{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:01:25Z","timestamp":1787032885371,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T21:58:40Z","timestamp":1714341520000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Postspinal Anesthesia Hypotension in Caesarean Delivery: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Samarpan","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjot","family":"Ninave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Caesarean section rates continue to rise, amid growing inequalities in access. (2021). https.\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/16-06-2021-caesarean-section-rates-continue-to-rise-amid-growing-inequalities-in-access."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Cesarean Section Anaesthesia. (2010). Accessed. April 3, 2024: https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/Cesarean-Section-Anaesthesia.aspx#:~:text=Here%2C%20a%20combination%20of%20spinal...."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001010100161","article-title":"100 years ago: Oskar Kreis, a pioneer in spinal obstetric analgesia at the University Women's Clinic of Basel (Article in German)","volume":"50","author":"Schneider MC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schneider MC, Holzgreve W. 100 years ago: Oskar Kreis, a pioneer in spinal obstetric analgesia at the University Women's Clinic of Basel (Article in German). Anaesthesist. 2001, 50:525-8. 10.1007\/s001010100161","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1902.62480210013001c","article-title":"Case of cesarean section under spinal anesthesia","volume":"38","author":"Hopkins SR","year":"1902","unstructured":"Hopkins SR. Case of cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. JAMA. 1902, 38:1355. 10.1001\/jama.1902.62480210013001c","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(28)90146-4","article-title":"Controllable spinal anesthesia","volume":"5","author":"Pitkin GF","year":"1928","unstructured":"Pitkin GF. Controllable spinal anesthesia. Am J Surg. 1928, 5:537-53. 10.1016\/S0002-9610(28)90146-4","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198713333.003.0001","article-title":"Historic timeline of obstetric anaesthesia","author":"McKenzie AG","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKenzie AG. Historic timeline of obstetric anaesthesia. Oxford Textbook of Obstetric Anaesthesia. Clark V, de Velde M, Fernando R (ed):  Oxford University Press, Oxford; 2016. 3-28. 10.1093\/med\/9780198713333.003.0001"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"High or total spinal anesthesia. Accessed. March 18, 2024: https:\/\/www.nysora.com\/anesthesia\/high-or-total-spinal-anesthesia\/."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu267","article-title":"Preventing spinal hypotension during Caesarean delivery: what is the latest?","volume":"114","author":"Butwick AJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Butwick AJ, Columb MO, Carvalho B. Preventing spinal hypotension during Caesarean delivery: what is the latest?. Br J Anaesth. 2015, 114:183-6. 10.1093\/bja\/aeu267","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Obstetric Regional Anesthesia. (2018). Accessed. March 18, 2024: https:\/\/www.nysora.com\/topics\/sub-specialties\/obstetric\/obstetric-regional-anesthesia\/."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/66.5.596","article-title":"Spinal anaesthesia in obstetrics","volume":"66","author":"Kestin IG","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kestin IG. Spinal anaesthesia in obstetrics. Br J Anaesth. 1991, 66:596-607. 10.1093\/bja\/66.5.596","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6896(02)00114-3","article-title":"Physiology of spinal anaesthesia and practical suggestions for successful spinal anaesthesia","volume":"17","author":"Salinas FV","year":"2003","unstructured":"Salinas FV, Sueda LA, Liu SS. Physiology of spinal anaesthesia and practical suggestions for successful spinal anaesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2003, 17:289-303. 10.1016\/S1521-6896(02)00114-3","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/54.9.917","article-title":"Effect of injected volume and speed of injection on the spread of spinal anaesthesia with isobaric amethocaine","volume":"54","author":"McClure JH","year":"1982","unstructured":"McClure JH, Brown DT, Wildsmith JA. Effect of injected volume and speed of injection on the spread of spinal anaesthesia with isobaric amethocaine. Br J Anaesth. 1982, 54:917-20. 10.1093\/bja\/54.9.917","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/trap.2000.20600","article-title":"Hypotension and bradycardia during spinal anesthesia: significance, prevention, and treatment","volume":"4","author":"Neal JM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Neal JM. Hypotension and bradycardia during spinal anesthesia: significance, prevention, and treatment. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manage. 2000, 4:148-54. 10.1053\/trap.2000.20600","journal-title":"Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manage"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199806000-00011","article-title":"Autonomic imbalance in preeclampsia: evidence for increased sympathetic tone in response to the supine-pressor test","volume":"91","author":"Lewinsky RM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lewinsky RM, Riskin-Mashiah S. Autonomic imbalance in preeclampsia: evidence for increased sympathetic tone in response to the supine-pressor test. Obstet Gynecol. 1998, 91:935-9. 