{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:17:56Z","timestamp":1784852276575,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.58780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T02:18:20Z","timestamp":1713838700000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Spine is the Tree of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Radiographic Findings Related to Spinal Injuries in Athletes"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Chukwuyem","family":"Ekhator","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia B","family":"Bellegarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil N","family":"Nduma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Qasim","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekokobe","family":"Fonkem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008421","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for acute spinal cord injury patients","volume":"2","author":"Sharma S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharma S, Singh D, Kumar D, Singh M, Wani IH. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for acute spinal cord injury patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010, 2:24-6. 10.1002\/14651858.CD008421","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000066385.10596.71","article-title":"Prevention of venous thromboembolism in the acute treatment phase after spinal cord injury: a randomized, multicenter trial comparing low-dose heparin plus intermittent pneumatic compression with enoxaparin","volume":"54","year":"2003","unstructured":"Prevention of venous thromboembolism in the acute treatment phase after spinal cord injury. a randomized, multicenter trial comparing low-dose heparin plus intermittent pneumatic compression with enoxaparin. J Trauma. 2003, 54:1116-24. 10.1097\/01.TA.0000066385.10596.71","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1314878","article-title":"An investigation of the relationship between autonomic dysreflexia and intrathecal baclofen in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"41","author":"Del Fabro AS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Del Fabro AS, Mejia M, Nemunaitis G. An investigation of the relationship between autonomic dysreflexia and intrathecal baclofen in patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018, 41:102-5. 10.1080\/10790268.2017.1314878","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113083","article-title":"Paradoxical effects of continuous high dose gabapentin treatment on autonomic dysreflexia after complete spinal cord injury","volume":"323","author":"Eldahan KC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eldahan KC, Williams HC, Cox DH, Gollihue JL, Patel SP, Rabchevsky AG. Paradoxical effects of continuous high dose gabapentin treatment on autonomic dysreflexia after complete spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 2020, 323:113083. 10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113083","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1901-1","article-title":"Causes of spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Chen Y","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen Y, Tang Y, Vogel LC, Devivo MJ. Causes of spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2013, 19:1-8. 10.1310\/sci1901-1","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100501","article-title":"Causes and costs of spinal cord injury in the United States","volume":"35","author":"DeVivo MJ","year":"1997","unstructured":"DeVivo MJ. Causes and costs of spinal cord injury in the United States. Spinal Cord. 1997, 35:809-13. 10.1038\/sj.sc.3100501","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Spinal injury in sport: epidemiologic considerations","volume":"12","author":"Tall RL","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tall RL, DeVault W. Spinal injury in sport: epidemiologic considerations. Clin Sports Med. 1993, 12:441-8.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2016.1138601","article-title":"Epidemiology of sport-related spinal cord injuries: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Chan CW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan CW, Eng JJ, Tator CH, Krassioukov A. Epidemiology of sport-related spinal cord injuries: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016, 39:255-64. 10.1080\/10790268.2016.1138601","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153838","article-title":"Recent progress in the regeneration of spinal cord injuries by induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Csobonyeiova M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Csobonyeiova M, Polak S, Zamborsky R, Danisovic L. Recent progress in the regeneration of spinal cord injuries by induced pluripotent stem cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2019, 20:3838.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2010.11689685","article-title":"Advances in imaging of vertebral and spinal cord injury","volume":"33","author":"Goldberg AL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldberg AL, Kershah SM. Advances in imaging of vertebral and spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2010, 33:105-16. 10.1080\/10790268.2010.11689685","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150833","article-title":"The role of emergency radiology in spinal trauma","volume":"89","author":"Guarnieri G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guarnieri G, Izzo R, Muto M. The role of emergency radiology in spinal trauma. Br J Radiol. 2016, 89:20150833. 