{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T22:30:29Z","timestamp":1775341829279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.68375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T12:41:31Z","timestamp":1725194491000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis in Immunocompetent Individuals: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Harsh","family":"Babariya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shilpa A","family":"Gaidhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sourya","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Spectrum of mycoses","author":"Walsh T","year":"1996","unstructured":"Walsh T, Dixon D. Spectrum of mycoses. Medical Microbiology 4th edition. Baron S (ed): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston (TX); 1996."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9030381","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of human exposure to fungi","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oliveira M, Oliveira D, Lisboa C, Boechat JL, Delgado L. Clinical manifestations of human exposure to fungi. J Fungi (Basel). 2023, 9:10.3390\/jof9030381","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8100993","article-title":"Immunologic diagnosis of endemic mycoses","volume":"8","author":"Almeida-Paes R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almeida-Paes R, Bernardes-Engemann AR, da Silva Motta B, et al.. Immunologic diagnosis of endemic mycoses. J Fungi (Basel). 2022, 8:10.3390\/jof8100993","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020151","article-title":"Endemic and other dimorphic mycoses in the Americas","volume":"7","author":"Lockhart SR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lockhart SR, Toda M, Benedict K, Caceres DH, Litvintseva AP. Endemic and other dimorphic mycoses in the Americas. J Fungi (Basel). 2021, 7:10.3390\/jof7020151","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0026-2016","article-title":"Overview of infections in the immunocompromised host","volume":"4","author":"Dropulic LK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dropulic LK, Lederman HM. Overview of infections in the immunocompromised host. Microbiol Spectr. 2016, 4:10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0026-2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-019-00184-z","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology, fungal pathogenesis, and therapeutic development","volume":"6","author":"Hernandez H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hernandez H, Erives VH, Martinez LR. Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology, fungal pathogenesis, and therapeutic development. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2019, 6:132-44. 10.1007\/s40475-019-00184-z","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Opportunistic invasive fungal infections: diagnosis & clinical management","volume":"139","author":"Badiee P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Badiee P, Hashemizadeh Z. Opportunistic invasive fungal infections: diagnosis &amp; clinical management. Indian J Med Res. 2014, 139:195-204.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.01.008","article-title":"Exposure and health effects of fungi on humans","volume":"4","author":"Baxi SN","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baxi SN, Portnoy JM, Larenas-Linnemann D, Phipatanakul W. Exposure and health effects of fungi on humans. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016, 4:396-404. 10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.01.008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8040413","article-title":"Current landscape of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"8","author":"Boro R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boro R, Iyer PC, Walczak MA. Current landscape of coccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2022, 8:10.3390\/jof8040413","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282141","article-title":"Clinical and economic burden of healthcare-associated\u00a0infections: a prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Gidey K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gidey K, Gidey MT, Hailu BY, Gebreamlak ZB, Niriayo YL. Clinical and economic burden of healthcare-associated\u00a0infections: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2023, 18:e0282141. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0282141","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8041150","article-title":"The public health impact of coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California","volume":"8","author":"Hector RF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hector RF, Rutherford GW, Tsang CA, et al.. The public health impact of coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011, 8:1150-73. 10.3390\/ijerph8041150","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153805","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis and the skin: a comprehensive review","volume":"90","author":"Garcia Garcia SC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garcia Garcia SC, Salas Alanis JC, Flores MG, Gonzalez Gonzalez SE, Vera Cabrera L, Ocampo Candiani J. Coccidioidomycosis and the skin: a comprehensive review. An Bras Dermatol. 2015, 90:610-9. 10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153805","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.131588","article-title":"Distance from construction site and risk for coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA","volume":"20","author":"Blair JE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blair JE, Chang YH, Ruiz Y, Duffy S, Heinrich BE, Lake DF. Distance from construction site and risk for coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014, 20:1464-71. 10.3201\/eid2009.131588","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8080859","article-title":"Coccidioides species: a review of basic research: 2022","volume":"8","author":"Kirkland TN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kirkland TN, Stevens DA, Hung CY, et al.. Coccidioides species: a review of basic research: 2022. J Fungi (Basel). 2022, 8:10.3390\/jof8080859","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis","author":"Akram SM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akram SM, Koirala J. Coccidioidomycosis. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12953","article-title":"Helper T-cell responses and pulmonary fungal infections","volume":"155","author":"McDermott AJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"McDermott AJ, Klein BS. Helper T-cell responses and pulmonary fungal infections. Immunology. 2018, 155:155-63. 