{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:40:50Z","timestamp":1771947650054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.62592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T11:27:42Z","timestamp":1718710062000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Management of Long QT Syndrome: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Wilhelmina N","family":"Hauwanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan Chun Chien","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang Suen","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose Ittay","family":"Castro Ceron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berley","family":"Alphonse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gurinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Elamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaishnavi","family":"Jamched","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron A","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshi","family":"Purvil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeshua N","family":"Devan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Valentim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Billy","family":"McBenedict","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lima Pess\u00f4a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evandro T","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2005","article-title":"Molecular physiology of cardiac repolarization","volume":"85","author":"Nerbonne JM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nerbonne JM, Kass RS. Molecular physiology of cardiac repolarization. Physiol Rev. 2005, 85:1205-53. 10.1152\/physrev.00002.2005","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-009-0761-0","article-title":"Cardiac sodium channelopathies","volume":"460","author":"Amin AS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amin AS, Asghari-Roodsari A, Tan HL. Cardiac sodium channelopathies. Pflugers Arch. 2010, 460:223-37. 10.1007\/s00424-009-0761-0","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.083101.145105","article-title":"Cardiac ion channels","volume":"64","author":"Roden DM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Roden DM, Balser JR, George AL Jr, Anderson ME. Cardiac ion channels. Annu Rev Physiol. 2002, 64:431-75. 10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.083101.145105","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology6010007","article-title":"Cardiac channelopathies and sudden death: recent clinical and genetic advances","volume":"6","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Falgueras A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Falgueras A, Sarquella-Brugada G, Brugada J, Brugada R, Campuzano O. Cardiac channelopathies and sudden death: recent clinical and genetic advances. Biology (Basel). 2017, 6:7. 10.3390\/biology6010007","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.10.004","article-title":"Post-mortem genetic analysis in juvenile cases of sudden cardiac death","volume":"245","author":"Campuzano O","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campuzano O, Sanchez-Molero O, Allegue C, et al.. Post-mortem genetic analysis in juvenile cases of sudden cardiac death. Forensic Sci Int. 2014, 245:30-7. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.10.004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951112001138","article-title":"Genetics of sudden cardiac death in children and young athletes","volume":"23","author":"Sarquella-Brugada G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sarquella-Brugada G, Campuzano O, Iglesias A, S\u00e1nchez-Malag\u00f3n J, Guerra-Balic M, Brugada J, Brugada R. Genetics of sudden cardiac death in children and young athletes. Cardiol Young. 2013, 23:159-73. 10.1017\/S1047951112001138","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.09.054","article-title":"Long QT syndrome and pregnancy","volume":"49","author":"Seth R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seth R, Moss AJ, McNitt S, et al.. Long QT syndrome and pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007, 49:1092-8. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.09.054","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.962019","article-title":"Long-QT syndrome: from genetics to management","volume":"5","author":"Schwartz PJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwartz PJ, Crotti L, Insolia R. Long-QT syndrome: from genetics to management. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012, 5:868-77. 10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.962019","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes","volume":"42","author":"Li M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li M, Ramos LG. Drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. Pharm Ther. 2017, 42:473-7.","journal-title":"Pharm Ther"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20471\/acc.2021.60.04.22","article-title":"Congenital long QT syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Gali\u0107 E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gali\u0107 E, Be\u0161li\u0107 P, Kili\u0107 P, et al.. Congenital long QT syndrome: a systematic review. Acta Clin Croat. 2021, 60:739-48. 10.20471\/acc.2021.60.04.22","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-019-02151-x","article-title":"Long QT syndrome: genetics and future perspective","volume":"40","author":"Wallace E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wallace E, Howard L, Liu M, O'Brien T, Ward D, Shen S, Prendiville T. Long QT syndrome: genetics and future perspective. Pediatr Cardiol. 2019, 40:1419-30. 10.1007\/s00246-019-02151-x","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2022.0081","article-title":"The outcome of Long QT syndrome, a Korean single center study","volume":"52","author":"Ahn KJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahn KJ, Song MK, Lee SY, Yoon JK, Kim GB, Oh S, Bae EJ. The outcome of Long QT syndrome, a Korean single center study. Korean Circ J. 2022, 52:771-81. 