{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:18:59Z","timestamp":1783520339532,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.55906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]],"date-time":"2024-03-10T20:47:15Z","timestamp":1710103635000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Assessment Modalities for Lower Extremity Edema, Lymphedema, and Lipedema: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Biura","family":"Markarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carel","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Polam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neethu","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey N","family":"Mayrovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-017-0518-6","article-title":"Approach to lower extremity edema","volume":"19","author":"Ratchford EV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ratchford EV, Evans NS. Approach to lower extremity edema. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2017, 19:16. 10.1007\/s11936-017-0518-6","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2018.0039","article-title":"Assessing lower extremity lymphedema using upper and lower extremity tissue dielectric constant ratios: method and normal reference values","volume":"17","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN. Assessing lower extremity lymphedema using upper and lower extremity tissue dielectric constant ratios: method and normal reference values. Lymphat Res Biol. 2019, 17:457-64. 10.1089\/lrb.2018.0039","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000257149.42922.7e","article-title":"Lymphedema: a comprehensive review","volume":"59","author":"Warren AG","year":"2007","unstructured":"Warren AG, Brorson H, Borud LJ, Slavin SA. Lymphedema: a comprehensive review. Ann Plast Surg. 2007, 59:464-72. 10.1097\/01.sap.0000257149.42922.7e","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060382","article-title":"Measurement decisions for clinical assessment of limb volume changes in patients with bilateral and unilateral limb edema","volume":"87","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, Macdonald J, Davey S, Olson K, Washington E. Measurement decisions for clinical assessment of limb volume changes in patients with bilateral and unilateral limb edema. Phys Ther. 2007, 87:1362-8. 10.2522\/ptj.20060382","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Edema: diagnosis and management","volume":"88","author":"Trayes KP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trayes KP, Studdiford JS, Pickle S, Tully AS. Edema: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2013, 88:102-10.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355520938283","article-title":"Diagnostic approach to lower limb edema","volume":"35","author":"Gasparis AP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gasparis AP, Kim PS, Dean SM, Khilnani NM, Labropoulos N. Diagnostic approach to lower limb edema. Phlebology. 2020, 35:650-5. 10.1177\/0268355520938283","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X16672576","article-title":"The swollen leg","volume":"21","author":"Evans NS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Evans NS, Ratchford EV. The swollen leg. Vasc Med. 2016, 21:562-4. 10.1177\/1358863X16672576","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2019-001032","article-title":"Lower extremity lymphedema in patients with gynecologic malignancies","volume":"30","author":"Dessources K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dessources K, Aviki E, Leitao MM Jr. Lower extremity lymphedema in patients with gynecologic malignancies. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2020, 30:252-60. 10.1136\/ijgc-2019-001032","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/turkjsurg.2017.3870","article-title":"Lymphedema: from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"33","author":"Kay\u0131ran O","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kay\u0131ran O, De La Cruz C, Tane K, Soran A. Lymphedema: from diagnosis to treatment. Turk J Surg. 2017, 33:51-7. 10.5152\/turkjsurg.2017.3870","journal-title":"Turk J Surg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.03.022","article-title":"Lymphedema: pathophysiology and clinical manifestations","volume":"77","author":"Grada AA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grada AA, Phillips TJ. Lymphedema: pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017, 77:1009-20. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.03.022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2008.46.3.119","article-title":"Clinical and pathological aspects of filarial lymphedema and its management","volume":"46","author":"Shenoy RK","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shenoy RK. Clinical and pathological aspects of filarial lymphedema and its management. Korean J Parasitol. 2008, 46:119-25. 10.3347\/kjp.2008.46.3.119","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2020.150972","article-title":"Lymphedema (seminars in pediatric surgery)","volume":"29","author":"Greene AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greene AK, Sudduth CL, Taghinia A. Lymphedema (seminars in pediatric surgery). Semin Pediatr Surg. 2020, 29:150972. 10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2020.150972","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22597","article-title":"Lipedema: a call to action!","volume":"27","author":"Buso G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buso G, Depairon M, Tomson D, Raffoul W, Vettor R, Mazzolai L. Lipedema: a call to action!. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019, 27:1567-76. 10.1002\/oby.22597","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S106227","article-title":"Lipedema: diagnostic and management challenges","volume":"8","author":"Warren Peled A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Warren Peled A, Kappos EA. Lipedema: diagnostic and management challenges. Int J Womens Health. 2016, 8:389-95. 