10.1111\/imm.12953","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00606-y","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: a contemporary review","volume":"11","author":"Crum NF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crum NF. Coccidioidomycosis: a contemporary review. Infect Dis Ther. 2022, 11:713-42. 10.1007\/s40121-022-00606-y","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations","year":"1990","unstructured":"Clinical methods. the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. Walker H, Hall W, Hurst J (ed): Butterworths, Boston; 1990."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26420\/jfammed.2017.1130","article-title":"A case of refractory pulmonary coccidioidomycosis successfully treated with posaconazole therapy","volume":"4","author":"Patel R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patel R, Pandya S, Nanjappa S, Greene J. A case of refractory pulmonary coccidioidomycosis successfully treated with posaconazole therapy. J Fam Med. 2017, 4:1130. 10.26420\/jfammed.2017.1130","journal-title":"J Fam Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.160505","article-title":"Risk factors for disseminated coccidioidomycosis, United States","volume":"23","author":"Odio CD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Odio CD, Marciano BE, Galgiani JN, Holland SM. Risk factors for disseminated coccidioidomycosis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017, 23:308-11. 10.3201\/eid2302.160505","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02230-06","article-title":"Epidemiologic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"45","author":"Saubolle MA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saubolle MA, McKellar PP, Sussland D. Epidemiologic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of coccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007, 45:26-30. 10.1128\/JCM.02230-06","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000489501","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of systemic endemic mycoses causing pulmonary disease","volume":"96","author":"Salzer HJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salzer HJ, Burchard G, Cornely OA, et al.. Diagnosis and management of systemic endemic mycoses causing pulmonary disease. Respiration. 2018, 96:283-301. 10.1159\/000489501","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01581-22","article-title":"Review of clinical and laboratory diagnostics for coccidioidomycosis","volume":"61","author":"McHardy IH","year":"2023","unstructured":"McHardy IH, Barker B, Thompson GR 3rd. Review of clinical and laboratory diagnostics for coccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2023, 61:e0158122. 10.1128\/jcm.01581-22","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-006-0062-5","article-title":"Serologic testing for symptomatic coccidioidomycosis in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts","volume":"162","author":"Blair JE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blair JE, Coakley B, Santelli AC, Hentz JG, Wengenack NL. Serologic testing for symptomatic coccidioidomycosis in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. Mycopathologia. 2006, 162:317-24. 10.1007\/s11046-006-0062-5","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.161431","article-title":"Chest tuberculosis: radiological review and imaging recommendations","volume":"25","author":"Bhalla AS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhalla AS, Goyal A, Guleria R, Gupta AK. Chest tuberculosis: radiological review and imaging recommendations. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2015, 25:213-25. 10.4103\/0971-3026.161431","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.060028","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis as a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Valdivia L","year":"2006","unstructured":"Valdivia L, Nix D, Wright M, et al.. Coccidioidomycosis as a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006, 12:958-62. 10.3201\/eid1206.060028","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw360","article-title":"2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guideline for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"63","author":"Galgiani JN","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galgiani JN, Ampel NM, Blair JE, et al.. 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guideline for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016, 63:e112-46. 10.1093\/cid\/ciw360","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013604.pub2","article-title":"Pre-emptive antifungal therapy versus empirical antifungal therapy for febrile neutropenia in people with cancer","volume":"11","author":"Uneno Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uneno Y, Imura H, Makuuchi Y, Tochitani K, Watanabe N. Pre-emptive antifungal therapy versus empirical antifungal therapy for febrile neutropenia in people with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022, 11:CD013604. 10.1002\/14651858.CD013604.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad243","article-title":"Challenges in the long-term management of patients with coccidioidal meningitis: a retrospective analysis of treatment and outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Sivasubramanian G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sivasubramanian G, Kadakia S, Kim JM, Pervaiz S, Yan Y, Libke R. Challenges in the long-term management of patients with coccidioidal meningitis: a retrospective analysis of treatment and outcomes. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023, 10:ofad243. 10.1093\/ofid\/ofad243","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000700010","article-title":"The treatment of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"57 Suppl 19","author":"Ampel NM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ampel NM. The treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2015, 57 Suppl 19:51-6. 10.1590\/S0036-46652015000700010","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25249","article-title":"Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in an immunocompetent male who lived in an endemic region in the remote past: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Agarwal P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agarwal P, Gami R, Osman AF, Khor SY, Haddad I. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in an immunocompetent male who lived in an endemic region in the remote past: a case report. Cureus. 2022, 14:e25249. 10.7759\/cureus.25249","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18457-2","article-title":"Correlation of pre-existing comorbidities with disease severity in individuals infected with SARS-COV-2 virus","volume":"24","author":"Maru\u0161i\u0107 J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maru\u0161i\u0107 J, Haskovi\u0107 E, Mujezinovi\u0107 A, \u0110ido V. Correlation of pre-existing comorbidities with disease severity in individuals infected with SARS-COV-2 virus. BMC Public Health. 