{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:53:50Z","timestamp":1783014830697,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.57601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T14:58:00Z","timestamp":1712242680000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Delirium Tremens: A Review of Clinical Studies"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Alan D","family":"Kaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda  N","family":"Staser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiombee S","family":"Mccollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouad  A","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline  R","family":"Burroughs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Heisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Mouhaffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahab","family":"Ahmadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Shekoohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giustino","family":"Varrassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15647","article-title":"Clinical management of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"117","author":"Day E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Day E, Daly C. Clinical management of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Addiction. 2022, 117:804-14. 10.1111\/add.15647","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Delirium tremens","author":"Rahman A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahman A, Paul M. Delirium tremens. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0358-1","article-title":"Identification and management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Mirijello A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mirijello A, D'Angelo C, Ferrulli A, et al.. Identification and management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Drugs. 2015, 75:353-65. 10.1007\/s40265-015-0358-1","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Drinking levels defined. (2024). Accessed. March 26, 2024: https:\/\/www.niaaa.nih.gov\/alcohol-health\/overview-alcohol-consumption\/moderate-binge-drinking."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12671","article-title":"Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: mechanisms, manifestations, and management","volume":"135","author":"Jesse S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jesse S, Br\u00e5then G, Ferrara M, et al.. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: mechanisms, manifestations, and management. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017, 135:4-16. 10.1111\/ane.12671","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.328865","article-title":"Differentiation of hepatic encephalopathy from delirium tremens: a case series and review","volume":"30","author":"Devabhaktuni S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Devabhaktuni S, Patkar P, Pooja V, et al.. Differentiation of hepatic encephalopathy from delirium tremens: a case series and review. Ind Psychiatry J. 2021, 30:S214-20. 10.4103\/0972-6748.328865","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1407298","article-title":"Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)","volume":"371","author":"Schuckit MA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schuckit MA. Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens). N Engl J Med. 2014, 371:2109-13. 10.1056\/NEJMra1407298","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.02.002","article-title":"The emergency medicine management of severe alcohol withdrawal","volume":"35","author":"Long D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Long D, Long B, Koyfman A. The emergency medicine management of severe alcohol withdrawal. Am J Emerg Med. 2017, 35:1005-11. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.02.002","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0141-2","article-title":"The DSM-5 criteria, level of arousal and delirium diagnosis: inclusiveness is safer","volume":"12","author":"European Delirium Association","year":"2014","unstructured":"European Delirium Association, American Delirium Society. The DSM-5 criteria, level of arousal and delirium diagnosis: inclusiveness is safer. BMC Med. 2014, 12:141. 10.1186\/s12916-014-0141-2","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1708\/2925.29413","article-title":"Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic methods","volume":"53","author":"Attilia F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Attilia F, Perciballi R, Rotondo C, et al.. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Riv Psichiatr. 2018, 53:118-22. 10.1708\/2925.29413","journal-title":"Riv Psichiatr"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5\u2122, 5th ed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM-5\u2122, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association. 2013,","journal-title":"American Psychiatric Association"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2023","unstructured":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM Library. 2023,","journal-title":"DSM Library"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2013113","article-title":"A case of prolonged delirium tremens","volume":"54","author":"Nicholas J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nicholas J, Jacob R, Kinson R. A case of prolonged delirium tremens. Singapore Med J. 2013, 54:e152-3. 10.11622\/smedj.2013113","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Clinical institute withdrawal assessment of alcohol scale, revised (CIWA-AR). (2024). Accessed. March 6, 2024: https:\/\/www.ci2i.research.va.gov\/paws\/pdfs\/ciwa-ar.pdf."},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Complications of alcohol withdrawal: pathophysiological insights","volume":"22","author":"Trevisan LA","year":"1998","unstructured":"Trevisan LA, Boutros N, Petrakis IL, Krystal JH. Complications of alcohol withdrawal: pathophysiological insights. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998, 22:61-66.","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226755","article-title":"A clinician\u2019s view of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Wijnia JW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wijnia JW. A clinician\u2019s view of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. J Clin Med. 2022, 11:6755. 