{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T10:52:57Z","timestamp":1764240777645},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.66736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T06:10:23Z","timestamp":1723529423000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Automated Cobb Angle Measurements for Scoliosis Diagnosis and Assessment: AI Applications and Accuracy Enhancement Through Image Processing Techniques"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Aurelio Pio","family":"Russo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ylenia","family":"Pastorello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00f3r\u00e1nd","family":"D\u00e9nes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1757-7861.2008.00003.x","article-title":"Clinical etiological classification of scoliosis: report of 1289 cases","volume":"1","author":"Qiu Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Zhu F, Wang B, Yu Y, Zhu ZZ, Qian BP, Zhu LH. Clinical etiological classification of scoliosis: report of 1289 cases. Orthop Surg. 2009, 1:12-6. 10.1111\/j.1757-7861.2008.00003.x","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic. scoliosis. (2024). Accessed: February 12, 2024: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/scoliosis\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350716."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Konieczny MR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Konieczny MR, Senyurt H, Krauspe R. Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Child Orthop. 2013, 7:3-9. 10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6357171","article-title":"Cobb angle measurement of spine from X-ray images using convolutional neural network","volume":"2019","author":"Horng MH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horng MH, Kuok CP, Fu MJ, Lin CJ, Sun YN. Cobb angle measurement of spine from X-ray images using convolutional neural network. Comput Math Methods Med. 2019, 2019:6357171. 10.1155\/2019\/6357171","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"American Association of Neurological Surgeons. scoliosis diagnosis and classification. (2024). Accessed: February 12, 2024: https:\/\/www.aans.org\/patients\/conditions-treatments\/scoliosis\/#:~:text=Scoliosis%20can%20be%20classified%20by,is%20us...."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197860020-00005","article-title":"Scoliosis: incidence and natural history. A prospective epidemiological study","volume":"60","author":"Rogala EJ","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rogala EJ, Drummond DS, Gurr J. Scoliosis: incidence and natural history. A prospective epidemiological study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978, 60:173-6.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1695-8","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis in Korean schoolchildren: a prospective screening study of over 1 million children","volume":"20","author":"Suh SW","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suh SW, Modi HN, Yang JH, Hong JY. Idiopathic scoliosis in Korean schoolchildren: a prospective screening study of over 1 million children. Eur Spine J. 2011, 20:1087-94. 10.1007\/s00586-011-1695-8","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198264040-00002","article-title":"Voluntary school screening for scoliosis in Minnesota","volume":"64","author":"Lonstein JE","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lonstein JE, Bjorklund S, Wanninger M, Nelson R. Voluntary school screening for scoliosis in Minnesota. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982, 64:481-8.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B2.3980521","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis. Prevalence and ethnic distribution in Singapore schoolchildren","volume":"67","author":"Daruwalla JS","year":"1985","unstructured":"Daruwalla JS, Balasubramaniam P, Chay SO, Rajan U, Lee HP. Idiopathic scoliosis. Prevalence and ethnic distribution in Singapore schoolchildren. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985, 67:182-4. 10.1302\/0301-620X.67B2.3980521","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.63B1.7204475","article-title":"Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"63-B","author":"Figueiredo UM","year":"1981","unstructured":"Figueiredo UM, James JI. Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981, 63-B:61-6. 10.1302\/0301-620X.63B1.7204475","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.62B2.7364824","article-title":"Prognosis in infantile idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"62-B","author":"Thompson SK","year":"1980","unstructured":"Thompson SK, Bentley G. Prognosis in infantile idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980, 62-B:151-4. 10.1302\/0301-620X.62B2.7364824","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199409000-00025","article-title":"The pediatric spine: principles and practice","volume":"14","author":"Weinstein S","year":"1994","unstructured":"Weinstein S, Wenger D. The pediatric spine: principles and practice. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994, 14:680.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f3a326","article-title":"Complications in the surgical treatment of 19,360 cases of pediatric scoliosis: a review of the Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality database","volume":"36","author":"Reames DL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reames DL, Smith JS, Fu KM, et al.. Complications in the surgical treatment of 19,360 cases of pediatric scoliosis: a review of the Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality database. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011, 36:1484-91. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f3a326","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819826-1.00014-4","article-title":"Monitoring scoliosis and other spinal deformity surgeries","author":"Nuwer MR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nuwer MR, MacDonald DB, Gertsch J. Monitoring scoliosis and other spinal deformity surgeries. Handb Clin Neurol. Nuwer M, MacDonald D (ed): Elsevier, The Netherlands; 2022. 186:179-204. 10.1016\/B978-0-12-819826-1.00014-4"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Liverpool Podiatry. functional scoliosis. (2024). Accessed: February 16, 2024: https:\/\/www.liverpool-podiatry.co.uk\/conditions\/biomechanical\/functional-scoliosis.php."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093258","article-title":"A review of the methods on cobb angle measurements for spinal curvature","volume":"22","author":"Jin C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin C, Wang S, Yang G, Li E, Liang Z. A review of the methods on cobb angle measurements for spinal curvature. Sensors (Basel). 2022, 22:10.3390\/s22093258","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002792","article-title":"An introduction to machine learning for clinicians","volume":"94","author":"Rowe M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rowe M. An introduction to machine learning for clinicians. Acad Med. 2019, 94:1433-6. 10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002792","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00815-1","article-title":"Deep learning: a comprehensive overview on techniques, taxonomy, applications and research directions","volume":"2","author":"Sarker IH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarker IH. Deep learning: a comprehensive overview on techniques, taxonomy, applications and research directions. SN Comput Sci. 2021, 2:420. 10.1007\/s42979-021-00815-1","journal-title":"SN Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0639-9","article-title":"Convolutional neural networks: an overview and application in radiology","volume":"9","author":"Yamashita R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamashita R, Nishio M, Do RK, Togashi K. Convolutional neural networks: an overview and application in radiology. Insights Imaging. 2018, 9:611-29. 10.1007\/s13244-018-0639-9","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022405","article-title":"Machine vision inspection of electrical connectors based on improved YOLO v3","volume":"8","author":"Wu W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu W, Li Q. Machine vision inspection of electrical connectors based on improved YOLO v3. IEEE Access. 2020, 8:166184-96. 10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022405","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2839100","article-title":"A detailed study on the use of polynomial functions for modeling geometric distortion in magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"35","author":"Wang D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang D, Yang Z. A detailed study on the use of polynomial functions for modeling geometric distortion in magnetic resonance imaging. Med Phys. 2008, 35:908-16. 10.1118\/1.2839100","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.08.007","article-title":"Update on evaluation and treatment of scoliosis","volume":"61","author":"El-Hawary R","year":"2014","unstructured":"El-Hawary R, Chukwunyerenwa C. Update on evaluation and treatment of scoliosis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014, 61:1223-41. 10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.08.007","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-002-0386-x","article-title":"Computer-assisted Cobb measurement of scoliosis","volume":"11","author":"Chockalingam N","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chockalingam N, Dangerfield PH, Giakas G, Cochrane T, Dorgan JC. Computer-assisted Cobb measurement of scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2002, 11:353-7. 10.1007\/s00586-002-0386-x","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-011-9654-9","article-title":"Automatic quantification of spinal curvature in scoliotic radiograph using image processing","volume":"36","author":"H A","year":"2012","unstructured":"H A, Prabhu GK. Automatic quantification of spinal curvature in scoliotic radiograph using image processing. J Med Syst. 2012, 36:1943-51. 10.1007\/s10916-011-9654-9","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2018.00103","article-title":"Hough transform implementation for event-based systems: concepts and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Seifozzakerini S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seifozzakerini S, Yau WY, Mao K, Nejati H. Hough transform implementation for event-based systems: concepts and challenges. Front Comput Neurosci. 2018, 12:103. 10.3389\/fncom.2018.00103","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020396","article-title":"Automated cobb angle measurement for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using convolutional neural network","volume":"12","author":"Caesarendra W","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caesarendra W, Rahmaniar W, Mathew J, Thien A. Automated cobb angle measurement for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using convolutional neural network. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022, 12:10.3390\/diagnostics12020396","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/283711-automated-cobb-angle-measurements-for-scoliosis-diagnosis-and-assessment-ai-applications-and-accuracy-enhancement-through-image-processing-techniques","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T06:10:28Z","timestamp":1723529428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/283711-automated-cobb-angle-measurements-for-scoliosis-diagnosis-and-assessment-ai-applications-and-accuracy-enhancement-through-image-processing-techniques"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.66736","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]}}}