10.4070\/kcj.2022.0081","journal-title":"Korean Circ J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcac017","article-title":"\u03b2-blocker adherence among patients with congenital long QT syndrome: a nationwide study","volume":"9","author":"Kr\u00f8ll J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kr\u00f8ll J, Butt JH, Jensen HK, et al.. \u03b2-blocker adherence among patients with congenital long QT syndrome: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2022, 9:76-84. 10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcac017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.008830","article-title":"Left cardiac sympathetic denervation monotherapy in patients with congenital long QT syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Niaz T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niaz T, Bos JM, Sorensen KB, Moir C, Ackerman MJ. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation monotherapy in patients with congenital long QT syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020, 13:e008830. 10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.008830","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12640","article-title":"Effect of beta-blockade on quantitative microvolt T-wave alternans in 24-hour continuous 12-lead ECG recordings in patients with long QT syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Takasugi N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takasugi N, Takasugi M, Goto H, Kuwahara T, Kawasaki M, Verrier RL. Effect of beta-blockade on quantitative microvolt T-wave alternans in 24-hour continuous 12-lead ECG recordings in patients with long QT syndrome. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2019, 24:e12640. 10.1111\/anec.12640","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.09.017","article-title":"Effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to reduce mortality in patients with long QT syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Wang M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang M, Peterson DR, Rosero S, et al.. Effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to reduce mortality in patients with long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021, 78:2076-88. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.09.017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.09.016","article-title":"Role of chronic continuous intravenous lidocaine in the clinical management of patients with malignant type 3 long QT syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Bains S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bains S, Lador A, Neves R, Bos JM, Giudicessi JR, Cannon BC, Ackerman MJ. Role of chronic continuous intravenous lidocaine in the clinical management of patients with malignant type 3 long QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2022, 19:81-7. 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.09.016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.12525","article-title":"Implantation of looped epicardial cardioverter defibrillator coil on the surface of the right ventricular outflow tract","volume":"30","author":"Ozyuksel A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozyuksel A, Ersoy C, Akdeniz C, Akcevin A, Turkoglu H, Tuzcu V. Implantation of looped epicardial cardioverter defibrillator coil on the surface of the right ventricular outflow tract. J Card Surg. 2015, 30:376-80. 10.1111\/jocs.12525","journal-title":"J Card Surg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.20-518","article-title":"Mexiletine shortened QT interval and reduced ventricular arrhythmias in a pedigree of type 2 long QT syndrome combined with left ventricular non-compaction","volume":"62","author":"Xu B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu B, Li K, Liu F, et al.. Mexiletine shortened QT interval and reduced ventricular arrhythmias in a pedigree of type 2 long QT syndrome combined with left ventricular non-compaction. Int Heart J. 2021, 62:427-31. 10.1536\/ihj.20-518","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytab518","article-title":"Successful ablation of bifocal premature ventricular complexes from both left bundle branches triggering polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in long QT syndrome 2: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Martinek M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martinek M, Kollias G, Derndorfer M, P\u00fcrerfellner H. Successful ablation of bifocal premature ventricular complexes from both left bundle branches triggering polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in long QT syndrome 2: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2021, 5:ytab518. 10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytab518","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Case Rep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.04.027","article-title":"A distinct molecular mechanism by which phenytoin rescues a novel long QT 3 variant","volume":"144","author":"Gando I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gando I, Campana C, Tan RB, Cecchin F, Sobie EA, Coetzee WA. A distinct molecular mechanism by which phenytoin rescues a novel long QT 3 variant. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2020, 144:1-11. 10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.04.027","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00761","article-title":"Propranolol attenuates late sodium current in a long QT syndrome type 3-human induced pluripotent stem cell model","volume":"8","author":"Hirose S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hirose S, Makiyama T, Melgari D, et al.. Propranolol attenuates late sodium current in a long QT syndrome type 3-human induced pluripotent stem cell model. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020, 8:761. 