{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T16:18:48Z","timestamp":1772122728072,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.60575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,19]],"date-time":"2024-05-19T05:04:36Z","timestamp":1716095076000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Melatonin's Anesthetic Applications in Pediatric Care"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sikha","family":"Subhadarshini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karuna","family":"Taksande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_491_19","article-title":"Premedication and induction of anaesthesia in paediatric patients","volume":"63","author":"Dave NM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dave NM. Premedication and induction of anaesthesia in paediatric patients. Indian J Anaesth. 2019, 63:713-20. 10.4103\/ija.IJA_491_19","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v5.i8.307","article-title":"Adjuvants to local anesthetics: current understanding and future trends","volume":"5","author":"Swain A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Swain A, Nag DS, Sahu S, Samaddar DP. Adjuvants to local anesthetics: current understanding and future trends. World J Clin Cases. 2017, 5:307-23. 10.12998\/wjcc.v5.i8.307","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666161228122115","article-title":"Melatonin: pharmacology, functions and therapeutic benefits","volume":"15","author":"Tordjman S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tordjman S, Chokron S, Delorme R, Charrier A, Bellissant E, Jaafari N, Fougerou C. Melatonin: pharmacology, functions and therapeutic benefits. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017, 15:434-43.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Melatonin. Structure, crucial functions and adverse effects. (2021). Accessed: April 23, 2024: https:\/\/www.netmeds.com\/health-library\/post\/melatonin-structure-crucial-functions-and-adverse-effects."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80171-9","article-title":"Melatonin biosynthesis: the structure of serotonin n-acetyltransferase at 2.5 \u00c5 resolution suggests a catalytic mechanism","volume":"3","author":"Hickman AB","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hickman AB, Klein DC, Dyda F. Melatonin biosynthesis: the structure of serotonin n-acetyltransferase at 2.5 \u00c5 resolution suggests a catalytic mechanism. Mol Cell. 1999, 3:23-32. 10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80171-9","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189996","article-title":"Melatonin and phytomelatonin: chemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism, distribution and bioactivity in plants and animals-an overview","volume":"22","author":"Mannino G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mannino G, Pernici C, Serio G, Gentile C, Bertea CM. Melatonin and phytomelatonin: chemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism, distribution and bioactivity in plants and animals-an overview. Int J Mol Sci. 2021, 22:9996. 10.3390\/ijms22189996","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Melatonin function, uses &amp; mechanism of action. (2023). Accessed. April 23, 2024: https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/melatonin-mechanism-of-action.html."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Melatonin. (2023). Accessed. April 23, 2024: https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB01065."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000219588","article-title":"Melatonin controls seasonal breeding by a network of hypothalamic targets","volume":"90","author":"Revel FG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Revel FG, Masson-P\u00e9vet M, P\u00e9vet P, Mikkelsen JD, Simonneaux V. Melatonin controls seasonal breeding by a network of hypothalamic targets. Neuroendocrinology. 2009, 90:1-14. 10.1159\/000219588","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2016.071","article-title":"Paediatric pharmacokinetics and drug doses","volume":"39","author":"O'Hara K","year":"2016","unstructured":"O'Hara K. Paediatric pharmacokinetics and drug doses. Aust Prescr. 2016, 39:208-10. 10.18773\/austprescr.2016.071","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12267","article-title":"Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations","volume":"79","author":"Batchelor HK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Batchelor HK, Marriott JF. Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015, 79:395-404. 10.1111\/bcp.12267","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Pharmacokinetics in children. (2022). Accessed. April 4, 2024: https:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/professional\/pediatrics\/principles-of-drug-treatment-in-children\/pharmacokinetics-in-chi...."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314506","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic studies in children: recommendations for practice and research","volume":"103","author":"Barker CI","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barker CI, Standing JF, Kelly LE, et al.. Pharmacokinetic studies in children: recommendations for practice and research. Arch Dis Child. 2018, 103:695-702. 