makhoul E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Makhoul E, Aklinski JL, Miller J, et al.. A review of COVID-19 in relation to metabolic syndrome: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Cureus. 2022, 14:e27438. 10.7759\/cureus.27438","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.51076","article-title":"Nutritional and wellness strategies for neurological and psychiatric recovery from post-COVID syndrome and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Schaefer J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schaefer J, Khanna D. Nutritional and wellness strategies for neurological and psychiatric recovery from post-COVID syndrome and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Cureus. 2023, 15:e51076. 10.7759\/cureus.51076","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.45231","article-title":"The lasting effects of COVID-19 on the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"15","author":"Backer S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Backer S, Khanna D. The lasting effects of COVID-19 on the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Cureus. 2023, 15:e45231. 10.7759\/cureus.45231","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.33740","article-title":"The role of vitamin C in human immunity and its treatment potential against COVID- 19: A review article","volume":"15","author":"Moore A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moore A, Khanna D. The role of vitamin C in human immunity and its treatment potential against COVID- 19: A review article. Cureus. 2023, 15:e33740. 10.7759\/cureus.33740","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.09.086165","article-title":"ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Zhou L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou L, Xu Z, Castiglione GM, Soiberman US, Eberhart CG, Duh EJ. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv. 2020, 086165. 10.1101\/2020.05.09.086165","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.32437","article-title":"A survey of public health failures during COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Dominquez BC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dominquez BC, Hernandez A, Fernandez-Pacheco A, Taylor L, Kahar P, Khanna D.  A survey of public health failures during COVID-19. Cureus. 2022, 14:e32437. 10.7759\/cureus.32437","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1738501","article-title":"Can the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the eyes? A review of coronaviruses and ocular implications in humans and animals.","volume":"28","author":"Seah I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seah I, Agrawal R. Can the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the eyes? A review of coronaviruses and ocular implications in humans and animals.. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020, 28:391-5. 10.1080\/09273948.2020.1738501","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28530","article-title":"Laboratory and point-of-care testing for COVID-19: a review of recent developments","volume":"14","author":"Kalia R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalia R, Kaila R, Kahar P, Khanna D. Laboratory and point-of-care testing for COVID-19: a review of recent developments. Cureus. 2022, 14:e28530. 10.7759\/cureus.28530","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2090963","article-title":"Neuropathic corneal pain as a debilitating manifestation of long-COVID","volume":"31","author":"Woltsche JN","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woltsche JN, Horwath-Winter J, Dorn C, Boldin I, Steinwender G, Heidinger A, Woltsche N. Neuropathic corneal pain as a debilitating manifestation of long-COVID. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023, 31:1216-8. 10.1080\/09273948.2022.2090963","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104363","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 225 patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary Hospital near Wuhan, China","volume":"127","author":"Li R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li R, Tian J, Yang F, et al.. Clinical characteristics of 225 patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary Hospital near Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol. 2020, 127:104363. 10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104363","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14657","article-title":"Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: a review","volume":"76","author":"Gao YD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao YD, Ding M, Dong X, et al.. Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: a review. Allergy. 2021, 76:428-55. 10.1111\/all.14657","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY","volume":"584","author":"Williamson EJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, et al.. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020, 584:430-6. 10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan WJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al.. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382:1708-20. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v16i1.8256","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of COVID- 19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Nasiri N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nasiri N, Sharifi H, Bazrafshan A, Noori A, Karamouzian M, Sharifi A.  Ocular manifestations of COVID- 19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2021, 16:103-12. 10.18502\/jovr.v16i1.8256","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01370-6","article-title":"Relapsing viral keratoconjunctivitis in COVID-19: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Guo D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo D, Xia J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Shen Y, Tong JP. Relapsing viral keratoconjunctivitis in COVID-19: a case report. Virol J. 2020, 17:97. 10.1186\/s12985-020-01370-6","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0576","article-title":"Obesity and COVID-19 severity in a designated hospital in Shenzhen, China","volume":"43","author":"Cai Q","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai Q, Chen F, Wang T, et al.. Obesity and COVID-19 severity in a designated hospital in Shenzhen, China. Diabetes Care. 2020, 43:1392-8. 10.2337\/dc20-0576","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882000179X","article-title":"Risk factors of severe cases with COVID-19: a meta-analysis","volume":"148","author":"Ou M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ou M, Zhu J, Ji P, et al.. Risk factors of severe cases with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2020, 148:e175. 10.1017\/S095026882000179X","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30163-6","article-title":"COVID-19 in people with HIV","volume":"7","author":"Xu Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Z, Zhang C, Wang FS. COVID-19 in people with HIV. Lancet HIV. 2020, 7:e524-6. 10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30163-6","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14472","article-title":"Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 535 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"98","author":"Chen L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen L, Deng C, Chen X, et al.. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 535 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020, 98:e951-9. 