10.1097\/00006250-199806000-00011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-7094(11)70003-4","article-title":"Correlation between the body mass index (BMI) of pregnant women and the development of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section","volume":"61","author":"Nani FS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nani FS, Torres MLA. Correlation between the body mass index (BMI) of pregnant women and the development of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2011, 61:21-30. 10.1016\/S0034-7094(11)70003-4","journal-title":"Rev Bras Anestesiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-009-9168-x","article-title":"Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: identification of risk factors using an anesthesia information management system","volume":"23","author":"Brenck F","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brenck F, Hartmann B, Katzer C, et al.. Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: identification of risk factors using an anesthesia information management system. J Clin Monit Comput. 2009, 23:85-92. 10.1007\/s10877-009-9168-x","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2011.06873.x","article-title":"Effect of weight gain during pregnancy on heart rate variability and hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia","volume":"66","author":"Ghabach MB","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghabach MB, El-Khatib MF, Zreik TG, et al.. Effect of weight gain during pregnancy on heart rate variability and hypotension during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2011, 66:1106-11.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1994.266.4.H1565","article-title":"Heart rate and heart rate variability as indexes of sympathovagal balance","volume":"266","author":"Bootsma M","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bootsma M, Swenne CA, Van Bolhuis HH, Chang PC, Cats VM, Bruschke AV. Heart rate and heart rate variability as indexes of sympathovagal balance. Am J Physiol. 1994, 266:H1565-71. 10.1152\/ajpheart.1994.266.4.H1565","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1985.248.1.H151","article-title":"Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis","volume":"248","author":"Pomeranz B","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pomeranz B, Macaulay RJ, Caudill MA, et al.. Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis. Am J Physiol. 1985, 248:H151-3. 10.1152\/ajpheart.1985.248.1.H151","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001551","article-title":"Heart rate variability and haemodynamic factors associated with hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: A case-control study","volume":"39","author":"Du EW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du EW, Tan HS, Tan CW, Sultana R, Sng BL. Heart rate variability and haemodynamic factors associated with hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: A case-control study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022, 39:219-26. 10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001551","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Increased intraoperative cardiovascular morbidity in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy","volume":"3","author":"Burgos LG","year":"1990","unstructured":"Burgos LG, Ebert TJ, Asiddao C, et al.. Increased intraoperative cardiovascular morbidity in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. Anesthesiology. 1990, 3:28.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200005000-00019","article-title":"Patients with diabetic neuropathy are at risk of a greater intraoperative reduction in core temperature","volume":"92","author":"Kitamura A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kitamura A, Hoshino T, Kon T, Ogawa R. Patients with diabetic neuropathy are at risk of a greater intraoperative reduction in core temperature. Anesthesiology. 2000, 92:1311-8. 10.1097\/00000542-200005000-00019","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijso.2020.08.007","article-title":"The incidence and factors associated with intraoperative nausea and vomiting during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, July 2019. An institution based cross sectional study","volume":"26","author":"Ashagrie HE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashagrie HE, Filatie TD, Melesse DY, Mustefa S. The incidence and factors associated with intraoperative nausea and vomiting during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, July 2019. An institution based cross sectional study. Int J Surg Open. 2020, 26:49-54. 10.1016\/j.ijso.2020.08.007","journal-title":"Int J Surg Open"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200302000-00036","article-title":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting in regional anesthesia: a review","volume":"98","author":"Borgeat A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Schenker CA. Postoperative nausea and vomiting in regional anesthesia: a review. Anesthesiology. 2003, 98:530-47. 10.1097\/00000542-200302000-00036","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-016-2165-6","article-title":"Relationship between regional cerebral blood volume and oxygenation and blood pressure during spinal anesthesia in women undergoing cesarean section","volume":"30","author":"Hirose N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hirose N, Kondo Y, Maeda T, Suzuki T, Yoshino A. Relationship between regional cerebral blood volume and oxygenation and blood pressure during spinal anesthesia in women undergoing cesarean section. J Anesth. 2016, 30:603-9. 10.1007\/s00540-016-2165-6","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004311-199432020-00010","article-title":"Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean section","volume":"32","author":"Rout CC","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rout CC, Rocke DA. Prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 1994, 32:117-36. 