10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314506","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Melatonin information. (2024). Accessed. April 4, 2024: https:\/\/www.mountsinai.org\/health-library\/supplement\/melatonin."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.111837","article-title":"The role of melatonin in anaesthesia and critical care","volume":"57","author":"Kurdi MS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kurdi MS, Patel T. The role of melatonin in anaesthesia and critical care. Indian J Anaesth. 2013, 57:137-44. 10.4103\/0019-5049.111837","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00895.x","article-title":"Analgesic effects of melatonin: a review of current evidence from experimental and clinical studies","volume":"51","author":"Wilhelmsen M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilhelmsen M, Amirian I, Reiter RJ, Rosenberg J, G\u00f6genur I. Analgesic effects of melatonin: a review of current evidence from experimental and clinical studies. J Pineal Res. 2011, 51:270-7. 10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00895.x","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3565","article-title":"Pain control by melatonin: physiological and pharmacological effects","volume":"12","author":"Chen WW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen WW, Zhang X, Huang WJ. Pain control by melatonin: physiological and pharmacological effects. Exp Ther Med. 2016, 12:1963-8. 10.3892\/etm.2016.3565","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.01.034","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"93","author":"Cho JH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho JH, Bhutani S, Kim CH, Irwin MR. Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Brain Behav Immun. 2021, 93:245-53. 10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.01.034","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1487927","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin: a mechanistic review","volume":"59","author":"Nabavi SM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nabavi SM, Nabavi SF, Sureda A, et al.. Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin: a mechanistic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019, 59:S4-S16. 10.1080\/10408398.2018.1487927","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1556-7","article-title":"Melatonin as a master regulator of cell death and inflammation: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications for newborn care","volume":"10","author":"Tarocco A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tarocco A, Caroccia N, Morciano G, Wieckowski MR, Ancora G, Garani G, Pinton P. Melatonin as a master regulator of cell death and inflammation: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications for newborn care. Cell Death Dis. 2019, 10:317. 10.1038\/s41419-019-1556-7","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12525","article-title":"Melatonin and inflammation-story of a double-edged blade","volume":"65","author":"Hardeland R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hardeland R. Melatonin and inflammation-story of a double-edged blade. J Pineal Res. 2018, 65:e12525. 10.1111\/jpi.12525","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24220","article-title":"The neuroprotective role of melatonin in neurological disorders","volume":"96","author":"Alghamdi BS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alghamdi BS. The neuroprotective role of melatonin in neurological disorders. J Neurosci Res. 2018, 96:1136-49. 10.1002\/jnr.24220","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01464-x","article-title":"Melatonin's neuroprotective role in mitochondria and its potential as a biomarker in aging, cognition and psychiatric disorders","volume":"11","author":"Melhuish Beaupre LM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melhuish Beaupre LM, Brown GM, Gon\u00e7alves VF, Kennedy JL. Melatonin's neuroprotective role in mitochondria and its potential as a biomarker in aging, cognition and psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2021, 11:339. 10.1038\/s41398-021-01464-x","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0381-7_49","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of melatonin","author":"Lipartiti M","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lipartiti M, Franceschini D, Zanoni R, et al.. Neuroprotective effects of melatonin. Recent Advances in Tryptophan Research. Filippini GA, Costa CV, Bertazzo A (ed): Springer US, Boston, MA; 1996. 315-21. 10.1007\/978-1-4613-0381-7_49"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1227513","article-title":"Melatonin: a promising neuroprotective agent for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"15","author":"Tozihi M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tozihi M, Shademan B, Yousefi H, Avci CB, Nourazarian A, Dehghan G. Melatonin: a promising neuroprotective agent for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023, 15:1227513. 10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1227513","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Premedication guideline for paediatric patients prior to general anaesthesia. (2024). Accessed. April 4, 2024: https:\/\/www.clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk\/nhsggc-guidelines\/nhsggc-guidelines\/anaesthetics\/premedication-guideline-f...."