10.1111\/aos.14472","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1773868","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in northeast of Iran","volume":"28","author":"Abrishami M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abrishami M, Tohidinezhad F, Daneshvar R, et al.. Ocular manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in northeast of Iran. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020, 28:739-44. 10.1080\/09273948.2020.1773868","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11952","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV- 2): A critical review of current literature","volume":"34","author":"Douglas KA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douglas KA, Douglas VP, Moschos MM.  Ocular manifestations of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV- 2): A critical review of current literature. In Vivo. 2020, 34:1619-28. 10.21873\/invivo.11952","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.03.022","article-title":"Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: their roles in pathogenesis","volume":"54","author":"Mousavizadeh L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mousavizadeh L, Ghasemi S. Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: their roles in pathogenesis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021, 54:159-63. 10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.03.022","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105996","article-title":"Severe respiratory SARS-CoV2 infection: does ACE2 receptor matter?","volume":"168","author":"Perrotta F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perrotta F, Matera MG, Cazzola M, Bianco A. Severe respiratory SARS-CoV2 infection: does ACE2 receptor matter?. Respir Med. 2020, 168:105996. 10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105996","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118336","article-title":"COVID-19: pathophysiology, treatment options, nanotechnology approaches, and research agenda to combating the SARS-CoV2 pandemic","volume":"261","author":"Bhavana V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhavana V, Thakor P, Singh SB, Mehra NK. COVID-19: pathophysiology, treatment options, nanotechnology approaches, and research agenda to combating the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. Life Sci. 2020, 261:118336. 10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118336","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25725","article-title":"Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"92","author":"Xia J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xia J, Tong J, Liu M, Shen Y, Guo D. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2020, 92:589-94. 10.1002\/jmv.25725","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04916-0","article-title":"Conjunctivitis in COVID-19 patients: frequency and clinical presentation","volume":"258","author":"G\u00fcemes-Villahoz N","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00fcemes-Villahoz N, Burgos-Blasco B, Garc\u00eda-Feijo\u00f3 J, et al.. Conjunctivitis in COVID-19 patients: frequency and clinical presentation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020, 258:2501-7. 10.1007\/s00417-020-04916-0","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.03.003","article-title":"Keratoconjunctivitis as the initial medical presentation of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"55","author":"Cheema M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheema M, Aghazadeh H, Nazarali S, et al.. Keratoconjunctivitis as the initial medical presentation of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Can J Ophthalmol. 2020, 55:e125-9. 10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.03.003","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14484","article-title":"Episcleritis as an ocular manifestation in a patient with COVID-19","volume":"98","author":"M\u00e9ndez Mangana C","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez Mangana C, Barraquer Kargacin A, Barraquer RI. Episcleritis as an ocular manifestation in a patient with COVID-19. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020, 98:e1056-7. 10.1111\/aos.14484","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100917","article-title":"Episcleritis as a possible presenting sign of the novel coronavirus disease: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Otaif W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Otaif W, Al Somali AI, Al Habash A. Episcleritis as a possible presenting sign of the novel coronavirus disease: a case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020, 20:100917. 10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100917","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009700","article-title":"COVID-19 presenting with ophthalmoparesis from cranial nerve palsy","volume":"95","author":"Dinkin M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dinkin M, Gao V, Kahan J, et al.. COVID-19 presenting with ophthalmoparesis from cranial nerve palsy. Neurology. 2020, 95:221-3. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009700","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00867","article-title":"Unique case of central retinal artery occlusion secondary to COVID-19 disease","volume":"21","author":"Acharya S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Acharya S, Diamond M, Anwar S, Glaser A, Tyagi P. Unique case of central retinal artery occlusion secondary to COVID-19 disease. IDCases. 2020, 21:e00867. 10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00867","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.06.001","article-title":"Acute abducens nerve palsy in a patient with the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"24","author":"Falcone MM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Falcone MM, Rong AJ, Salazar H, Redick DW, Falcone S, Cavuoto KM. Acute abducens nerve palsy in a patient with the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J AAPOS. 2020, 24:216-7. 10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.06.001","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.588384","article-title":"Case report: central retinal artery occlusion in a COVID-19 patient","volume":"11","author":"Montesel A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montesel A, Bucolo C, Mouvet V, Moret E, Eandi CM. Case report: central retinal artery occlusion in a COVID-19 patient. Front Pharmacol. 2020, 11:588384. 10.3389\/fphar.2020.588384","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106080","article-title":"COVID-19 treatment: close to a cure? A rapid review of pharmacotherapies for the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"56","author":"Song Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song Y, Zhang M, Yin L, Wang K, Zhou Y, Zhou M, Lu Y. COVID-19 treatment: close to a cure? A rapid review of pharmacotherapies for the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020, 56:106080. 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106080","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Cao B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al.. A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382:1787-99. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/108003-covid-19-and-its-ophthalmic-manifestations-a-literature-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T10:56:02Z","timestamp":1709636162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/108003-covid-19-and-its-ophthalmic-manifestations-a-literature-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.55571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]}}}