10.3390\/jcm11226755","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.1.1","article-title":"Kindling as a model for alcohol withdrawal syndromes","volume":"133","author":"Ballenger JC","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ballenger JC, Post RM. Kindling as a model for alcohol withdrawal syndromes. Br J Psychiatry. 1978, 133:1-14. 10.1192\/bjp.133.1.1","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2324709619847228","article-title":"Twenty-eight-day-long delirium tremens","volume":"7","author":"Kafle P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kafle P, Mandal AK, Shrestha B, et al.. Twenty-eight-day-long delirium tremens. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2019, 7:2324709619847228. 10.1177\/2324709619847228","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/805830","article-title":"GABA metabolism and transport: effects on synaptic efficacy","volume":"2012","author":"Roth FC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roth FC, Draguhn A. GABA metabolism and transport: effects on synaptic efficacy. Neural Plast. 2012, 2012:805830. 10.1155\/2012\/805830","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318247cd03","article-title":"GABAB receptors: structure, functions, and clinical implications","volume":"78","author":"Benarroch EE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benarroch EE. GABAB receptors: structure, functions, and clinical implications. Neurology. 2012, 78:578-84. 10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318247cd03","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386239a0","article-title":"Expression cloning of GABA(B) receptors uncovers similarity to metabotropic glutamate receptors","volume":"386","author":"Kaupmann K","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaupmann K, Huggel K, Heid J, et al.. Expression cloning of GABA(B) receptors uncovers similarity to metabotropic glutamate receptors. Nature. 1997, 386:239-46. 10.1038\/386239a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.722323","article-title":"Glutamate: The master neurotransmitter and its implications in chronic stress and mood disorders","volume":"15","author":"Pal MM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pal MM. Glutamate: The master neurotransmitter and its implications in chronic stress and mood disorders. Front Hum Neurosci. 2021, 15:722323. 10.3389\/fnhum.2021.722323","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-02974-8","article-title":"Glutamate transporters and mitochondria: signaling, co-compartmentalization, functional coupling, and future directions","volume":"45","author":"Robinson MB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robinson MB, Lee ML, DaSilva S. Glutamate transporters and mitochondria: signaling, co-compartmentalization, functional coupling, and future directions. Neurochem Res. 2020, 45:526-40. 10.1007\/s11064-020-02974-8","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2018.04.012","article-title":"Delirium tremens: assessment and management","volume":"8","author":"Grover S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grover S, Ghosh A. Delirium tremens: assessment and management. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2018, 8:460-70. 10.1016\/j.jceh.2018.04.012","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2002.63.531","article-title":"The role of amino-acid transmitters in the pathogenesis of delirium tremens: a brief report","volume":"63","author":"Aliyev NN","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aliyev NN, Aliyev ZN. The role of amino-acid transmitters in the pathogenesis of delirium tremens: a brief report. J Stud Alcohol. 2002, 63:531-3. 10.15288\/jsa.2002.63.531","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.02.037","article-title":"Alcohol withdrawal seizures","volume":"15","author":"Hughes JR","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hughes JR. Alcohol withdrawal seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2009, 15:92-7. 10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.02.037","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-7330-7_7","article-title":"The role of the NMDA receptor in ethanol withdrawal","volume":"71","author":"Hoffman PL","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hoffman PL, Tabakoff B. The role of the NMDA receptor in ethanol withdrawal. EXS. 1994, 71:61-70. 10.1007\/978-3-0348-7330-7_7","journal-title":"EXS"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2013.089","article-title":"Alcohol withdrawal delirium - diagnosis, course and treatment","volume":"159","author":"Mainerova B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mainerova B, Prasko J, Latalova K, et al.. Alcohol withdrawal delirium - diagnosis, course and treatment. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2015, 159:44-52. 10.5507\/bp.2013.089","journal-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230220119282a","article-title":"Hypokalaemia in alcoholic patients","volume":"21","author":"Elisaf M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Elisaf M, Liberopoulos E, Bairaktari E, Siamopoulos K. Hypokalaemia in alcoholic patients. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2002, 21:73-6. 10.1080\/09595230220119282a","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(91)90513-V","article-title":"\u03b1-Atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone secretion and plasma renin activity during ethanol withdrawal: a correlation with the onset of delirium tremens?","volume":"8","author":"Bezzegh A","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bezzegh A, Nyuli L, Kov\u00e1cs GL. \u03b1-Atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone secretion and plasma renin activity during ethanol withdrawal: a correlation with the onset of delirium tremens?. Alcohol. 1991, 8:333-6. 10.1016\/0741-8329(91)90513-V","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005063.pub3","article-title":"Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal","author":"Amato L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amato L, Minozzi S, Vecchi S, Davoli M. Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010, CD005063. 