{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:06:18Z","timestamp":1788480378957,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.64913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T09:14:14Z","timestamp":1721380454000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Kazi N","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan D","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahib","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humza","family":"Pirzadah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease","author":"Olvera Lopez E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Olvera Lopez E, Ballard BD, Jan A. Cardiovascular disease. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190925163827","article-title":"A brief review of cardiovascular diseases, associated risk factors and current treatment regimes","volume":"25","author":"Flora GD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flora GD, Nayak MK. A brief review of cardiovascular diseases, associated risk factors and current treatment regimes. Curr Pharm Des. 2019, 25:4063-84. 10.2174\/1381612825666190925163827","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study","volume":"76","author":"Roth GA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al.. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020, 76:2982-3021. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13189","article-title":"Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: consensus report","volume":"47","author":"Sanz M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanz M, Marco Del Castillo A, Jepsen S, et al.. Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: consensus report. J Clin Periodontol. 2020, 47:268-88. 10.1111\/jcpe.13189","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.05.033","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease projections in the United States based on the 2020 census estimates","volume":"80","author":"Mohebi R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohebi R, Chen C, Ibrahim NE, et al.. Cardiovascular disease projections in the United States based on the 2020 census estimates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022, 80:565-78. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.05.033","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092605","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular and renal systems","volume":"19","author":"Ahmad A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmad A, Dempsey SK, Daneva Z, Azam M, Li N, Li PL, Ritter JK. Role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular and renal systems. Int J Mol Sci. 2018, 19:2605. 10.3390\/ijms19092605","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.702392","article-title":"ET-CORM mediated vasorelaxation of small mesenteric arteries: involvement of Kv7 potassium channels","volume":"12","author":"Zhang D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang D, Krause BM, Schmalz HG, Wohlfart P, Yard BA, Schubert R. ET-CORM mediated vasorelaxation of small mesenteric arteries: involvement of Kv7 potassium channels. Front Pharmacol. 2021, 12:702392. 10.3389\/fphar.2021.702392","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/768607","article-title":"The cardioprotective actions of hydrogen sulfide in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure","volume":"2014","author":"Polhemus DJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polhemus DJ, Calvert JW, Butler J, Lefer DJ. The cardioprotective actions of hydrogen sulfide in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Scientifica (Cairo). 2014, 2014:768607. 10.1155\/2014\/768607","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2013.07.002","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide chemical biology: pathophysiological roles and detection","volume":"35","author":"Kolluru GK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kolluru GK, Shen X, Bir SC, Kevil CG. Hydrogen sulfide chemical biology: pathophysiological roles and detection. Nitric Oxide. 2013, 35:5-20. 10.1016\/j.niox.2013.07.002","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030485","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide as a potential therapy for heart failure-past, present, and future","volume":"10","author":"LaPenna KB","year":"2021","unstructured":"LaPenna KB, Polhemus DJ, Doiron JE, Hidalgo HA, Li Z, Lefer DJ. Hydrogen sulfide as a potential therapy for heart failure-past, present, and future. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021, 10:485-10. 10.3390\/antiox10030485","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.199919","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide mediates cardioprotection through Nrf2 signaling","volume":"105","author":"Calvert JW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Calvert JW, Jha S, Gundewar S, et al.. Hydrogen sulfide mediates cardioprotection through Nrf2 signaling. Circ Res. 2009, 105:365-74. 10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.199919","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000855","article-title":"H\u2082S protects against pressure overload-induced heart failure via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"127","author":"Kondo K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kondo K, Bhushan S, King AL, et al.. H\u2082S protects against pressure overload-induced heart failure via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 2013, 127:1116-27. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000855","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2882","article-title":"Novel insights into hydrogen sulfide--mediated cytoprotection","volume":"12","author":"Calvert JW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calvert JW, Coetzee WA, Lefer DJ. Novel insights into hydrogen sulfide--mediated cytoprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010, 12:1203-17. 10.1089\/ars.2009.2882","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1815fje","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide protects neurons from oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Kimura Y","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kimura Y, Kimura H. Hydrogen sulfide protects neurons from oxidative stress. FASEB J. 2004, 18:1165-7. 