2024, 24:1053. 10.1186\/s12889-024-18457-2","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070666","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"8","author":"Williams SL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams SL, Chiller T. Update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of coccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2022, 8:10.3390\/jof8070666","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Histoplasmosis","author":"Akram SM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akram SM, Koirala J. Histoplasmosis. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"History of Latin America | meaning, countries, map, &amp; facts | Britannica. (2023). Accessed. August 25, 2024: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Latin-America."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822006000100001","article-title":"Diagnosis of histoplasmosis","volume":"37","author":"Guimar\u00e3es AJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es AJ, Nosanchuk JD, Zancop\u00e9-Oliveira RM. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Braz J Microbiol. 2006, 37:1-13. 10.1590\/S1517-83822006000100001","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7070510","article-title":"Occupational histoplasmosis: epidemiology and prevention measures","volume":"7","author":"de Perio MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Perio MA, Benedict K, Williams SL, et al.. Occupational histoplasmosis: epidemiology and prevention measures. J Fungi (Basel). 2021, 7:10.3390\/jof7070510","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2203.151117","article-title":"Epidemiology of histoplasmosis outbreaks, United States, 1938-2013","volume":"22","author":"Benedict K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benedict K, Mody RK. Epidemiology of histoplasmosis outbreaks, United States, 1938-2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016, 22:370-8. 10.3201\/eid2203.151117","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Histoplasmosis in a state where it is not known to be endemic \u2014 Montana, 2012-2013","volume":"62","author":"Skillman D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Skillman D, Riek L, Davis B, Harris JR, Nett RJ. Histoplasmosis in a state where it is not known to be endemic \u2014 Montana, 2012-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013, 62:834-7.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1304","article-title":"Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii: a comprehensive review of cases from 1993 to 2019","volume":"73","author":"Develoux M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Develoux M, Amona FM, Hennequin C. Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii: a comprehensive review of cases from 1993 to 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2021, 73:e543-9. 10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1304","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2018_114","article-title":"Histoplasma capsulatum: mechanisms for pathogenesis","volume":"422","author":"Mittal J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mittal J, Ponce MG, Gendlina I, Nosanchuk JD. Histoplasma capsulatum: mechanisms for pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2019, 422:157-91. 10.1007\/82_2018_114","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2018.03.009","article-title":"Flying under the radar: Histoplasma capsulatum avoidance of innate immune recognition","volume":"89","author":"Ray SC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ray SC, Rappleye CA. Flying under the radar: Histoplasma capsulatum avoidance of innate immune recognition. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2019, 89:91-8. 10.1016\/j.semcdb.2018.03.009","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e318144b1d9","article-title":"Redefining the clinical spectrum of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis: a retrospective case series of 46 patients","volume":"86","author":"Kennedy CC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kennedy CC, Limper AH. Redefining the clinical spectrum of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis: a retrospective case series of 46 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007, 86:252-8. 10.1097\/MD.0b013e318144b1d9","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.21942","article-title":"Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as acute respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation in an HIV positive immigrant from Central America","volume":"14","author":"Pata R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pata R, Nway N, Lutaya I, Chen V. Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as acute respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation in an HIV positive immigrant from Central America. Cureus. 2022, 14:e21942. 10.7759\/cureus.21942","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00027-06","article-title":"Histoplasmosis: a clinical and laboratory update","volume":"20","author":"Kauffman CA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kauffman CA. Histoplasmosis: a clinical and laboratory update. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007, 20:115-32. 10.1128\/CMR.00027-06","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02430-16","article-title":"Laboratory diagnostics for histoplasmosis","volume":"55","author":"Azar MM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azar MM, Hage CA. Laboratory diagnostics for histoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2017, 55:1612-20. 10.1128\/JCM.02430-16","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2351","article-title":"Evaluation of individuals with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Gould MK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gould MK, Donington J, Lynch WR, Mazzone PJ, Midthun DE, Naidich DP, Wiener RS. Evaluation of individuals with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013, 143:e93S-e120S. 10.1378\/chest.12-2351","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9020236","article-title":"Pulmonary histoplasmosis: a clinical update","volume":"9","author":"Barros N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barros N, Wheat JL, Hage C. Pulmonary histoplasmosis: a clinical update. J Fungi (Basel). 2023, 9:10.3390\/jof9020236","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313752","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"30","author":"Wheat J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wheat J, Sarosi G, McKinsey D, et al.. Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000, 30:688-95. 