10.1002\/14651858.CD005063.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Benzodiazepines","author":"Bounds CG","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bounds CG, Patel P, Nelson VL. Benzodiazepines. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Diazepam","author":"Dhaliwal JS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dhaliwal JS, Rosani A, Saadabadi A. Diazepam. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Lorazepam","author":"Ghiasi N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghiasi N, Bhansali RK, Marwaha R. Lorazepam. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.24514","article-title":"A comprehensive review of remimazolam for sedation","volume":"9","author":"Noor N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noor N, Legendre R, Cloutet A, Chitneni A, Varrassi G, Kaye AD. A comprehensive review of remimazolam for sedation. Health Psychol Res. 2021, 9:24514. 10.52965\/001c.24514","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020617","article-title":"Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal","volume":"348","author":"Kosten TR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kosten TR, O'Connor PG. Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348:1786-95. 10.1056\/NEJMra020617","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OAEM.S235288","article-title":"Management of alcohol withdrawal in the emergency department: current perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Wolf C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolf C, Curry A, Nacht J, Simpson SA. Management of alcohol withdrawal in the emergency department: current perspectives. Open Access Emerg Med. 2020, 12:53-65. 10.2147\/OAEM.S235288","journal-title":"Open Access Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine","author":"Reel B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reel B, Maani CV. Dexmedetomidine. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.002","article-title":"Motivational interviewing to improve treatment engagement and outcome in individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse: a multisite effectiveness study","volume":"81","author":"Carroll KM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carroll KM, Ball SA, Nich C, et al.. Motivational interviewing to improve treatment engagement and outcome in individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse: a multisite effectiveness study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006, 81:301-12. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31310-2","article-title":"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"392","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016. a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2018, 392:1015-35. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31310-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000527973","article-title":"Seasonality and delirium tremens in hospitalized patients with alcohol dependence syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Prib\u00e9k IK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prib\u00e9k IK, K\u00e1d\u00e1r BK, P\u00e9ter L, et al.. Seasonality and delirium tremens in hospitalized patients with alcohol dependence syndrome. Eur Addict Res. 2023, 29:83-91. 10.1159\/000527973","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jpan.v10i2.49004","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of patients with delirium tremens: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Joshi S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Joshi S, Shrestha E, Shakya R. Prevalence and characteristics of patients with delirium tremens: a cross-sectional study. J Psychiatr Assoc Nepal. 2021, 10:31-5. 10.3126\/jpan.v10i2.49004","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Assoc Nepal"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jpan.v9i2.36288","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of delirium tremens in alcohol dependence syndrome at tertiary hospital","volume":"9","author":"Paudyal S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paudyal S, Tiwari S, Chhetri P, Ranjan S, Shah S, Subedi S. Prevalence and correlates of delirium tremens in alcohol dependence syndrome at tertiary hospital. J Psychiatr Assoc Nepal. 2020, 9:69-76. 10.3126\/jpan.v9i2.36288","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Assoc Nepal"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31584\/jhsmr.2018.36.3.17","article-title":"Delirium tremens in psychiatric ward at Songklanagarind hospital","volume":"36","author":"Teetharatkul T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teetharatkul T, Vittayanont A. Delirium tremens in psychiatric ward at Songklanagarind hospital. J Health Sci Med Res. 2018, 36:205-14. 10.31584\/jhsmr.2018.36.3.17","journal-title":"J Health Sci Med Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12603","article-title":"Delirium tremens and alcohol withdrawal nationally in the Veterans Health Administration","volume":"26","author":"Moore DT","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moore DT, Fuehrlein BS, Rosenheck RA. Delirium tremens and alcohol withdrawal nationally in the Veterans Health Administration. Am J Addict. 2017, 26:722-30. 10.1111\/ajad.12603","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578717720310","article-title":"Patient outcomes associated with phenobarbital use with or without benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Hammond DA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hammond DA, Rowe JM, Wong A, Wiley TL, Lee KC, Kane-Gill SL. Patient outcomes associated with phenobarbital use with or without benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review. Hosp Pharm. 2017, 52:607-16. 10.1177\/0018578717720310","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/238908-delirium-tremens-a-review-of-clinical-studies","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T14:58:07Z","timestamp":1712242687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/238908-delirium-tremens-a-review-of-clinical-studies"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"references-count":46,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.57601","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]}}}