{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:55:46Z","timestamp":1788864946426,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.67785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T04:14:56Z","timestamp":1724645696000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Narrative Review on Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2: Where Are We Now?"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"John P","family":"Von Benecke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Tarsitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura-Marie A","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M","family":"Shakesheff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun W","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000002576","article-title":"Projections from surgical use models in Germany suggest a rising number of spinal fusions in patients 75 years and older will challenge healthcare systems worldwide","volume":"481","author":"Heck VJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heck VJ, Klug K, Prasse T, et al.. Projections from surgical use models in Germany suggest a rising number of spinal fusions in patients 75 years and older will challenge healthcare systems worldwide. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2023, 481:1610-9. 10.1097\/CORR.0000000000002576","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs009","article-title":"Multimorbidity in older adults","volume":"35","author":"Salive ME","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salive ME. Multimorbidity in older adults. Epidemiol Rev. 2013, 35:75-83. 10.1093\/epirev\/mxs009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson ME","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987, 40:373-83. 10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02377-7","article-title":"Charlson comorbidity index is predictive of postoperative clinical outcome after single-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery","volume":"16","author":"Shinonara K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shinonara K, Ugawa R, Arataki S, Nakahara S, Takeuchi K. Charlson comorbidity index is predictive of postoperative clinical outcome after single-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021, 16:235. 10.1186\/s13018-021-02377-7","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2024.100321","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in lumbar fusion rates were exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"18","author":"Wu JY","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu JY, Tang M, Touponse G, Theologitis M, Williamson T, Zygourakis CC. Socioeconomic disparities in lumbar fusion rates were exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. N Am Spine Soc J. 2024, 18:100321. 10.1016\/j.xnsj.2024.100321","journal-title":"N Am Spine Soc J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2269","article-title":"The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine","volume":"29","author":"Wright NC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wright NC, Looker AC, Saag KG, Curtis JR, Delzell ES, Randall S, Dawson-Hughes B. The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine. J Bone Miner Res. 2014, 29:2520-6. 10.1002\/jbmr.2269","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2012.02.043","article-title":"Promiscuity and specificity in BMP receptor activation","volume":"586","author":"Mueller TD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mueller TD, Nickel J. Promiscuity and specificity in BMP receptor activation. FEBS Lett. 2012, 586:1846-59. 10.1016\/j.febslet.2012.02.043","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(03)00432-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus","volume":"113","author":"Shi Y","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shi Y, Massagu\u00e9 J. Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell. 2003, 113:685-700. 10.1016\/s0092-8674(03)00432-x","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2005.06.017","article-title":"The BMP signaling and in vivo bone formation","volume":"357","author":"Cao X","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cao X, Chen D. The BMP signaling and in vivo bone formation. Gene. 2005, 357:1-8. 10.1016\/j.gene.2005.06.017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190412331279890","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins","volume":"22","author":"Chen D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen D, Zhao M, Mundy GR. Bone morphogenetic proteins. Growth Factors. 2004, 22:233-41. 10.1080\/08977190412331279890","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.12","article-title":"BMP signalling in skeletal development, disease and repair","volume":"12","author":"Salazar VS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salazar VS, Gamer LW, Rosen V. BMP signalling in skeletal development, disease and repair. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016, 12:203-21. 10.1038\/nrendo.2016.12","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409620200","article-title":"Conservation of Bmp2 post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms","volume":"279","author":"Fritz DT","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fritz DT, Liu D, Xu J, Jiang S, Rogers MB. Conservation of Bmp2 post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 2004, 279:48950-8. 10.1074\/jbc.M409620200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2021.110071","article-title":"Controlling BMP growth factor bioavailability: the extracellular matrix as multi skilled platform","volume":"85","author":"Zimmermann LA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zimmermann LA, Correns A, Furlan AG, Spanou CE, Sengle G. Controlling BMP growth factor bioavailability: the extracellular matrix as multi skilled platform. Cell Signal. 