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Premedication guideline for paediatric patients prior to general anaesthesia. (2023). Accessed. April 4, 2024: https:\/\/www.clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk\/nhsggc-guidelines\/nhsggc-guidelines\/anaesthetics\/premedication-guideline-f...."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14020182","article-title":"State of the art in pediatric anesthesia: a narrative review about the use of preoperative time","volume":"14","author":"Sbaraglia F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sbaraglia F, Cuomo C, Della Sala F, et al.. State of the art in pediatric anesthesia: a narrative review about the use of preoperative time. J Pers Med. 2024, 14:182. 10.3390\/jpm14020182","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Pediatric preoperative management","author":"Ahmed Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed Z, Rufo PA. Pediatric preoperative management. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2023."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S410019","article-title":"Spinal anaesthesia as an adjunct to general anaesthesia for laparoscopic abdominoperineal rectal amputation","volume":"16","author":"Antunes M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Antunes M, Baumg\u00e4rtel A, Gjessing PF, Ytreb\u00f8 LM. Spinal anaesthesia as an adjunct to general anaesthesia for laparoscopic abdominoperineal rectal amputation. J Pain Res. 2023, 16:1855-65. 10.2147\/JPR.S410019","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12123930","article-title":"Remimazolam as an adjunct to general anesthesia in children: adverse events and outcomes in a large cohort of 418 cases","volume":"12","author":"Kimoto Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kimoto Y, Hirano T, Kuratani N, Cavanaugh D, Mason KP. Remimazolam as an adjunct to general anesthesia in children: adverse events and outcomes in a large cohort of 418 cases. J Clin Med. 2023, 12:3930. 10.3390\/jcm12123930","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003668","article-title":"Multimodal general anesthesia: theory and practice","volume":"127","author":"Brown EN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brown EN, Pavone KJ, Naranjo M. Multimodal general anesthesia: theory and practice. Anesth Analg. 2018, 127:1246-58. 10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003668","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12342","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine administered as an adjunct to general anesthesia: a meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Li B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li B, Li Y, Tian S, Wang H, Wu H, Zhang A, Gao C. Anti-inflammatory effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine administered as an adjunct to general anesthesia: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015, 5:12342. 10.1038\/srep12342","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00148581-200305110-00004","article-title":"Postoperative pain control in children: a guide to drug choice","volume":"5","author":"Kokinsky E","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kokinsky E, Thornberg E. Postoperative pain control in children: a guide to drug choice. Paediatr Drugs. 2003, 5:751-62. 10.2165\/00148581-200305110-00004","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei065","article-title":"Postoperative analgesia in infants and children","volume":"95","author":"L\u00f6nnqvist PA","year":"2005","unstructured":"L\u00f6nnqvist PA, Morton NS. Postoperative analgesia in infants and children. Br J Anaesth. 2005, 95:59-68. 10.1093\/bja\/aei065","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Emergence delirium. Potentially dangerous condition when a patient awakens from a procedure. (2023). Accessed: April 4, 2024: https:\/\/news.va.gov\/116138\/emergence-delirium-dangerous-patient-awakens\/#:~:text=Emergence%20delirium%20is%20a%20temp...."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.AER_52_18","article-title":"Prevention of emergence delirium in children - a randomized study comparing two different timings of administration of midazolam","volume":"12","author":"Gonsalvez G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonsalvez G, Baskaran D, Upadhyaya V. Prevention of emergence delirium in children - a randomized study comparing two different timings of administration of midazolam. Anesth Essays Res. 2018, 12:522-7. 10.4103\/aer.AER_52_18","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000200282.38041.1f","article-title":"Prevention of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia for pediatric cerebral magnetic resonance imaging by small doses of ketamine or nalbuphine administered just before discontinuing anesthesia","volume":"102","author":"Dalens BJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dalens BJ, Pinard AM, L\u00e9tourneau DR, Albert NT, Truchon RJ. Prevention of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia for pediatric cerebral magnetic resonance imaging by small doses of ketamine or nalbuphine administered just before discontinuing anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2006, 102:1056-61. 10.1213\/01.ane.0000200282.38041.1f","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Emergence delirium and agitation in the perioperative period. (2024). Accessed. April 4, 2024: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/2500079-overview?form=fpf."