10.1259\/bjr.20150833","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000162138.36519.2a","article-title":"Computed tomography versus plain radiography to screen for cervical spine injury: a meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Holmes JF","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holmes JF, Akkinepalli R. Computed tomography versus plain radiography to screen for cervical spine injury: a meta-analysis. J Trauma. 2005, 58:902-5. 10.1097\/01.ta.0000162138.36519.2a","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_449_2021","article-title":"Cervical spine computed tomography motion artifact mimicking spine injury in a patient with severe head injury","volume":"12","author":"Okunlola AI","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okunlola AI, Abiola PO, Babalola OF, Achebe CC. Cervical spine computed tomography motion artifact mimicking spine injury in a patient with severe head injury. Surg Neurol Int. 2021, 12:390. 10.25259\/SNI_449_2021","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1236","article-title":"The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Bozzo A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bozzo A, Marcoux J, Radhakrishna M, Pelletier J, Goulet B. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of acute spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2011, 28:1401-11. 10.1089\/neu.2009.1236","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.030023","article-title":"Use of the one-legged hyperextension test and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of active spondylolysis","volume":"40","author":"Masci L","year":"2006","unstructured":"Masci L, Pike J, Malara F, Phillips B, Bennell K, Brukner P. Use of the one-legged hyperextension test and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of active spondylolysis. Br J Sports Med. 2006, 40:940-6. 10.1136\/bjsm.2006.030023","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.6.415","article-title":"Spondylolysis: a critical review","volume":"34","author":"Standaert CJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Standaert CJ, Herring SA. Spondylolysis: a critical review. Br J Sports Med. 2000, 34:415-22. 10.1136\/bjsm.34.6.415","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.10.014","article-title":"Spinal injuries in sports","volume":"20","author":"Boden BP","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boden BP, Jarvis CG. Spinal injuries in sports. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2009, 20:55-68. 10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.10.014","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20200287","article-title":"Rehabilitation considerations for spondylolysis in the youth athlete","volume":"15","author":"Selhorst M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selhorst M, Allen M, McHugh R, MacDonald J. Rehabilitation considerations for spondylolysis in the youth athlete. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2020, 15:287-300.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.60B2.659472","article-title":"The fatigue strength of the lumbar neural arch in spondylolysis","volume":"60-B","author":"Cyron BM","year":"1978","unstructured":"Cyron BM, Hutton WC. The fatigue strength of the lumbar neural arch in spondylolysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978, 60-B:234-8. 10.1302\/0301-620X.60B2.659472","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657900700614","article-title":"Low back pain in young athletes: evaluation of stress reaction and discogenic problems","volume":"7","author":"Jackson DW","year":"1979","unstructured":"Jackson DW. Low back pain in young athletes: evaluation of stress reaction and discogenic problems. Am J Sports Med. 1979, 7:364-6. 10.1177\/036354657900700614","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400513","article-title":"Lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in college football players. A prospective study","volume":"14","author":"McCarroll JR","year":"1986","unstructured":"McCarroll JR, Miller JM, Ritter MA. Lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in college football players. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1986, 14:404-6. 10.1177\/036354658601400513","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9235958","article-title":"Spondylolysis in young athletes: an overview emphasizing nonoperative management","volume":"2020","author":"Goetzinger S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goetzinger S, Courtney S, Yee K, Welz M, Kalani M, Neal M. Spondylolysis in young athletes: an overview emphasizing nonoperative management. J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp). 2020, 2020:9235958. 10.1155\/2020\/9235958","journal-title":"J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199605000-00014","article-title":"Competitive sports and the progression of spondylolisthesis","volume":"16","author":"Muschik M","year":"1996","unstructured":"Muschik M, H\u00e4hnel H, Robinson PN, Perka C, Muschik C. Competitive sports and the progression of spondylolisthesis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996, 16:364-9.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2020.12.001","article-title":"Sex- and sports-specific epidemiology of traumatic lumbar spine injuries sustained during sporting activities: male snowboarders and female horseback riders at greatest risk","volume":"3","author":"Cheng R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng R, Kahan JB, Li D, Schneble CA, Gardner EC. Sex- and sports-specific epidemiology of traumatic lumbar spine injuries sustained during sporting activities: male snowboarders and female horseback riders at greatest risk. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021, 3:e515-20. 