2021, 85:110071. 10.1016\/j.cellsig.2021.110071","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2015.06.004","article-title":"The bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists","volume":"99","author":"Mulloy B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mulloy B, Rider CC. The bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists. Vitam Horm. 2015, 99:63-90. 10.1016\/bs.vh.2015.06.004","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2012.07.002","article-title":"Prediction of heparin binding sites in bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)","volume":"1824","author":"Gandhi NS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gandhi NS, Mancera RL. Prediction of heparin binding sites in bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012, 1824:1374-81. 10.1016\/j.bbapap.2012.07.002","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0295n.x","article-title":"Human bone morphogenetic protein 2 contains a heparin-binding site which modifies its biological activity","volume":"237","author":"Ruppert R","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ruppert R, Hoffmann E, Sebald W. Human bone morphogenetic protein 2 contains a heparin-binding site which modifies its biological activity. Eur J Biochem. 1996, 237:295-302. 10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0295n.x","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.3.513","article-title":"Differential temporal expression of members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily during murine fracture healing","volume":"17","author":"Cho TJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cho TJ, Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA. Differential temporal expression of members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily during murine fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res. 2002, 17:513-20. 10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.3.513","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007740050013","article-title":"Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and rat distal-less homolog genes following rat femoral fracture","volume":"18","author":"Yaoita H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yaoita H, Orimo H, Shirai Y, Shimada T. Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and rat distal-less homolog genes following rat femoral fracture. J Bone Miner Metab. 2000, 18:63-70. 10.1007\/s007740050013","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00248.x","article-title":"Expression of BMP-2 and TGF-beta 1 mRNA during healing of the rabbit mandible","volume":"105","author":"Si X","year":"1997","unstructured":"Si X, Jin Y, Yang L, Tipoe GL, White FH. Expression of BMP-2 and TGF-beta 1 mRNA during healing of the rabbit mandible. Eur J Oral Sci. 1997, 105:325-30. 10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00248.x","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.84.12","article-title":"Delayed expression of circulating TGF-\u03b21 and BMP-2 levels in human nonunion long bone fracture healing","volume":"84","author":"Hara Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hara Y, Ghazizadeh M, Shimizu H, et al.. Delayed expression of circulating TGF-\u03b21 and BMP-2 levels in human nonunion long bone fracture healing. J Nippon Med Sch. 2017, 84:12-8. 10.1272\/jnms.84.12","journal-title":"J Nippon Med Sch"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Detection of bone morphogenetic protein-2 levels in peripheral blood of patients with delayed fracture healing","volume":"15","author":"Xuman M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xuman M, Haifeng C, Binfeng W. Detection of bone morphogenetic protein-2 levels in peripheral blood of patients with delayed fracture healing. Jilin Medical Journal. 2007, 15:1655-7.","journal-title":"Jilin Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3698.893","article-title":"Bone: formation by autoinduction","volume":"150","author":"Urist MR","year":"1965","unstructured":"Urist MR. Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science. 1965, 150:893-9. 10.1126\/science.150.3698.893","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345710500060601","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein","volume":"50","author":"Urist MR","year":"1971","unstructured":"Urist MR, Strates BS. Bone morphogenetic protein. J Dent Res. 1971, 50:1392-406. 10.1177\/00220345710500060601","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-019-0157-y","article-title":"Review of bone graft and bone substitutes with an emphasis on fracture surgeries","volume":"23","author":"Sohn HS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sohn HS, Oh JK. Review of bone graft and bone substitutes with an emphasis on fracture surgeries. Biomater Res. 2019, 23:9. 10.1186\/s40824-019-0157-y","journal-title":"Biomater Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3201241","article-title":"Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities","volume":"242","author":"Wozney JM","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wozney JM, Rosen V, Celeste AJ, et al.. Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities. Science. 1988, 242:1528-34. 10.1126\/science.3201241","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-409x(97)00126-9","article-title":"Sustained release emphasizing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2","volume":"31","author":"Hollinger JO","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hollinger JO, Uludag H, Winn SR. Sustained release emphasizing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998, 31:303-18. 