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612820666140325110113","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of intravenous anesthetics: a new critical perspective","volume":"20","author":"Bilotta F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bilotta F, Stazi E, Zlotnik A, Gruenbaum SE, Rosa G. Neuroprotective effects of intravenous anesthetics: a new critical perspective. Curr Pharm Des. 2014, 20:5469-75.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet059","article-title":"Pharmacological perioperative brain neuroprotection: a qualitative review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"110","author":"Bilotta F","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bilotta F, Gelb AW, Stazi E, Titi L, Paoloni FP, Rosa G. Pharmacological perioperative brain neuroprotection: a qualitative review of randomized clinical trials. Br J Anaesth. 2013, 110:i113-20. 10.1093\/bja\/aet059","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312747","article-title":"Contemporary neuroprotection strategies during cardiac surgery: state of the art review","volume":"18","author":"Motshabi-Chakane P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Motshabi-Chakane P, Mogane P, Moutlana J, Leballo-Mothibi G, Dingezweni S, Mpanya D, Tsabedze N. Contemporary neuroprotection strategies during cardiac surgery: state of the art review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021, 18:12747. 10.3390\/ijerph182312747","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001532","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of intraoperative dexmedetomidine versus saline infusion combined with goal-directed haemodynamic therapy for patients undergoing cranial surgery: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Chen PH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen PH, Tsuang FY, Lee CT, et al.. Neuroprotective effects of intraoperative dexmedetomidine versus saline infusion combined with goal-directed haemodynamic therapy for patients undergoing cranial surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2021, 38:1262-71. 10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001532","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11030323","article-title":"Melatonin use in pediatrics: a clinical review on indications, multisystem effects, and toxicity","volume":"11","author":"Shenoy P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shenoy P, Etcheverry A, Ia J, Witmans M, Tablizo MA. Melatonin use in pediatrics: a clinical review on indications, multisystem effects, and toxicity. Children (Basel). 2024, 11:323. 10.3390\/children11030323","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Melatonin side effects. (2024). Accessed. April 23, 2024: https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/melatonin\/melatonin-side-effects."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102083","article-title":"The short-term and long-term adverse effects of melatonin treatment in children and adolescents: a systematic review and GRADE assessment","volume":"61","author":"H\u00e4ndel MN","year":"2023","unstructured":"H\u00e4ndel MN, Andersen HK, Ussing A, et al.. The short-term and long-term adverse effects of melatonin treatment in children and adolescents: a systematic review and GRADE assessment. EClinicalMedicine. 2023, 61:102083. 10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102083","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Is melatonin safe for kids? A guide to sleep, side effects and dosage. (2023). Accessed. April 23, 2024: https:\/\/www.childrenscolorado.org\/conditions-and-advice\/parenting\/parenting-articles\/melatonin\/."},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Does melatonin interact with any drugs?. (2023). Accessed. April 23, 2024: https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/medical-answers\/melatonin-interact-drugs-3573836\/."},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Melatonin (herb\/suppl). (2023). Accessed. April 23, 2024: https:\/\/reference.medscape.com\/drug\/n-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine-pineal-hormone-melatonin-melatonin-344545."},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Medications and supplements to avoid prior to surgery. (2024). Accessed. April 4, 2024: https:\/\/contoura.com\/patient-resources\/medications-suppliments-avoid\/."},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Melatonin - Uses, side effects, and more. (2023). Accessed. April 23, 2024: https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/vitamins\/ai\/ingredientmono-940\/melatonin."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049701200624","article-title":"Safety of melatonin in long-term use (?)","volume":"12","author":"Arendt J","year":"1997","unstructured":"Arendt J. Safety of melatonin in long-term use (?). J Biol Rhythms. 1997, 12:673-81. 10.1177\/074873049701200624","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EBP.0000000000001578","article-title":"Is melatonin safe to use long term?","volume":"25","author":"Oestreich M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oestreich M, Polonio C, Prunuske J. Is melatonin safe to use long term?. Evidence-Based Practice. 2022, 25:15-16.","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Practice"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Safety of melatonin. (2023). Accessed. April 23, 2024: https:\/\/www.phytomelatonin.org\/safety."