10.2147\/IJWH.S106227","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.08.011","article-title":"Pathophysiological dilemmas of lipedema","volume":"83","author":"Sz\u00e9l E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sz\u00e9l E, Kem\u00e9ny L, Groma G, Szolnoky G. Pathophysiological dilemmas of lipedema. Med Hypotheses. 2014, 83:599-606. 10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.08.011","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734614554284","article-title":"Lipedema: a review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Okhovat JP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okhovat JP, Alavi A. Lipedema: a review of the literature. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2015, 14:262-7. 10.1177\/1534734614554284","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2020.06.010","article-title":"Non-contrast MR lymphography of lipedema of the lower extremities","volume":"71","author":"Cellina M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cellina M, Gibelli D, Soresina M, Menozzi A, Martinenghi C, Panzeri M, Oliva G. Non-contrast MR lymphography of lipedema of the lower extremities. Magn Reson Imaging. 2020, 71:115-24. 10.1016\/j.mri.2020.06.010","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3400\/avd.oa.12.00102","article-title":"Significance of ultrasound examination of skin and subcutaneous tissue in secondary lower extremity lymphedema","volume":"6","author":"Suehiro K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suehiro K, Morikage N, Murakami M, Yamashita O, Samura M, Hamano K. Significance of ultrasound examination of skin and subcutaneous tissue in secondary lower extremity lymphedema. Ann Vasc Dis. 2013, 6:180-8. 10.3400\/avd.oa.12.00102","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2017.0090","article-title":"Characterizing lower extremity lymphedema and lipedema with cutaneous ultrasonography and an objective computer-assisted measurement of dermal echogenicity","volume":"17","author":"Iker E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iker E, Mayfield CK, Gould DJ, Patel KM. Characterizing lower extremity lymphedema and lipedema with cutaneous ultrasonography and an objective computer-assisted measurement of dermal echogenicity. Lymphat Res Biol. 2019, 17:525-30. 10.1089\/lrb.2017.0090","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"The third circulation: radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lymphedema","volume":"44","author":"Szuba A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Szuba A, Shin WS, Strauss HW, Rockson S. The third circulation: radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lymphedema. J Nucl Med. 2003, 44:43-57.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Optimized lymphoscintigraphy and diagnostics of lymphatic oedema of the lower extremities","volume":"11","author":"Dabrowski J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dabrowski J, Merkert R, Ku\u015bmierek J. Optimized lymphoscintigraphy and diagnostics of lymphatic oedema of the lower extremities. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2008, 11:26-9.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2017.28.e18","article-title":"Computed tomography-based quantitative assessment of lower extremity lymphedema following treatment for gynecologic cancer","volume":"28","author":"Yoo JS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yoo JS, Chung SH, Lim MC, Kim YJ, Kim KG, Hwang JH, Kim YH. Computed tomography-based quantitative assessment of lower extremity lymphedema following treatment for gynecologic cancer. J Gynecol Oncol. 2017, 28:e18. 10.3802\/jgo.2017.28.e18","journal-title":"J Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021818","article-title":"Usefulness of computed tomography venography in gynecologic cancer patients with lower extremity edema","volume":"99","author":"Kim WJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim WJ, Kim J, Kang M, Park DH, Jeon JY. Usefulness of computed tomography venography in gynecologic cancer patients with lower extremity edema. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020, 99:e21818. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000021818","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150412","article-title":"Measurement properties of instruments for measuring of lymphedema: systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Hidding JT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hidding JT, Viehoff PB, Beurskens CH, van Laarhoven HW, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW, van der Wees PJ. Measurement properties of instruments for measuring of lymphedema: systematic review. Phys Ther. 2016, 96:1965-81. 10.2522\/ptj.20150412","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12589","article-title":"Can tissue dielectric constant measurement aid in differentiating lymphoedema from lipoedema in women with swollen legs?","volume":"170","author":"Birkballe S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Birkballe S, Jensen MR, Noerregaard S, Gottrup F, Karlsmark T. Can tissue dielectric constant measurement aid in differentiating lymphoedema from lipoedema in women with swollen legs?. Br J Dermatol. 2014, 170:96-102. 10.1111\/bjd.12589","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"29","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 29:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.11.013","article-title":"Noncontrast three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging vs lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lymph circulation disorders: a comparative study","volume":"41","author":"Liu N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu N, Wang C, Sun M. Noncontrast three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging vs lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lymph circulation disorders: a comparative study. J Vasc Surg. 2005, 41:69-75. 10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.11.013","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12809\/hkmj133988","article-title":"Lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lower extremity lymphedema: local experience","volume":"20","author":"Lam MC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lam MC, Luk WH, Tse KH. Lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lower extremity lymphedema: local experience. Hong Kong Med J. 2014, 20:121-5. 