10.1096\/fj.04-1815fje","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2008.2253","article-title":"3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase produces hydrogen sulfide and bound sulfane sulfur in the brain","volume":"11","author":"Shibuya N","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shibuya N, Tanaka M, Yoshida M, Ogasawara Y, Togawa T, Ishii K, Kimura H. 3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase produces hydrogen sulfide and bound sulfane sulfur in the brain. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009, 11:703-14. 10.1089\/ars.2008.2253","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0431-5","article-title":"Non-enzymatic hydrogen sulfide production from cysteine in blood is catalyzed by iron and vitamin B(6)","volume":"2","author":"Yang J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang J, Minkler P, Grove D, Wang R, Willard B, Dweik R, Hine C. Non-enzymatic hydrogen sulfide production from cysteine in blood is catalyzed by iron and vitamin B(6). Commun Biol. 2019, 2:194. 10.1038\/s42003-019-0431-5","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000464","article-title":"H2S signals through protein S-sulfhydration","volume":"2","author":"Mustafa AK","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mustafa AK, Gadalla MM, Sen N, et al.. H2S signals through protein S-sulfhydration. Sci Signal. 2009, 2:72. 10.1126\/scisignal.2000464","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.08.007","article-title":"H2S: A novel gasotransmitter that signals by sulfhydration","volume":"40","author":"Paul BD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paul BD, Snyder SH. H2S: A novel gasotransmitter that signals by sulfhydration. Trends Biochem Sci. 2015, 40:687-700. 10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.08.007","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00741-6","article-title":"Sulfide regulation of cardiovascular function in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Kolluru GK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kolluru GK, Shackelford RE, Shen X, Dominic P, Kevil CG. Sulfide regulation of cardiovascular function in health and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023, 20:109-25. 10.1038\/s41569-022-00741-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.014340","article-title":"Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes by garlic and allyl sulfide compounds via activation of constitutive androstane receptor and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2","volume":"35","author":"Fisher CD","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fisher CD, Augustine LM, Maher JM, et al.. Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes by garlic and allyl sulfide compounds via activation of constitutive androstane receptor and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007, 35:995-1000. 10.1124\/dmd.106.014340","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). (2024). Accessed. February 17, 2024: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.02.009","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and prevention: a perspective from developing countries","volume":"37","author":"Teo KK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teo KK, Rafiq T. Cardiovascular risk factors and prevention: a perspective from developing countries. Can J Cardiol. 2021, 37:733-43. 10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.02.009","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007651.pub3","article-title":"School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18","volume":"9","author":"Neil-Sztramko SE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neil-Sztramko SE, Caldwell H, Dobbins M. School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021, 9:007651. 10.1002\/14651858.CD007651.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16819-w","article-title":"Impact of stress and stress mindset on prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among first responders","volume":"23","author":"Hendricks B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hendricks B, Quinn TD, Price BS, Dotson T, Claydon EA, Miller R. Impact of stress and stress mindset on prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among first responders. BMC Public Health. 2023, 23:1929. 10.1186\/s12889-023-16819-w","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IPRP.S133088","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease as a leading cause of death: how are pharmacists getting involved?","volume":"8","author":"Mc Namara K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mc Namara K, Alzubaidi H, Jackson JK. Cardiovascular disease as a leading cause of death: how are pharmacists getting involved?. Integr Pharm Res Pract. 2019, 8:1-11. 10.2147\/IPRP.S133088","journal-title":"Integr Pharm Res Pract"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063346","article-title":"Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Jebari-Benslaiman S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jebari-Benslaiman S, Galicia-Garc\u00eda U, Larrea-Sebal A, et al.. Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:3346. 10.3390\/ijms23063346","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5537","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress: the role of statins","volume":"20","author":"Hermida N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hermida N, Balligand JL. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress: the role of statins. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014, 20:1216-37. 10.1089\/ars.2013.5537","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.89.5.2462","article-title":"A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association","volume":"89","author":"Stary HC","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S, et al.. A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1994, 89:2462-78. 10.1161\/01.cir.89.5.2462","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","article-title":"Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Gimbrone MA Jr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gimbrone MA Jr, Garc\u00eda-Carde\u00f1a G. Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2016, 118:620-36. 10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890802186921","article-title":"Vascular endothelial responses to altered shear stress: pathologic implications for atherosclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Chiu JJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chiu JJ, Usami S, Chien S. Vascular endothelial responses to altered shear stress: pathologic implications for atherosclerosis. Ann Med. 2009, 41:19-28. 10.1080\/07853890802186921","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0106-z","article-title":"Atherosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Libby P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Libby P, Buring JE, Badimon L, et al.. Atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019, 5:56. 10.1038\/s41572-019-0106-z","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000478628","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and the hydrogen sulfide signaling pathway - therapeutic approaches to disease prevention","volume":"42","author":"Wang ZJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang ZJ, Wu J, Guo W, Zhu YZ. Atherosclerosis and the hydrogen sulfide signaling pathway - therapeutic approaches to disease prevention. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017, 42:859-75. 10.1159\/000478628","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.934231","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: a new therapeutic target in vascular diseases","volume":"13","author":"Zhu C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu C, Liu Q, Li X, et al.. Hydrogen sulfide: a new therapeutic target in vascular diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022, 13:934231. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.934231","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Myocardial Infarction","author":"Ojha N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ojha N, Dhamoon AS. Myocardial Infarction. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Acute myocardial infarction","author":"Mechanic OJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mechanic OJ, Gavin M, Grossman SA. Acute myocardial infarction. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.208066","article-title":"Garlic-derived organic polysulfides and myocardial protection","volume":"146","author":"Bradley JM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bradley JM, Organ CL, Lefer DJ. Garlic-derived organic polysulfides and myocardial protection. J Nutr. 2016, 146:403S-9S. 10.3945\/jn.114.208066","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c160023","article-title":"Protective actions of H2S in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Donnarumma E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Donnarumma E, Trivedi RK, Lefer DJ. Protective actions of H2S in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Compr Physiol. 2017, 7:583-602. 10.1002\/cphy.c160023","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003551","article-title":"Nitrite therapy ameliorates myocardial dysfunction via H2S and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent signaling in chronic heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Donnarumma E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donnarumma E, Bhushan S, Bradley JM, Otsuka H, Donnelly EL, Lefer DJ, Islam KN. Nitrite therapy ameliorates myocardial dysfunction via H2S and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent signaling in chronic heart failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016, 5:003551. 10.1161\/JAHA.116.003551","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071667","article-title":"Myocardial reperfusion injury","volume":"357","author":"Yellon DM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Myocardial reperfusion injury. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357:1121-35. 10.1056\/NEJMra071667","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101398","article-title":"Novel therapeutic strategies to reduce reperfusion injury after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"47","author":"Sch\u00e4fer A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer A, K\u00f6nig T, Bauersachs J, Akin M. Novel therapeutic strategies to reduce reperfusion injury after acute myocardial infarction. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2022, 47:101398. 10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101398","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2301023","article-title":"Treatment of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: promise, disappointment, and hope","volume":"23","author":"He J","year":"2022","unstructured":"He J, Bellenger NG, Ludman AJ, Shore AC, Strain WD. Treatment of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: promise, disappointment, and hope. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022, 23:23. 10.31083\/j.rcm2301023","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.311499","article-title":"Recent advances in the protective role of hydrogen sulfide in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury: a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Zhang ML","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang ML, Peng W, Ni JQ, Chen G. Recent advances in the protective role of hydrogen sulfide in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury: a narrative review. Med Gas Res. 2021, 11:83-7. 10.4103\/2045-9912.311499","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-016-0090-x","article-title":"Exogenous H2S contributes to recovery of ischemic post-conditioning-induced cardioprotection by decrease of ROS level via down-regulation of NF-\u03baB and JAK2-STAT3 pathways in the aging cardiomyocytes","volume":"6","author":"Li L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li L, Li M, Li Y, et al.. Exogenous H2S contributes to recovery of ischemic post-conditioning-induced cardioprotection by decrease of ROS level via down-regulation of NF-\u03baB and JAK2-STAT3 pathways in the aging cardiomyocytes. Cell Biosci. 2016, 6:26. 