10.1097\/00004311-199432020-00010","journal-title":"Int Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2010.02239.x","article-title":"Definitions of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: literature search and application to parturients","volume":"54","author":"Kl\u00f6hr S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kl\u00f6hr S, Roth R, Hofmann T, Rossaint R, Heesen M. Definitions of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: literature search and application to parturients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010, 54:909-21. 10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2010.02239.x","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200506000-00002","article-title":"Fast fourier transforms as prophecy","volume":"102","author":"Smiley R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smiley R. Fast fourier transforms as prophecy. Anesthesiology. 2005, 102:1079-80.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e328337ffc6","article-title":"Prevention of maternal hypotension after regional anaesthesia for caesarean section","volume":"23","author":"Ngan Kee WD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ngan Kee WD. Prevention of maternal hypotension after regional anaesthesia for caesarean section. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010, 23:304-9. 10.1097\/ACO.0b013e328337ffc6","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Saving Mothers 2011-2013. Fifth report on the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in South Africa. (2012). Accessed: March 18, 2024: https:\/\/www.westerncape.gov.za\/assets\/departments\/health\/saving_mothers_2011-13_-_comprehensive_report.pdf."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043","article-title":"Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use","volume":"93","author":"Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology","year":"1996","unstructured":"Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation. 1996, 93:1043-65. 10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000140953.40059.E6","article-title":"Using heart rate variability to stratify risk of obstetric patients undergoing spinal anesthesia","volume":"99","author":"Chamchad D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chamchad D, Arkoosh VA, Horrow JC, et al.. Using heart rate variability to stratify risk of obstetric patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2004, 99:1818-21. 10.1213\/01.ANE.0000140953.40059.E6","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199403000-00032","article-title":"Autonomic imbalance of the heart during total spinal anesthesia evaluated by spectral analysis of heart rate variability","volume":"80","author":"Kimura T","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kimura T, Komatsu T, Hirabayashi A, Sakuma I, Shimada Y. Autonomic imbalance of the heart during total spinal anesthesia evaluated by spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Anesthesiology. 1994, 80:694-8. 10.1097\/00000542-199403000-00032","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200604000-00005","article-title":"Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery","volume":"104","author":"Hanss R","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hanss R, Bein B, Francksen H, et al.. Heart rate variability-guided prophylactic treatment of severe hypotension after subarachnoid block for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology. 2006, 104:635-43. 10.1097\/00000542-200604000-00005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200603000-00022","article-title":"Heart rate variability predicts severe hypotension after spinal anesthesia","volume":"104","author":"Hanss R","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hanss R, Bein B, Ledowski T, et al.. Heart rate variability predicts severe hypotension after spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2006, 104:537-45.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2007.01455.x","article-title":"Changes in heart rate variability may reflect sympatholysis during spinal anaesthesia","volume":"51","author":"Hanss R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hanss R, Ohnesorge H, Kaufmann M, et al.. Changes in heart rate variability may reflect sympatholysis during spinal anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007, 51:1297-304. 10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2007.01455.x","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2007.01435.x","article-title":"A greater decrease in blood pressure after spinal anaesthesia in patients with low entropy of the RR interval","volume":"51","author":"Fujiwara Y","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fujiwara Y, Sato Y, Shibata Y, Asakura Y, Nishiwaki K, Komatsu T. A greater decrease in blood pressure after spinal anaesthesia in patients with low entropy of the RR interval. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007, 51:1161-5. 10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2007.01435.x","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236755","article-title":"Incidence and associated factors for hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section at Gandhi Memorial Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Shitemaw T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shitemaw T, Jemal B, Mamo T, Akalu L. Incidence and associated factors for hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section at Gandhi Memorial Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2020, 15:e0236755. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0236755","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.164729","article-title":"Six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution-for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section","volume":"10","author":"Upadya M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Upadya M, Bhat S, Paul S. Six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution-for preloading before spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesth Essays Res. 2016, 10:33-7. 10.4103\/0259-1162.164729","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.07.012","article-title":"Maternal hypotension during elective cesarean section and short-term neonatal outcome","volume":"202","author":"Maayan-Metzger A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maayan-Metzger A, Schushan-Eisen I, Todris L, Etchin A, Kuint J. Maternal hypotension during elective cesarean section and short-term neonatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010, 202:56.e1-5. 10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.07.012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section at Siriraj Hospital","volume":"89","author":"Chumpathong S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chumpathong S, Chinachoti T, Visalyaputra S, Himmunngan T. Incidence and risk factors of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section at Siriraj Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006, 89:1127-32.","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_416_17","article-title":"Maternal and anaesthesia-related risk factors and incidence of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension in elective caesarean section: a multinomial logistic regression","volume":"62","author":"Fakherpour A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fakherpour A, Ghaem H, Fattahi Z, Zaree S. Maternal and anaesthesia-related risk factors and incidence of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension in elective caesarean section: a multinomial logistic regression. Indian J Anaesth. 2018, 62:36-46. 10.4103\/ija.IJA_416_17","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery at two teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"56","author":"Shikur B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shikur B, Marye A, Mesfin E. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery at two teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop med j. 2018, 56:133-40.","journal-title":"Ethiop med j"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/rjmhs.v5i1.8","article-title":"Incidence of spinal anesthesia induced severe hypotension among the pregnant women undergoing cesarean section at muhima hospital","volume":"5","author":"Munyanziza T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Munyanziza T. Incidence of spinal anesthesia induced severe hypotension among the pregnant women undergoing cesarean section at muhima hospital. Rwanda J med Health Sci. 2022, 5:62-70. 10.4314\/rjmhs.v5i1.8","journal-title":"Rwanda J med Health Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-011-9593-4","article-title":"Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial","volume":"58","author":"El-Hakeem EE","year":"2011","unstructured":"El-Hakeem EE, Kaki AM, Almazrooa AA, Al-Mansouri NM, Alhashemi JA. Effects of sitting up for five minutes versus immediately lying down after spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery on fluid and ephedrine requirement; a randomized trial. Can J Anaesth. 2011, 58:1083-9. 10.1007\/s12630-011-9593-4","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/ijoa.2001.0842","article-title":"High spinal anaesthesia: two cases encountered in a survey of 81 322 obstetric epidurals","volume":"10","author":"Kar GS","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kar GS, Jenkins JG. High spinal anaesthesia: two cases encountered in a survey of 81 322 obstetric epidurals. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2001, 10:189-91. 10.1054\/ijoa.2001.0842","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Obstetric spinal hypotension : Preoperative risk factors and the development of a preliminary risk score-the PRAM score","volume":"107","author":"Bishop DG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bishop DG, Cairns C, Grobbelaar M, Rodseth RN. Obstetric spinal hypotension : Preoperative risk factors and the development of a preliminary risk score-the PRAM score. S Afr Med J. 2018, 107:1127-31.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Principles and practice of obstetric anaesthesia","author":"Crawford JS","year":"1965","unstructured":"Crawford JS. Principles and practice of obstetric anaesthesia.  Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (UK); 1965."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0120-3347(09)72005-2","article-title":"Managing hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia for caesarean section","volume":"37","author":"Montoya BH","year":"2009","unstructured":"Montoya BH, Oliveros CI, Moreno DA. Managing hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Colomb J Anesthesiol. 2009, 37:135-40. 10.1016\/S0120-3347(09)72005-2","journal-title":"Colomb J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03080100011002","article-title":"Therapy for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia during pregnancy: observations on gravid ewes","volume":"191","author":"Greiss FC","year":"1965","unstructured":"Greiss FC, Crandell DL. Therapy for hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia during pregnancy: observations on gravid ewes. JAMA. 1965, 191:793-6. 