10.1016\/j.asmr.2020.12.001","journal-title":"Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.154.1.3155479","article-title":"Painful spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis studied by radiography and single-photon emission computed tomography","volume":"154","author":"Collier BD","year":"1985","unstructured":"Collier BD, Johnson RP, Carrera GF, et al.. Painful spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis studied by radiography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Radiology. 1985, 154:207-11. 10.1148\/radiology.154.1.3155479","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"SPECT bone scanning of the spine","author":"Gates GF","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gates GF. SPECT bone scanning of the spine. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands; 1998. 78:94-5."},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Defects of pars interarticularis in athletes: a protocol for nonoperative treatment","volume":"6","author":"Blanda J","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blanda J, Bethem D, Moats W, Lew M. Defects of pars interarticularis in athletes: a protocol for nonoperative treatment. Clin Spine Surg. 1993, 6:406-11.","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100326","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of active spondylolysis in elite athletes with normal X-ray findings: literature review and results of conservative treatment","volume":"10","author":"Sys J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sys J, Michielsen J, Bracke P, Martens M, Verstreken J. Nonoperative treatment of active spondylolysis in elite athletes with normal X-ray findings: literature review and results of conservative treatment. Eur Spine J. 2001, 10:498-504. 10.1007\/s005860100326","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199112060-00005","article-title":"Low back pain in young athletes. A practical approach","volume":"12","author":"Harvey J","year":"1991","unstructured":"Harvey J, Tanner S. Low back pain in young athletes. A practical approach. Sports Med. 1991, 12:394-406. 10.2165\/00007256-199112060-00005","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658000800511","article-title":"Use of modified Boston brace for back injuries in athletes","volume":"8","author":"Micheli LJ","year":"1980","unstructured":"Micheli LJ, Hall JE, Miller ME. Use of modified Boston brace for back injuries in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1980, 8:351-6. 10.1177\/036354658000800511","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198512000-00013","article-title":"Treatment of symptomatic spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis with the modified Boston brace","volume":"10","author":"Steiner ME","year":"1985","unstructured":"Steiner ME, Micheli LJ. Treatment of symptomatic spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis with the modified Boston brace. Spine. 1985, 10:937-43.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659302100617","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of sports and weight lifting as possible risk factors for herniated lumbar and cervical discs. The Northeast Collaborative Group on Low Back Pain","volume":"21","author":"Mundt DJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mundt DJ, Kelsey JL, Golden AL, et al.. An epidemiologic study of sports and weight lifting as possible risk factors for herniated lumbar and cervical discs. The Northeast Collaborative Group on Low Back Pain. Am J Sports Med. 1993, 21:854-60. 10.1177\/036354659302100617","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Lumbar spine injuries in athletes","volume":"21","author":"Dunn IF","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dunn IF, Proctor MR, Day AL. Lumbar spine injuries in athletes. Neurosurg Focus. 2006, 21:E4.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30208-8","article-title":"Back injuries in the young athlete","volume":"14","author":"Gerbino II PG","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gerbino II PG, Micheli LJ. Back injuries in the young athlete. Clin Sports Med. 1995, 14:571-90. 10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30208-8","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"X-ray Radiographic Patient Positioning","author":"Tafti A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tafti A, Byerly DW. X-ray Radiographic Patient Positioning. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2020."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-00285-4","article-title":"Lumbar spine abnormalities and facet joint angles in asymptomatic elite junior tennis players","volume":"6","author":"Connolly M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Connolly M, Rotstein AH, Roebert J, et al.. Lumbar spine abnormalities and facet joint angles in asymptomatic elite junior tennis players. Sports Med Open. 2020, 6:57. 10.1186\/s40798-020-00285-4","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120901559","article-title":"Effects of range of motion on muscle development during resistance training interventions: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Schoenfeld BJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J. Effects of range of motion on muscle development during resistance training interventions: a systematic review. SAGE Open Med. 2020, 8:2050312120901559. 10.1177\/2050312120901559","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Spine problems in the athlete","volume":"45","author":"Stinson JT","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stinson JT. Spine problems in the athlete. Md Med J. 1996, 45:655-8.","journal-title":"Md Med J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109334212","article-title":"Low back pain in young athletes","volume":"1","author":"Purcell L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Purcell L, Micheli L. Low back pain in young athletes. Sports Health. 2009, 1:212-22. 