10.12809\/hkmj133988","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/mirt.58077","article-title":"Clinical significance of lymphoscintigraphy findings in the evaluation of lower extremity lymphedema","volume":"24","author":"Kara\u00e7avu\u015f S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kara\u00e7avu\u015f S, Y\u0131lmaz YK, Ekim H. Clinical significance of lymphoscintigraphy findings in the evaluation of lower extremity lymphedema. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther. 2015, 24:80-4. 10.4274\/mirt.58077","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.remn.2018.06.008","article-title":"Lymphoscintigraphic findings in patients with lipedema","volume":"37","author":"Forner-Cordero I","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forner-Cordero I, Oliv\u00e1n-Sasot P, Ruiz-Llorca C, Mu\u00f1oz-Langa J. Lymphoscintigraphic findings in patients with lipedema. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol (Engl Ed). 2018, 37:341-8. 10.1016\/j.remn.2018.06.008","journal-title":"Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2009.01.005","article-title":"MR imaging of the lymphatic system in patients with lipedema and lipo-lymphedema","volume":"77","author":"Lohrmann C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lohrmann C, Foeldi E, Langer M. MR imaging of the lymphatic system in patients with lipedema and lipo-lymphedema. Microvasc Res. 2009, 77:335-9. 10.1016\/j.mvr.2009.01.005","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2016.0052","article-title":"Edema areas of calves measured with magnetic resonance imaging as a novel indicator for early staging of lower extremity lymphedema","volume":"16","author":"Wang L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang L, Wu X, Wu M, et al.. Edema areas of calves measured with magnetic resonance imaging as a novel indicator for early staging of lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2018, 16:240-7. 10.1089\/lrb.2016.0052","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02683555211002340","article-title":"Ultrasound criteria for lipedema diagnosis","volume":"36","author":"Amato AC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amato AC, Saucedo DZ, Santos KD, Benitti DA. Ultrasound criteria for lipedema diagnosis. Phlebology. 2021, 36:651-8. 10.1177\/02683555211002340","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-013-0332-5","article-title":"Comparison of characteristic CT findings of lymphedema, cellulitis, and generalized edema in lower leg swelling","volume":"29","author":"Shin SU","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shin SU, Lee W, Park EA, Shin CI, Chung JW, Park JH. Comparison of characteristic CT findings of lymphedema, cellulitis, and generalized edema in lower leg swelling. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013, 29:135-43. 10.1007\/s10554-013-0332-5","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"High resolution unenhanced computed tomography in patients with swollen legs","volume":"35","author":"Monnin-Delhom ED","year":"2002","unstructured":"Monnin-Delhom ED, Gallix BP, Achard C, Bruel JM, Janbon C. High resolution unenhanced computed tomography in patients with swollen legs. Lymphology. 2002, 35:121-8.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1982.1131022","article-title":"Measurement of radio frequency permittivity of biological tissues with an open-ended coaxial line: part II - experimental results","volume":"30","author":"Stuchly MA","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stuchly MA, Athey TW, Samaras GM, Taylor GE. Measurement of radio frequency permittivity of biological tissues with an open-ended coaxial line: part II - experimental results. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech. 1982, 30:87-92. 10.1109\/TMTT.1982.1131022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.720202","article-title":"Variational formulation of open-ended coaxial line in contact with layered biological medium","volume":"45","author":"Alanen E","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alanen E, Lahtinen T, Nuutinen J. Variational formulation of open-ended coaxial line in contact with layered biological medium. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998, 45:1241-8. 10.1109\/10.720202","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/25\/2\/004","article-title":"Validation of a new dielectric device to assess changes of tissue water in skin and subcutaneous fat","volume":"25","author":"Nuutinen J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nuutinen J, Ik\u00e4heimo R, Lahtinen T. Validation of a new dielectric device to assess changes of tissue water in skin and subcutaneous fat. Physiol Meas. 2004, 25:447-54. 10.1088\/0967-3334\/25\/2\/004","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel S","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C. The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Phys Med Biol. 1996, 41:2251-69. 10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26506","article-title":"Tissue dielectric constant of the lower leg as an index of skin water: temporal variations","volume":"14","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN. Tissue dielectric constant of the lower leg as an index of skin water: temporal variations. Cureus. 2022, 14:e26506. 10.7759\/cureus.26506","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2019.0042","article-title":"Palpation of increased skin and subcutaneous thickness, tissue dielectric constant, and water displacement method for diagnosis of early mild arm lymphedema","volume":"18","author":"Karlsson K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karlsson K, Nilsson-Wikmar L, Brog\u00e5rdh C, Johansson K. Palpation of increased skin and subcutaneous thickness, tissue dielectric constant, and water displacement method for diagnosis of early mild arm lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2020, 18:219-25. 