10.1001\/jama.1965.03080100011002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S406671","article-title":"Prophylactic norepinephrine and phenylephrine boluses to prevent postspinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean section: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study","volume":"17","author":"Guo L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo L, Xu X, Qin R, et al.. Prophylactic norepinephrine and phenylephrine boluses to prevent postspinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean section: a randomized sequential allocation dose-finding study. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023, 17:1547-55. 10.2147\/DDDT.S406671","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14080","article-title":"International consensus statement on the management of hypotension with vasopressors during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia","volume":"73","author":"Kinsella SM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kinsella SM, Carvalho B, Dyer RA, et al.. International consensus statement on the management of hypotension with vasopressors during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2018, 73:71-92. 10.1111\/anae.14080","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31818065bc","article-title":"A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control","volume":"107","author":"Ngan Kee WD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesth Analg. 2008, 107:1295-302. 10.1213\/ane.0b013e31818065bc","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000099782.78002.30","article-title":"Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery","volume":"98","author":"Ngan Kee WD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2004, 98:815-21. 10.1213\/01.ane.0000099782.78002.30","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2009.02.007","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study","volume":"19","author":"Prakash S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Prakash S, Pramanik V, Chellani H, Salhan S, Gogia AR. Maternal and neonatal effects of bolus administration of ephedrine and phenylephrine during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2010, 19:24-30. 10.1016\/j.ijoa.2009.02.007","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200006000-00024","article-title":"A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery","volume":"90","author":"Ngan Kee WD","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Lee BB, Lau TK, Gin T. A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2000, 90:1390-5. 10.1097\/00000539-200006000-00024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-017-0349-8","article-title":"Leg elevation decreases the incidence of post-spinal hypotension in cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Hasanin A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasanin A, Aiyad A, Elsakka A, et al.. Leg elevation decreases the incidence of post-spinal hypotension in cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2017, 17:60. 10.1186\/s12871-017-0349-8","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1993.tb06948.x","article-title":"Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section","volume":"48","author":"Rout CC","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rout CC, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Leg elevation and wrapping in the prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia. 1993, 48:304-8. 10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1993.tb06948.x","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5014916","article-title":"Effectiveness of leg elevation to prevent spinal Anesthesia-induced hypotension during cesarean delivery in the resource-limited area: open randomized controlled trial","volume":"2020","author":"Assen S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assen S, Jemal B, Tesfaye A. Effectiveness of leg elevation to prevent spinal Anesthesia-induced hypotension during cesarean delivery in the resource-limited area: open randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2020, 2020:5014916. 10.1155\/2020\/5014916","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egja.2017.03.003","article-title":"Post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery, a review article","volume":"33","author":"Hasanin A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasanin A, Mokhtar AM, Badawy AA, Fouad R. Post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery, a review article. Egypt J Anaesth. 2017, 33:189-193. 10.1016\/j.egja.2017.03.003","journal-title":"Egypt J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54875\/jarss.2022.25348","article-title":"Does leg raising prevent spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean sections? A randomized controlled study","volume":"30","author":"Sari MD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sari MD, Ozyurt E. Does leg raising prevent spinal-induced hypotension in elective cesarean sections? A randomized controlled study. J Anesth. 2022, 30:1. 10.54875\/jarss.2022.25348","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4472.132818","article-title":"Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia","volume":"4","author":"Singh K","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh K, Payal Y, Sharma J, Nautiyal R. Evaluation of hemodynamic changes after leg wrapping in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth Crit Care. 2014, 4:23. 10.4103\/2249-4472.132818","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/241255-postspinal-anesthesia-hypotension-in-caesarean-delivery-a-narrative-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T21:58:50Z","timestamp":1714341530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/241255-postspinal-anesthesia-hypotension-in-caesarean-delivery-a-narrative-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"references-count":62,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.59232","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]}}}