10.1177\/1941738109334212","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2015.12.021","article-title":"State-of-the-art management of low back pain in athletes: instructional lecture","volume":"21","author":"Sairyo K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sairyo K, Nagamachi A. State-of-the-art management of low back pain in athletes: instructional lecture. J Orthop Sci. 2016, 21:263-72. 10.1016\/j.jos.2015.12.021","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220970549","article-title":"Cervical spine injuries in the ice hockey player: current concepts in epidemiology, management and prevention","volume":"11","author":"Morrissette C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morrissette C, Park PJ, Lehman RA, Popkin CA. Cervical spine injuries in the ice hockey player: current concepts in epidemiology, management and prevention. Global Spine J. 2021, 11:1299-306. 10.1177\/2192568220970549","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0278-5919(05)70072-7","article-title":"Spinal injuries in ice hockey","volume":"17","author":"Tator CH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tator CH, Carson JD, Edmonds VE. Spinal injuries in ice hockey. Clin Sports Med. 1998, 17:183-94. 10.1016\/s0278-5919(05)70072-7","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506288306","article-title":"Catastrophic cervical spine injuries in high school and college football players","volume":"34","author":"Boden BP","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boden BP, Tacchetti RL, Cantu RC, Knowles SB, Mueller FO. Catastrophic cervical spine injuries in high school and college football players. Am J Sports Med. 2006, 34:1223-32. 10.1177\/0363546506288306","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738119849105","article-title":"Epidemiology of injuries in ice hockey","volume":"11","author":"Anderson GR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anderson GR, Melugin HP, Stuart MJ. Epidemiology of injuries in ice hockey. Sports Health. 2019, 11:514-9. 10.1177\/1941738119849105","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000232","article-title":"Update and overview of spinal injuries in Canadian ice hockey, 1943 to 2011: the continuing need for injury prevention and education","volume":"26","author":"Tator CH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tator CH, Provvidenza C, Cassidy JD. Update and overview of spinal injuries in Canadian ice hockey, 1943 to 2011: the continuing need for injury prevention and education. Clin J Sport Med. 2016, 26:4-6.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300060601","article-title":"Catastrophic injuries in wrestlers","volume":"30","author":"Boden BP","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boden BP, Lin W, Young M, Mueller FO. Catastrophic injuries in wrestlers. Am J Sports Med. 2002, 30:791-5. 10.1177\/03635465020300060601","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.88B6.17388","article-title":"Spinal injuries in Irish rugby: a ten-year review","volume":"88","author":"Shelly MJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shelly MJ, Butler JS, Timlin M, Walsh MG, Poynton AR, O'Byrne JM. Spinal injuries in Irish rugby: a ten-year review. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006, 88:771-5. 10.1302\/0301-620X.88B6.17388","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-923381","article-title":"Rowing injuries","volume":"9","author":"McNally E","year":"2005","unstructured":"McNally E, Wilson D, Seiler S. Rowing injuries. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2005, 9:379-96. 10.1055\/s-2005-923381","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Cervical spine injuries in the pediatric and adolescent athlete","volume":"55","author":"Herman MJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Herman MJ. Cervical spine injuries in the pediatric and adolescent athlete. Instr Course Lect. 2006, 55:641-6.","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.1994.tb00198.x","article-title":"Imaging of the absent cervical pedicle syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Jones DN","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jones DN, Price J. Imaging of the absent cervical pedicle syndrome. Australas Radiol. 1994, 38:278-81. 10.1111\/j.1440-1673.1994.tb00198.x","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504265605","article-title":"Catastrophic cervical spine injuries in the collision sport athlete, part 1: epidemiology, functional anatomy, and diagnosis","volume":"32","author":"Banerjee R","year":"2004","unstructured":"Banerjee R, Palumbo MA, Fadale PD. Catastrophic cervical spine injuries in the collision sport athlete, part 1: epidemiology, functional anatomy, and diagnosis. Am J Sports Med. 2004, 32:1077-87. 10.1177\/0363546504265605","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"The effectiveness of computed tomography scans versus magnetic resonance imaging for decision making in patients with low back pain and radicular leg pain","volume":"2","author":"Abrishamkar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abrishamkar, K, Aminmansour B, Arti H. The effectiveness of computed tomography scans versus magnetic resonance imaging for decision making in patients with low back pain and radicular leg pain. Res Med Sci. 2006, 2:42-4.","journal-title":"Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2008.11753986","article-title":"Acute cervical fracture or congenital spinal deformity?","volume":"31","author":"Harrop JS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harrop JS, Jeyamohan S, Sharan A, et al.. Acute cervical fracture or congenital spinal deformity?. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008, 31:83-7. 