10.1016\/s0169-409x(97)00126-9","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Scientific discussion. (2004). Accessed. May 21, 2024: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-discussion\/inductos-epar-scientific-discussion_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4636(199908)46:2<193::aid-jbm8>3.0.co;2-1","article-title":"Characterization of rhBMP-2 pharmacokinetics implanted with biomaterial carriers in the rat ectopic model","volume":"46","author":"Uludag H","year":"1999","unstructured":"Uludag H, D'Augusta D, Palmer R, Timony G, Wozney J. Characterization of rhBMP-2 pharmacokinetics implanted with biomaterial carriers in the rat ectopic model. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999, 46:193-202. 10.1002\/(sici)1097-4636(199908)46:2&lt;193::aid-jbm8&gt;3.0.co;2-1","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Summary of safety and effectiveness data. (2002). Accessed. May 31, 2024: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf\/p000058b.pdf."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200210000-00001","article-title":"Anterior lumbar interbody fusion using rhBMP-2 with tapered interbody cages","volume":"15","author":"Burkus JK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burkus JK, Gornet MF, Dickman CA, Zdeblick TA. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion using rhBMP-2 with tapered interbody cages. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2002, 15:337-49. 10.1097\/00024720-200210000-00001","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200211010-00015","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic outcomes of anterior lumbar interbody fusion using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2","volume":"27","author":"Burkus JK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burkus JK, Transfeldt EE, Kitchel SH, Watkins RG, Balderston RA. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of anterior lumbar interbody fusion using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002, 27:2396-408. 10.1097\/00007632-200211010-00015","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.02.014","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins for spinal fusion","volume":"5","author":"Carlisle E","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carlisle E, Fischgrund JS. Bone morphogenetic proteins for spinal fusion. Spine J. 2005, 5:240S-9S. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.02.014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003919","article-title":"Utilization trends of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein in the United States","volume":"46","author":"Kerezoudis P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kerezoudis P, Alvi MA, Freedman BA, Nassr A, Bydon M. Utilization trends of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein in the United States. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2021, 46:874-81. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003919","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ecf6e4","article-title":"Off-label use of bone morphogenetic proteins in the United States using administrative data","volume":"35","author":"Ong KL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ong KL, Villarraga ML, Lau E, Carreon LY, Kurtz SM, Glassman SD. Off-label use of bone morphogenetic proteins in the United States using administrative data. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010, 35:1794-800. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ecf6e4","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.12.006","article-title":"Prospective nonrandomized comparison of an allograft with bone morphogenic protein versus an iliac-crest autograft in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion","volume":"8","author":"Buttermann GR","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buttermann GR. Prospective nonrandomized comparison of an allograft with bone morphogenic protein versus an iliac-crest autograft in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Spine J. 2008, 8:426-35. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.12.006","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000216442.12092.01","article-title":"Graft resorption with the use of bone morphogenetic protein: lessons from anterior lumbar interbody fusion using femoral ring allografts and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2","volume":"31","author":"Pradhan BB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pradhan BB, Bae HW, Dawson EG, Patel VV, Delamarter RB. Graft resorption with the use of bone morphogenetic protein: lessons from anterior lumbar interbody fusion using femoral ring allografts and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006, 31:E277-84. 10.1097\/01.brs.0000216442.12092.01","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000201424.27509.72","article-title":"Adverse effects associated with high-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 use in anterior cervical spine fusion","volume":"31","author":"Shields LB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shields LB, Raque GH, Glassman SD, Campbell M, Vitaz T, Harpring J, Shields CB. Adverse effects associated with high-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 use in anterior cervical spine fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006, 31:542-7. 10.1097\/01.brs.0000201424.27509.72","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bsd.0000211231.83716.4b","article-title":"Vertebral bone resorption after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2)","volume":"19","author":"McClellan JW","year":"2006","unstructured":"McClellan JW, Mulconrey DS, Forbes RJ, Fullmer N. Vertebral bone resorption after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2). J Spinal Disord Tech. 2006, 19:483-6. 