10.1089\/lrb.2019.0042","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Impact of body fat and obesity on tissue dielectric constant (TDC) as a method to assess breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema (BCRL)","volume":"52","author":"Mayrovitz H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayrovitz H. Impact of body fat and obesity on tissue dielectric constant (TDC) as a method to assess breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema (BCRL). Lymphology. 2019, 52:18-24.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-9590.18.04088-9","article-title":"Possible applications of normative lower to upper limb ratios of tissue dielectric constant to lower extremity edema","volume":"38","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, Alvarez A, Labra M, Mikulka A, Woody D. Possible applications of normative lower to upper limb ratios of tissue dielectric constant to lower extremity edema. Int Angiol. 2019, 38:70-5. 10.23736\/S0392-9590.18.04088-9","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-9590.17.03843-3","article-title":"Tissue dielectric constant and circumference measurement in the follow-up of treatment-related changes in lower-limb lymphedema","volume":"37","author":"Tugral A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tugral A, Viren T, Bakar Y. Tissue dielectric constant and circumference measurement in the follow-up of treatment-related changes in lower-limb lymphedema. Int Angiol. 2018, 37:26-31. 10.23736\/S0392-9590.17.03843-3","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27617","article-title":"Circumferential and depth variations in tissue dielectric constant values as indices of lower leg localized skin water","volume":"14","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN. Circumferential and depth variations in tissue dielectric constant values as indices of lower leg localized skin water. Cureus. 2022, 14:e27617. 10.7759\/cureus.27617","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzac025","article-title":"Impedance of extracellular fluid, volume, and local tissue water can be reliably measured in people with lower limb lymphedema","volume":"102","author":"J\u00f6nsson C","year":"2022","unstructured":"J\u00f6nsson C, Johansson K, Bjurberg M, Brog\u00e5rdh C. Impedance of extracellular fluid, volume, and local tissue water can be reliably measured in people with lower limb lymphedema. Phys Ther. 2022, 102:pzac025. 10.1093\/ptj\/pzac025","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2019.0044","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of volume and local tissue water measurements in lower limbs of healthy women and men","volume":"18","author":"J\u00f6nsson C","year":"2020","unstructured":"J\u00f6nsson C, Bjurberg M, Brog\u00e5rdh C, Johansson K. Test-retest reliability of volume and local tissue water measurements in lower limbs of healthy women and men. Lymphat Res Biol. 2020, 18:261-9. 10.1089\/lrb.2019.0044","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Localized tissue water changes accompanying one manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) therapy session assessed by changes in tissue dielectric constant inpatients with lower extremity lymphedema","volume":"41","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, Davey S, Shapiro E. Localized tissue water changes accompanying one manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) therapy session assessed by changes in tissue dielectric constant inpatients with lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology. 2008, 41:87-92.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296816662284","article-title":"Arm, leg, and foot skin water in persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) in relation to HbA1c assessed by tissue dielectric constant (TDC) technology measured at 300 MHz","volume":"11","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, Volosko I, Sarkar B, Pandya N. Arm, leg, and foot skin water in persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) in relation to HbA1c assessed by tissue dielectric constant (TDC) technology measured at 300 MHz. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2017, 11:584-9. 10.1177\/1932296816662284","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0197","article-title":"Skin tissue water assessed via tissue dielectric constant measurements in persons with and without diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, McClymont A, Pandya N. Skin tissue water assessed via tissue dielectric constant measurements in persons with and without diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013, 15:60-5. 10.1089\/dia.2012.0197","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000244977.84130.cf","article-title":"The use of bioimpedance analysis to evaluate lymphedema","volume":"58","author":"Warren AG","year":"2007","unstructured":"Warren AG, Janz BA, Slavin SA, Borud LJ. The use of bioimpedance analysis to evaluate lymphedema. Ann Plast Surg. 2007, 58:541-3. 10.1097\/01.sap.0000244977.84130.cf","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2018.02.012","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of bioimpedance spectroscopy in patients with lymphedema: a retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"71","author":"Qin ES","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qin ES, Bowen MJ, Chen WF. Diagnostic accuracy of bioimpedance spectroscopy in patients with lymphedema: a retrospective cohort analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2018, 71:1041-50. 10.1016\/j.bjps.2018.02.012","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/235398-assessment-modalities-for-lower-extremity-edema-lymphedema-and-lipedema-a-scoping-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]],"date-time":"2024-03-10T20:47:21Z","timestamp":1710103641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/235398-assessment-modalities-for-lower-extremity-edema-lymphedema-and-lipedema-a-scoping-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.55906","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]}}}