10.1080\/10790268.2008.11753986","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3941\/jrcr.v13i5.3565","article-title":"Klippel-Feil syndrome with Sprengel deformity","volume":"13","author":"Georgiev GP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Georgiev GP, Groudeva V. Klippel-Feil syndrome with Sprengel deformity. J Radiol Case Rep. 2019, 13:24-9. 10.3941\/jrcr.v13i5.3565","journal-title":"J Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.2.119","article-title":"Atlantoaxial instability. What's next?","volume":"152","author":"Cohen WI","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cohen WI. Atlantoaxial instability. What's next?. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998, 152:119-22. 10.1001\/archpedi.152.2.119","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88227-3_3","article-title":"Spinal injury in athletes: prevalence and classification","volume":"33","author":"Mao G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mao G, Theodore N. Spinal injury in athletes: prevalence and classification. Neurosurg Care Athl. 2022, 33:58.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Care Athl"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Vertebral Compression Fractures","author":"Donnally IC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donnally IC, DiPompeo CM, Varacallo M. Vertebral Compression Fractures. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2023."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.36986","article-title":"Decision-making in burst fractures of the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine","volume":"41","author":"Heary RF","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heary RF, Kumar S. Decision-making in burst fractures of the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine. Indian J Orthop. 2007, 41:268-76. 10.4103\/0019-5413.36986","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2020.1838874","article-title":"American football is the youth sporting activity most commonly associated with acute vertebral fractures","volume":"49","author":"Pirruccio K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pirruccio K, Selemon NA, Ahn J, Cahill PJ, Baldwin KD. American football is the youth sporting activity most commonly associated with acute vertebral fractures. Phys Sportsmed. 2021, 49:348-54. 10.1080\/00913847.2020.1838874","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000638","article-title":"Spine injuries in soccer","volume":"18","author":"Plais N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Plais N, Salzmann SN, Shue J, Sanchez CD, Urraza FJ, Girardi FP. Spine injuries in soccer. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2019, 18:367-73. 10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000638","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100003632","article-title":"Spinal injuries in Canadian ice hockey: documentation of injuries sustained from 1943-1999","volume":"31","author":"Tator CH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tator CH, Provvidenza CF, Lapczak L, Carson J, Raymond D. Spinal injuries in Canadian ice hockey: documentation of injuries sustained from 1943-1999. Can J Neurol Sci. 2004, 31:460-6. 10.1017\/s0317167100003632","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.83b3.0830324","article-title":"The long-term review of the lumbar spine in javelin throwers","volume":"83","author":"Schmitt H","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schmitt H, Brocai DRC, Carstens C. The long-term review of the lumbar spine in javelin throwers. J Bone Joint Surg. 2001, 83:324-7. 10.1302\/0301-620x.83b3.0830324","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Rugby and cervical spine injuries-has anything changed? A 5-year review in the Western Cape","volume":"100","author":"Dunn RN","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dunn RN. Rugby and cervical spine injuries-has anything changed? A 5-year review in the Western Cape.  S Afr Med J. 2010, 100:235-8.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-009-0767-3","article-title":"Back pain and MRI changes in the thoraco-lumbar spine of top athletes in four different sports: a 15-year follow-up study","volume":"17","author":"Baranto A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baranto A, Hellstr\u00f6m M, Cederlund CG, Nyman R, Sw\u00e4rd L. Back pain and MRI changes in the thoraco-lumbar spine of top athletes in four different sports: a 15-year follow-up study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009, 17:1125-34. 10.1007\/s00167-009-0767-3","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.8.FOCUS11179","article-title":"Spinal injury patterns among skiers and snowboarders","volume":"31","author":"Hubbard ME","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hubbard ME, Jewell RP, Dumont TM, Rughani AI. Spinal injury patterns among skiers and snowboarders. Neurosurg Focus. 2011, 31:E8. 10.3171\/2011.8.FOCUS11179","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000145606.68189.69","article-title":"Radiographic changes in the lumbar spine in former elite athletes","volume":"29","author":"Schmitt H","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schmitt H, Dubljanin E, Schneider S, Schiltenwolf M. Radiographic changes in the lumbar spine in former elite athletes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004, 29:2554-9. 10.1097\/01.brs.0000145606.68189.69","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-3780","article-title":"Spondylolysis as a cause of low back pain in swimmers","volume":"21","author":"Nyska M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nyska M, Constantini N, Cal\u00e9-Benzoor M, Back Z, Kahn G, Mann G. Spondylolysis as a cause of low back pain in swimmers. Int J Sports Med. 2000, 21:375-9. 