10.1097\/01.bsd.0000211231.83716.4b","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.04.023","article-title":"A critical review of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 trials in spinal surgery: emerging safety concerns and lessons learned","volume":"11","author":"Carragee EJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carragee EJ, Hurwitz EL, Weiner BK. A critical review of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 trials in spinal surgery: emerging safety concerns and lessons learned. Spine J. 2011, 11:471-91. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.04.023","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Medtronic surgeons held back, study says. (2011). Accessed. June 29, 2024: https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB10001424052702303627104576413663395567784."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2049396713Y.0000000020","article-title":"Staff report on Medtronic's influence on INFUSE clinical studies","volume":"19","year":"2013","unstructured":"Staff report on Medtronic's influence on INFUSE clinical studies. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2013, 19.67-76. 10.1179\/2049396713Y.0000000020","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-12-201306180-00006","article-title":"Effectiveness and harms of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in spine fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Fu R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fu R, Selph S, McDonagh M, Peterson K, Tiwari A, Chou R, Helfand M. Effectiveness and harms of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in spine fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013, 158:890-902. 10.7326\/0003-4819-158-12-201306180-00006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-12-201306180-00005","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for spinal fusion: a meta-analysis of individual-participant data","volume":"158","author":"Simmonds MC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simmonds MC, Brown JV, Heirs MK, Higgins JP, Mannion RJ, Rodgers MA, Stewart LA. Safety and effectiveness of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for spinal fusion: a meta-analysis of individual-participant data. Ann Intern Med. 2013, 158:877-89. 10.7326\/0003-4819-158-12-201306180-00005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001301","article-title":"The rise and fall of bone morphogenetic protein 2 throughout the United States","volume":"35","author":"Beschloss AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beschloss AM, DiCindio CM, Lombardi JS, et al.. The rise and fall of bone morphogenetic protein 2 throughout the United States. Clin Spine Surg. 2022, 35:264-9. 10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001301","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.01.012","article-title":"Trends, payments, and costs associated with BMP use in Medicare beneficiaries undergoing spinal fusion","volume":"23","author":"Wadhwa H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wadhwa H, Wu JY, Malacon K, Ames CP, Ratliff JK, Zygourakis CC. Trends, payments, and costs associated with BMP use in Medicare beneficiaries undergoing spinal fusion. Spine J. 2023, 23:816-23. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.01.012","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.04.030","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein use in spine surgery in the United States: how have we responded to the warnings?","volume":"17","author":"Guzman JZ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guzman JZ, Merrill RK, Kim JS, et al.. Bone morphogenetic protein use in spine surgery in the United States: how have we responded to the warnings?. Spine J. 2017, 17:1247-54. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.04.030","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.08.018","article-title":"Revision lumbar fusions have higher rates of reoperation and result in worse clinical outcomes compared to primary lumbar fusions","volume":"23","author":"Lambrechts MJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lambrechts MJ, Toci GR, Siegel N, et al.. Revision lumbar fusions have higher rates of reoperation and result in worse clinical outcomes compared to primary lumbar fusions. Spine J. 2023, 23:105-15. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.08.018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59050878","article-title":"Current trends in recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2) usage for spinal fusion surgery","volume":"59","author":"Patel HA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel HA, Wellington IJ, Lubonja K, et al.. Current trends in recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2) usage for spinal fusion surgery. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023, 59:878. 10.3390\/medicina59050878","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001235","article-title":"Lumbar spine surgery and what we lost in the era of the coronavirus pandemic: a survey of the Lumbar Spine Research Society","volume":"34","author":"Arnold PM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arnold PM, Owens L, Heary RF, et al.. Lumbar spine surgery and what we lost in the era of the coronavirus pandemic: a survey of the Lumbar Spine Research Society. Clin Spine Surg. 2021, 34:E575-9. 10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001235","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002010-00020","article-title":"The use of rhBMP-2 in interbody fusion cages. Definitive evidence of osteoinduction in humans: a preliminary report","volume":"25","author":"Boden SD","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boden SD, Zdeblick TA, Sandhu HS, Heim SE. The use of rhBMP-2 in interbody fusion cages. Definitive evidence of osteoinduction in humans: a preliminary report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000, 25:376-81. 