10.1186\/s13578-016-0090-x","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004160","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide regulates Kr\u00fcppel-like factor 5 transcription activity via specificity protein 1 S-sulfhydration at CYS664 to prevent myocardial hypertrophy","volume":"5","author":"Meng G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meng G, Xiao Y, Ma Y, et al.. Hydrogen sulfide regulates Kr\u00fcppel-like factor 5 transcription activity via specificity protein 1 S-sulfhydration at CYS664 to prevent myocardial hypertrophy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016, 5:004160. 10.1161\/JAHA.116.004160","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.04.058","article-title":"Role of Nrf2 signaling in regulation of antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes in cardiac fibroblasts: protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced cell injury","volume":"579","author":"Zhu H","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhu H, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Zweier JL, Li Y. Role of Nrf2 signaling in regulation of antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes in cardiac fibroblasts: protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced cell injury. FEBS Lett. 2005, 579:3029-36. 10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.04.058","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705891104","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by preservation of mitochondrial function","volume":"104","author":"Elrod JW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elrod JW, Calvert JW, Morrison J, et al.. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by preservation of mitochondrial function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007, 104:15560-5. 10.1073\/pnas.0705891104","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2017.07.002","article-title":"Sodium thiosulfate post-conditioning protects rat hearts against ischemia reperfusion injury via reduction of apoptosis and oxidative stress","volume":"274","author":"Ravindran S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ravindran S, Jahir Hussain S, Boovarahan SR, Kurian GA. Sodium thiosulfate post-conditioning protects rat hearts against ischemia reperfusion injury via reduction of apoptosis and oxidative stress. Chem Biol Interact. 2017, 274:24-34. 10.1016\/j.cbi.2017.07.002","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2018.09.001","article-title":"Donor heart preservation with a novel long-term and slow-releasing hydrogen sulfide system","volume":"81","author":"Sun X","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun X, Wang W, Dai J, et al.. Donor heart preservation with a novel long-term and slow-releasing hydrogen sulfide system. Nitric Oxide. 2018, 81:1-10. 10.1016\/j.niox.2018.09.001","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041415","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of long-term administration of hydrogen sulfide on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Wistar rats: modulation of RKIP, NF-\u03bab, and oxidative stress","volume":"21","author":"Jeddi S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeddi S, Gheibi S, Kashfi K, Carlstr\u00f6m M, Ghasemi A. Dose-dependent effects of long-term administration of hydrogen sulfide on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in male Wistar rats: modulation of RKIP, NF-\u03bab, and oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:1415. 10.3390\/ijms21041415","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3920195","article-title":"A review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of cardiac remodeling","volume":"2017","author":"Schirone L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schirone L, Forte M, Palmerio S, et al.. A review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of cardiac remodeling. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017, 2017:3920195. 10.1155\/2017\/3920195","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa324","article-title":"Cardiac fibrosis","volume":"117","author":"Frangogiannis NG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frangogiannis NG. Cardiac fibrosis. Cardiovasc Res. 2021, 117:1450-88. 10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa324","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8815349","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction","volume":"2020","author":"Zhao W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao W, Zhao J, Rong J. Pharmacological modulation of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020, 2020:8815349. 10.1155\/2020\/8815349","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm738","article-title":"Kr\u00fcppel-like zinc-finger transcription factor KLF5\/BTEB2 is a target for angiotensin II signaling and an essential regulator of cardiovascular remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Shindo T","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shindo T, Manabe I, Fukushima Y, et al.. Kr\u00fcppel-like zinc-finger transcription factor KLF5\/BTEB2 is a target for angiotensin II signaling and an essential regulator of cardiovascular remodeling. Nat Med. 2002, 8:856-63. 10.1038\/nm738","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2012.748","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by abdominal aortic coarctation in rats","volume":"5","author":"Huang J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang J, Wang D, Zheng J, Huang X, Jin H. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by abdominal aortic coarctation in rats. Mol Med Rep. 2012, 5:923-8. 10.3892\/mmr.2012.748","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155557","article-title":"H(2)S inhibits atrial fibrillation-induced atrial fibrosis through miR-133a\/CTGF axis","volume":"146","author":"Su H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su H, Su H, Liu CH, Hu HJ, Zhao JB, Zou T, Tang YX. H(2)S inhibits atrial fibrillation-induced atrial fibrosis through miR-133a\/CTGF axis. Cytokine. 2021, 146:155557. 10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155557","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001063","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich PA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al.. 2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022, 145:895-1032. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001063","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Congestive heart failure","author":"Malik A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malik A, Brito D, Vaqar S, Chhabra L. Congestive heart failure. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.25","article-title":"Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Ziaeian B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ziaeian B, Fonarow GC. Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2016, 13:368-78. 10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.25","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321326","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide modulates endothelial-mesenchymal transition in heart failure","volume":"132","author":"Li Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Z, Xia H, Sharp TE 3rd, et al.. Hydrogen sulfide modulates endothelial-mesenchymal transition in heart failure. Circ Res. 2023, 132:154-66. 10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321326","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Arrhythmias","author":"Desai DS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Desai DS, Hajouli S. Arrhythmias. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172455","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide inhibited L-type calcium channels (CaV1.2) via up-regulation of the channel sulfhydration in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"858","author":"Dai L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dai L, Qian Y, Zhou J, Zhu C, Jin L, Li S. Hydrogen sulfide inhibited L-type calcium channels (CaV1.2) via up-regulation of the channel sulfhydration in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019, 858:172455. 10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172455","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn140","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide is an inhibitor of L-type calcium channels and mechanical contraction in rat cardiomyocytes","volume":"79","author":"Sun YG","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sun YG, Cao YX, Wang WW, Ma SF, Yao T, Zhu YC. Hydrogen sulphide is an inhibitor of L-type calcium channels and mechanical contraction in rat cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 2008, 79:632-41. 10.1093\/cvr\/cvn140","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-3583.59984","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide-a potent multichannel anti-arrhythmic drug","volume":"1","author":"Zhong GZ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhong GZ. Hydrogen Sulfide-a potent multichannel anti-arrhythmic drug. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2010, 1:37-9. 10.4103\/0975-3583.59984","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dis Res"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05016-5","article-title":"Inhibition of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.5 by hydrogen sulfide attenuates remodeling through S-nitrosylation-mediated signaling","volume":"6","author":"Al-Owais MM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Owais MM, Hettiarachchi NT, Dallas ML, et al.. Inhibition of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.5 by hydrogen sulfide attenuates remodeling through S-nitrosylation-mediated signaling. Commun Biol. 2023, 6:651. 10.1038\/s42003-023-05016-5","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00022.2013","article-title":"Cardiac potassium channel subtypes: new roles in repolarization and arrhythmia","volume":"94","author":"Schmitt N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmitt N, Grunnet M, Olesen SP. Cardiac potassium channel subtypes: new roles in repolarization and arrhythmia. Physiol Rev. 2014, 94:609-53. 10.1152\/physrev.00022.2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.189","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide (H2S), but not untargeted H2S, reverses ventricular arrhythmia at reperfusion","volume":"112","author":"Whiteman M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Whiteman M, Karwi QG, Wood ME, Baxter GF. Mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide (H2S), but not untargeted H2S, reverses ventricular arrhythmia at reperfusion. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017, 112:124-5. 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.189","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00686","article-title":"The role of hydrogen sulfide on cardiovascular homeostasis: an overview with update on immunomodulation","volume":"8","author":"Pan LL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan LL, Qin M, Liu XH, Zhu YZ. The role of hydrogen sulfide on cardiovascular homeostasis: an overview with update on immunomodulation. Front Pharmacol. 2017, 8:686. 10.3389\/fphar.2017.00686","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/925167","article-title":"The cardioprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide in heart diseases: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic potential","volume":"2015","author":"Shen Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen Y, Shen Z, Luo S, Guo W, Zhu YZ. The cardioprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide in heart diseases: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic potential. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015, 2015:925167. 10.1155\/2015\/925167","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref69","unstructured":"Preventing Heart Disease. (2024). Accessed. July 14, 2024: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/heart-disease\/prevention\/index.html."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/273806-roles-of-hydrogen-sulfide-h2s-as-a-potential-therapeutic-agent-in-cardiovascular-diseases-a-narrative-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T09:14:20Z","timestamp":1721380460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/273806-roles-of-hydrogen-sulfide-h2s-as-a-potential-therapeutic-agent-in-cardiovascular-diseases-a-narrative-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":69,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.64913","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]}}}