},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Comparison of effects of oral melatonin with oral alprazolam used as a premedicant in adult patients undergoing various surgical procedures under general anesthesia: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Khare A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khare A, Thada B, Jain N, Singh D, Singh M, Sethi SK. Comparison of effects of oral melatonin with oral alprazolam used as a premedicant in adult patients undergoing various surgical procedures under general anesthesia: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled study. Anesth Essays Res. 2018, 12:657-62.","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.08.016","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy of melatonin to curtail benzodiazepine\/Z drug abuse","volume":"109","author":"Cardinali DP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cardinali DP, Golombek DA, Rosenstein RE, Brusco LI, Vigo DE. Assessing the efficacy of melatonin to curtail benzodiazepine\/Z drug abuse. Pharmacol Res. 2016, 109:12-23. 10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.08.016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-160","article-title":"Prolonged-release melatonin versus placebo for benzodiazepine discontinuation in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial - the SMART trial protocol","volume":"11","author":"Baandrup L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baandrup L, Fagerlund B, Jennum P, et al.. Prolonged-release melatonin versus placebo for benzodiazepine discontinuation in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial - the SMART trial protocol. BMC Psychiatry. 2011, 11:160. 10.1186\/1471-244X-11-160","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02007.x","article-title":"Melatonin for perceived sleep disturbances associated with benzodiazepine withdrawal among patients in methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"102","author":"Peles E","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peles E, Hetzroni T, Bar-Hamburger R, Adelson M, Schreiber S. Melatonin for perceived sleep disturbances associated with benzodiazepine withdrawal among patients in methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Addiction. 2007, 102:1947-53. 10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02007.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010256","article-title":"Melatonin for insomnia in medical inpatients: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Salahub C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salahub C, Wu PE, Burry LD, Soong C, Sheehan KA, MacMillan TE, Lapointe-Shaw L. Melatonin for insomnia in medical inpatients: a narrative review. J Clin Med. 2022, 12:256. 10.3390\/jcm12010256","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12566","article-title":"Melatonin and morphine: potential beneficial effects of co-use","volume":"35","author":"Hemati K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hemati K, Pourhanifeh MH, Dehdashtian E, Fatemi I, Mehrzadi S, Reiter RJ, Hosseinzadeh A. Melatonin and morphine: potential beneficial effects of co-use. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2021, 35:25-39. 10.1111\/fcp.12566","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15249","article-title":"Melatonin for anaesthetic indications in paediatric patients: a systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Procaccini D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Procaccini D, Lobner K, Azamfirei R, Kudchadkar SR. Melatonin for anaesthetic indications in paediatric patients: a systematic review. Anaesthesia. 2021, 76:837-49. 10.1111\/anae.15249","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7122a1","article-title":"Pediatric melatonin ingestions - United States, 2012-2021","volume":"71","author":"Lelak K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lelak K, Vohra V, Neuman MI, Toce MS, Sethuraman U. Pediatric melatonin ingestions - United States, 2012-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022, 71:725-9. 10.15585\/mmwr.mm7122a1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.56543","article-title":"Anxiolytic and sedative properties of melatonin premedication in pediatrics undergoing elective cardiac catheterization: a randomized placebo study","volume":"16","author":"Hussein HA Sr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussein HA Sr, Kahloul M, Alhamaidah MF, Alkhfaji HJ. Anxiolytic and sedative properties of melatonin premedication in pediatrics undergoing elective cardiac catheterization: a randomized placebo study. Cureus. 2024, 16:e56543. 10.7759\/cureus.56543","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/252039-a-comprehensive-review-on-the-role-of-melatonins-anesthetic-applications-in-pediatric-care","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,19]],"date-time":"2024-05-19T05:04:47Z","timestamp":1716095087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/252039-a-comprehensive-review-on-the-role-of-melatonins-anesthetic-applications-in-pediatric-care"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"references-count":63,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.60575","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]}}}