10.1097\/00007632-200002010-00020","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02532","article-title":"Use of rhBMP-2 in combination with structural cortical allografts: clinical and radiographic outcomes in anterior lumbar spinal surgery","volume":"87","author":"Burkus JK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burkus JK, Sandhu HS, Gornet MF, Longley MC. Use of rhBMP-2 in combination with structural cortical allografts: clinical and radiographic outcomes in anterior lumbar spinal surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005, 87:1205-12. 10.2106\/JBJS.D.02532","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318217668f","article-title":"Lumbar disc arthroplasty with Maverick disc versus stand-alone interbody fusion: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter investigational device exemption trial","volume":"36","author":"Gornet MF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gornet MF, Burkus JK, Dryer RF, Peloza JH. Lumbar disc arthroplasty with Maverick disc versus stand-alone interbody fusion: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter investigational device exemption trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011, 36:E1600-11. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318217668f","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jss-22-23","article-title":"Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in spine surgery: recommendations for use and alternative bone substitutes-a narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Malham GM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malham GM, Louie PK, Brazenor GA, Mobbs RJ, Walsh WR, Sethi RK. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in spine surgery: recommendations for use and alternative bone substitutes-a narrative review. J Spine Surg. 2022, 8:477-90. 10.21037\/jss-22-23","journal-title":"J Spine Surg"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00345","article-title":"Transient local bone remodeling effects of rhBMP-2 in an ovine interbody spine fusion model","volume":"98","author":"Bae HW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bae HW, Patel VV, Sardar ZM, et al.. Transient local bone remodeling effects of rhBMP-2 in an ovine interbody spine fusion model. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016, 98:2061-70. 10.2106\/JBJS.16.00345","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181952695","article-title":"Short-term osteoclastic activity induced by locally high concentrations of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in a cancellous bone environment","volume":"34","author":"Toth JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Toth JM, Boden SD, Burkus JK, Badura JM, Peckham SM, McKay WF. Short-term osteoclastic activity induced by locally high concentrations of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in a cancellous bone environment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009, 34:539-50. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181952695","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.08.142","article-title":"Dose adjustment associated complications of bone morphogenetic protein: a longitudinal assessment","volume":"156","author":"De Stefano FA","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Stefano FA, Elarjani T, Burks JD, Burks SS, Levi AD. Dose adjustment associated complications of bone morphogenetic protein: a longitudinal assessment. World Neurosurg. 2021, 156:e64-71. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.08.142","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.3.FOCUS2164","article-title":"Use of rhBMP-2 for adult spinal deformity surgery: patterns of usage and changes over the past decade","volume":"50","author":"Bannwarth M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bannwarth M, Smith JS, Bess S, et al.. Use of rhBMP-2 for adult spinal deformity surgery: patterns of usage and changes over the past decade. Neurosurg Focus. 2021, 50:E4. 10.3171\/2021.3.FOCUS2164","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.3.FOCUS2152","article-title":"Impact of surgeon rhBMP-2 cost awareness on complication rates and health system costs for spinal arthrodesis","volume":"50","author":"McGrath M","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGrath M, Feroze AH, Nistal D, Robinson E, Saigal R. Impact of surgeon rhBMP-2 cost awareness on complication rates and health system costs for spinal arthrodesis. Neurosurg Focus. 2021, 50:E5. 10.3171\/2021.3.FOCUS2152","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.4.SPINE141086","article-title":"Exploratory meta-analysis on dose-related efficacy and morbidity of bone morphogenetic protein in spinal arthrodesis surgery","volume":"24","author":"Hofstetter CP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hofstetter CP, Hofer AS, Levi AD. Exploratory meta-analysis on dose-related efficacy and morbidity of bone morphogenetic protein in spinal arthrodesis surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016, 24:457-75. 10.3171\/2015.4.SPINE141086","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/285732-a-narrative-review-on-recombinant-human-bone-morphogenetic-protein-2-where-are-we-now","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T04:15:02Z","timestamp":1724645702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/285732-a-narrative-review-on-recombinant-human-bone-morphogenetic-protein-2-where-are-we-now"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.67785","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]}}}