10.1086\/313752","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521259","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"45","author":"Wheat LJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, Baddley JW, McKinsey DS, Loyd JE, Kauffman CA. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007, 45:807-25. 10.1086\/521259","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.2532","article-title":"Fibrosing mediastinitis: uncommon life-threatening complication of histoplasmosis","volume":"10","author":"Khalid M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalid M, Khan I, Rahman Z, Alazzeh A, Youssef D. Fibrosing mediastinitis: uncommon life-threatening complication of histoplasmosis. Cureus. 2018, 10:e2532. 10.7759\/cureus.2532","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-023-01128-7","article-title":"Factors related to mortality in critically ill histoplasmosis: a multicenter retrospective study in Guadeloupe and French Guyana","volume":"13","author":"Camous L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Camous L, Surel A, Kallel H, et al.. Factors related to mortality in critically ill histoplasmosis: a multicenter retrospective study in Guadeloupe and French Guyana. Ann Intensive Care. 2023, 13:30. 10.1186\/s13613-023-01128-7","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient","author":"Aleem MS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aleem MS, Sexton R, Akella J. Pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.60433","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis and its recurrence in an apparently immunocompetent patient","volume":"16","author":"Cortez-Vila JA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cortez-Vila JA, Figueroa-Basurto CI, Lacy-Niebla RM, Arenas R, Vega-Memije ME. Disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis and its recurrence in an apparently immunocompetent patient. Cureus. 2024, 16:e60433. 10.7759\/cureus.60433","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7107a1","article-title":"Surveillance for coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis - United States, 2019","volume":"71","author":"Smith DJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith DJ, Williams SL, Benedict KM, Jackson BR, Toda M. Surveillance for coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis - United States, 2019. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2022, 71:1-14. 10.15585\/mmwr.ss7107a1","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111132","article-title":"Chest imaging in systemic endemic mycoses","volume":"8","author":"Sousa C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sousa C, Marchiori E, Youssef A, et al.. Chest imaging in systemic endemic mycoses. J Fungi (Basel). 2022, 8:10.3390\/jof8111132","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00053-10","article-title":"Histopathologic diagnosis of fungal infections in the 21st century","volume":"24","author":"Guarner J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guarner J, Brandt ME. Histopathologic diagnosis of fungal infections in the 21st century. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011, 24:247-80. 10.1128\/CMR.00053-10","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9080793","article-title":"The current and future states of diagnostic tests for histoplasmosis with a focus on people with HIV and disseminated histoplasmosis","volume":"9","author":"Villareal K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Villareal K, Price A, Pasqualotto AC, Bahr NC. The current and future states of diagnostic tests for histoplasmosis with a focus on people with HIV and disseminated histoplasmosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2023, 9:10.3390\/jof9080793","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.51276","article-title":"A complex case of histoplasmosis in an immunocompromised patient: diagnostic challenges, multidisciplinary collaboration, and environmental factors","volume":"15","author":"Sabzanov S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sabzanov S, Ganz M, Mishail B, Yusupov D, Fried P, Jacobs M, Miller D. A complex case of histoplasmosis in an immunocompromised patient: diagnostic challenges, multidisciplinary collaboration, and environmental factors. Cureus. 2023, 15:e51276. 10.7759\/cureus.51276","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14050520","article-title":"Nucleic-acid-based molecular fungal diagnostics: a way to a better future","volume":"14","author":"Gudisa R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gudisa R, Harchand R, Rudramurthy SM. Nucleic-acid-based molecular fungal diagnostics: a way to a better future. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024, 14:10.3390\/diagnostics14050520","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof2030022","article-title":"Galactomannan and 1,3-\u03b2-d-glucan testing for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"2","author":"Lamoth F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lamoth F. Galactomannan and 1,3-\u03b2-d-glucan testing for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2016, 2:10.3390\/jof2030022","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9080820","article-title":"Public health research priorities for fungal diseases: a multidisciplinary approach to save lives","volume":"9","author":"Smith DJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith DJ, Gold JA, Benedict K, et al.. Public health research priorities for fungal diseases: a multidisciplinary approach to save lives. J Fungi (Basel). 2023, 9:10.3390\/jof9080820","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1849543517701158","article-title":"Improving health-care delivery in low-resource settings with nanotechnology: challenges in multiple dimensions","volume":"4","author":"Abbas JJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abbas JJ, Smith B, Poluta M, Velazquez-Berumen A. Improving health-care delivery in low-resource settings with nanotechnology: challenges in multiple dimensions. Nanobiomedicine (Rij). 2017, 4:1849543517701158. 10.1177\/1849543517701158","journal-title":"Nanobiomedicine (Rij)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/293951-coccidioidomycosis-and-histoplasmosis-in-immunocompetent-individuals-a-comprehensive-review-of-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-management","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T12:41:37Z","timestamp":1725194497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/293951-coccidioidomycosis-and-histoplasmosis-in-immunocompetent-individuals-a-comprehensive-review-of-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-management"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"references-count":63,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.68375","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}}}