10.1055\/s-2000-3780","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01910-4","article-title":"Comparison of symptomatic spondylolysis in young soccer and baseball players","volume":"15","author":"Yokoe T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yokoe T, Tajima T, Sugimura H, et al.. Comparison of symptomatic spondylolysis in young soccer and baseball players. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020, 15:378. 10.1186\/s13018-020-01910-4","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.020636","article-title":"Cervical spinal injury in children's community rugby football","volume":"40","author":"Browne GJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Browne GJ. Cervical spinal injury in children's community rugby football. Br J Sports Med. 2006, 40:68-71. 10.1136\/bjsm.2005.020636","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.014515","article-title":"Traumatic spinal injuries in children at a single level 1 pediatric trauma centre: report of a 23-year experience","volume":"59","author":"Kim C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim C, Vassilyadi M, Forbes JK, Moroz NW, Camacho A, Moroz PJ. Traumatic spinal injuries in children at a single level 1 pediatric trauma centre: report of a 23-year experience. Can J Surg. 2016, 59:205-12. 10.1503\/cjs.014515","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000411","article-title":"Cervical spine dysfunction following pediatric sports-related head trauma","volume":"34","author":"Ellis MJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ellis MJ, McDonald PJ, Olson A, Koenig J, Russell K. Cervical spine dysfunction following pediatric sports-related head trauma. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2019, 34:103-10.","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins JP","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003, 327:557-60. 10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"Cervical spine injuries in the athlete","volume":"64","author":"Chang D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang D, Bosco JA. Cervical spine injuries in the athlete. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2006, 64:119-29.","journal-title":"Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"The National Football Head and Neck Injury Registry. 14-year report on cervical quadriplegia","volume":"254","author":"Torg JS","year":"1984","unstructured":"Torg JS, Vegso JJ, Sennett B, Das M. The National Football Head and Neck Injury Registry. 14-year report on cervical quadriplegia. JAMA. 1984, 254:3439-43.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.21.4.7","article-title":"Cervical spine injuries in pediatric athletes: mechanisms and management","volume":"21","author":"Jagannathan J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jagannathan J, Dumont AS, Prevedello DM, Shaffrey CI, Jane JA Jr. Cervical spine injuries in pediatric athletes: mechanisms and management. Neurosurg Focus. 2006, 21:E6. 10.3171\/foc.2006.21.4.7","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.25665","article-title":"Cervical spine injuries in children: a review of 103 patients treated consecutively at a level 1 pediatric trauma center","volume":"36","author":"Brown RL","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brown RL, Brunn MA, Garcia VF. Cervical spine injuries in children: a review of 103 patients treated consecutively at a level 1 pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Surg. 2001, 36:1107-14. 10.1053\/jpsu.2001.25665","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(84)90454-3","article-title":"Cervical radiculomyelopathy due to calcification of the ligamenta flava","volume":"21","author":"Nakajima K","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nakajima K, Miyaoka M, Sumie H, Nakazato T, Ishii S. Cervical radiculomyelopathy due to calcification of the ligamenta flava. Surg Neurol. 1984, 21:479-88.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0199-7","article-title":"Lumbar spine injuries in sports: review of the literature and current treatment recommendations","volume":"5","author":"Ball JR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ball JR, Harris CB, Lee J, Vives MJ. Lumbar spine injuries in sports: review of the literature and current treatment recommendations. Sports Med Open. 2019, 5:26. 10.1186\/s40798-019-0199-7","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"Disc herniations in the National Football League","volume":"38","author":"Gray BL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gray BL, Buchowski JM, Bumpass DB, Lehman Jr RA, Mall NA, Matava MJ. Disc herniations in the National Football League. Spine. 2013, 38:1934-8.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Injuries to the cervical spine in American football players","volume":"84","author":"Torg JS","year":"2002","unstructured":"Torg JS, Guille JT, Jaffe S. Injuries to the cervical spine in American football players. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002, 84:112-22.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971095","article-title":"Spinal cord injuries in ice hockey in Finland and Sweden from 1980 to 1996","volume":"20","author":"M\u00f6ls\u00e4 JJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"M\u00f6ls\u00e4 JJ, Tegner Y, Alaranta H, Myllynen P, Kujala UM. Spinal cord injuries in ice hockey in Finland and Sweden from 1980 to 1996. Int J Sports Med. 1999, 20:64-7. 10.1055\/s-2007-971095","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.04.014","article-title":"A novel helmet-mounted device for reducing the potential of catastrophic cervical spine fractures and spinal cord injuries in head-first impacts","volume":"64","author":"Dressler DM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dressler DM, Dennison CR, Whyte T, Cripton PA. A novel helmet-mounted device for reducing the potential of catastrophic cervical spine fractures and spinal cord injuries in head-first impacts. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2019, 64:22-7. 10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.04.014","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.1.96","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: preventing sudden death in sports","volume":"47","author":"Casa DJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casa DJ, Guskiewicz KM, Anderson SA, et al.. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: preventing sudden death in sports. J Athl Train. 2012, 47:96-118. 10.4085\/1062-6050-47.1.96","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0278-5919(05)70073-9","article-title":"Rugby injuries to the cervical spine and spinal cord: a 10-year review","volume":"17","author":"Scher AT","year":"1998","unstructured":"Scher AT. Rugby injuries to the cervical spine and spinal cord: a 10-year review. Clin Sports Med. 1998, 17:195-206. 10.1016\/s0278-5919(05)70073-9","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967114529703","article-title":"Lower back symptoms in adolescent soccer players: predictors of functional recovery","volume":"2","author":"Shah T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shah T, Cloke DJ, Rushton S, Shirley MD, Deehan DJ. Lower back symptoms in adolescent soccer players: predictors of functional recovery. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014, 2:2-4. 10.1177\/2325967114529703","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000151270.26634.dd","article-title":"Skiing- and snowboarding-related injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments, 2002","volume":"58","author":"Xiang H","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xiang H, Kelleher K, Shields BJ, Brown KJ, Smith GA. Skiing- and snowboarding-related injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments, 2002. J Trauma. 2005, 58:112-8. 10.1097\/01.ta.0000151270.26634.dd","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270021101","article-title":"Spinal injuries in skiers and snowboarders","volume":"27","author":"Tarazi F","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tarazi F, Dvorak MF, Wing PC. Spinal injuries in skiers and snowboarders. Am J Sports Med. 1999, 27:177-80. 10.1177\/03635465990270021101","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13237","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for back pain in young floorball and basketball players: a prospective study","volume":"28","author":"Rossi MK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rossi MK, Pasanen K, Heinonen A, et al.. Incidence and risk factors for back pain in young floorball and basketball players: a prospective study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018, 28:2407-15. 10.1111\/sms.13237","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109357303","article-title":"Injury in the National Basketball Association: a 17-year overview","volume":"2","author":"Drakos MC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Drakos MC, Domb B, Starkey C, Callahan L, Allen AA. Injury in the National Basketball Association: a 17-year overview. Sports Health. 2010, 2:284-90. 10.1177\/1941738109357303","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68201-1_22","article-title":"The spine in sports injuries: cervical spine","volume":"377","author":"Parizel PM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parizel PM, Gielen JL, Vanhoenacker FM. The spine in sports injuries: cervical spine. Imaging Orthop Sports Inj. 2007, 377:389.","journal-title":"Imaging Orthop Sports Inj"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0196-0644(85)80240-7","article-title":"Emergency evaluation of cervical spine injuries: CT versus plain radiographs","volume":"14","author":"Mace SE","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mace SE. Emergency evaluation of cervical spine injuries: CT versus plain radiographs. Ann Emerg Med. 1985, 14:973-5. 10.1016\/s0196-0644(85)80240-7","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002560000270","article-title":"Helical CT in the primary trauma evaluation of the cervical spine: an evidence-based approach","volume":"29","author":"Blackmore CC","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blackmore CC, Mann FA, Wilson AJ. Helical CT in the primary trauma evaluation of the cervical spine: an evidence-based approach. Skeletal Radiol. 2000, 29:632-9. 10.1007\/s002560000270","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000226154.38852.e6","article-title":"Spiral computed tomography for the initial evaluation of spine trauma: A new standard of care?","volume":"61","author":"Antevil JL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Antevil JL, Sise MJ, Sack DI, Kidder B, Hopper A, Brown CV. Spiral computed tomography for the initial evaluation of spine trauma: A new standard of care?. J Trauma. 2006, 61:382-7. 10.1097\/01.ta.0000226154.38852.e6","journal-title":"J Trauma"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/188150-the-spine-is-the-tree-of-life-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-the-radiographic-findings-related-to-spinal-injuries-in-athletes","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T02:18:32Z","timestamp":1713838712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/188150-the-spine-is-the-tree-of-life-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-the-radiographic-findings-related-to-spinal-injuries-in-athletes"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"references-count":93,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.58780","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]}}}