10.3389\/fcell.2020.00761","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-229628","article-title":"Usefulness of the intravenous flecainide challenge test before oral flecainide treatment in a patient with Andersen-Tawil syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Sato A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sato A, Takano T, Chinushi M, Minamino T. Usefulness of the intravenous flecainide challenge test before oral flecainide treatment in a patient with Andersen-Tawil syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2019, 12:e229628. 10.1136\/bcr-2019-229628","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24875\/ACME.M19000059","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic denervation for conventional treatment refractory arrhythmias","volume":"89","author":"Vel\u00e1squez M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1squez M, Fern\u00e1ndez L, Leib CS, Orozco V, Pava F, Perafan P. Cardiac sympathetic denervation for conventional treatment refractory arrhythmias. Arch Cardiol Mex. 2019, 89:191-5. 10.24875\/ACME.M19000059","journal-title":"Arch Cardiol Mex"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2023.01.032","article-title":"Functional characterization and identification of a therapeutic for a novel SCN5A-F1760C variant causing type 3 long QT syndrome refractory to all guideline-directed therapies","volume":"20","author":"Stutzman MJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stutzman MJ, Gao X, Kim M, et al.. Functional characterization and identification of a therapeutic for a novel SCN5A-F1760C variant causing type 3 long QT syndrome refractory to all guideline-directed therapies. Heart Rhythm. 2023, 20:709-17. 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2023.01.032","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-237157","article-title":"Malignant prolongation of the QTc interval due to severe vitamin D deficiency: an unusual presentation","volume":"13","author":"Gupta P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta P, Agstam S, Yadav A, Ghosh S. Malignant prolongation of the QTc interval due to severe vitamin D deficiency: an unusual presentation. BMJ Case Rep. 2020, 13:e237157. 10.1136\/bcr-2020-237157","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death","volume":"43","author":"Zeppenfeld K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al.. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022, 43:3997-4126. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2406170","article-title":"The clinical diagnosis and management of long QT syndrome: insights from the 2022 ESC guidelines","volume":"24","author":"Wang G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang G, Chu H, Zhao N. The clinical diagnosis and management of long QT syndrome: insights from the 2022 ESC guidelines. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2023, 24:170. 10.31083\/j.rcm2406170","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2023.06.011","article-title":"The 2023 Canadian Cardiovascular Society clinical practice update on management of the patient with a prolonged QT interval","volume":"39","author":"Davies RA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davies RA, Ladouceur VB, Green MS, et al.. The 2023 Canadian Cardiovascular Society clinical practice update on management of the patient with a prolonged QT interval. Can J Cardiol. 2023, 39:1285-301. 10.1016\/j.cjca.2023.06.011","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab649","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence to the electrocardiogram","volume":"42","author":"Attia ZI","year":"2021","unstructured":"Attia ZI, Harmon DM, Behr ER, Friedman PA. Application of artificial intelligence to the electrocardiogram. Eur Heart J. 2021, 42:4717-30. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab649","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.7422","article-title":"Use of artificial intelligence and deep neural networks in evaluation of patients with electrocardiographically concealed long qt syndrome from the surface 12-lead electrocardiogram","volume":"6","author":"Bos JM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bos JM, Attia ZI, Albert DE, Noseworthy PA, Friedman PA, Ackerman MJ. Use of artificial intelligence and deep neural networks in evaluation of patients with electrocardiographically concealed long qt syndrome from the surface 12-lead electrocardiogram. JAMA Cardiol. 2021, 6:532-8. 10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.7422","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02350-z","article-title":"A deep learning approach identifies new ECG features in congenital long QT syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Aufiero S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aufiero S, Bleijendaal H, Robyns T, et al.. A deep learning approach identifies new ECG features in congenital long QT syndrome. BMC Med. 2022, 20:162. 10.1186\/s12916-022-02350-z","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.0039","article-title":"Deep learning-augmented ECG analysis for screening and genotype prediction of congenital long QT syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Jiang R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang R, Cheung CC, Garcia-Montero M, et al.. Deep learning-augmented ECG analysis for screening and genotype prediction of congenital long QT syndrome. JAMA Cardiol. 2024, 9:377-84. 10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.0039","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/265287-management-of-long-qt-syndrome-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T11:27:45Z","timestamp":1718710065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/265287-management-of-long-qt-syndrome-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"references-count":33,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.62592","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]}}}