{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:04:52Z","timestamp":1787652292215,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.68707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T13:10:33Z","timestamp":1725541833000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Probable Causative Agents and Demographic Patterns of Encephalitis, Meningitis, and Meningoencephalitis in a Single Tertiary Care Center"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Attar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman M","family":"Khojah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrazak M","family":"Sakhakhni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussam","family":"Alasmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Bamusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talal","family":"Alajmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed E","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A","family":"Awadh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040845","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis","volume":"351","author":"van de Beek D","year":"2004","unstructured":"van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, Weisfelt M, Reitsma JB, Vermeulen M. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2004, 351:1849-59. 10.1056\/NEJMoa040845","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit458","article-title":"Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium","volume":"57","author":"Venkatesan A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Venkatesan A, Tunkel AR, Bloch KC, et al.. Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium. Clin Infect Dis. 2013, 57:1114-28. 10.1093\/cid\/cit458","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00195-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis and its aetiologies, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"22","year":"2023","unstructured":"Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis and its aetiologies, 1990-2019. a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2023, 22:685-711. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00195-3","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70048-7","article-title":"Global and regional risk of disabling sequelae from bacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Edmond K","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edmond K, Clark A, Korczak VS, Sanderson C, Griffiths UK, Rudan I. Global and regional risk of disabling sequelae from bacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010, 10:317-28. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70048-7","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.07.001","article-title":"Viral encephalitis","volume":"36","author":"Venkatesan A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venkatesan A, Murphy OC. Viral encephalitis. Neurol Clin. 2018, 36:705-24. 10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.07.001","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000922","article-title":"Viral meningitis and encephalitis: an update","volume":"36","author":"Gundamraj V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gundamraj V, Hasbun R. Viral meningitis and encephalitis: an update. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2023, 36:177-85. 10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000922","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9394","article-title":"Fungal meningitis","volume":"20","author":"Gottfredsson M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR. Fungal meningitis. Semin Neurol. 2000, 20:307-22. 10.1055\/s-2000-9394","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.01.008","article-title":"Diagnostic approach to encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in adult returning travellers","volume":"25","author":"Kenfak A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kenfak A, Eperon G, Schibler M, Lamoth F, Vargas MI, Stahl JP. Diagnostic approach to encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in adult returning travellers. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019, 25:415-21. 10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.01.008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/589747","article-title":"The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"47","author":"Tunkel AR","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, et al.. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008, 47:303-27. 10.1086\/589747","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.12.035","article-title":"Diagnostic tools to tackle infectious causes of encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent adults in Europe","volume":"25","author":"Schibler M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schibler M, Eperon G, Kenfak A, Lascano A, Vargas MI, Stahl JP. Diagnostic tools to tackle infectious causes of encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent adults in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019, 25:408-14. 10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.12.035","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.11.014","article-title":"Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults--Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines","volume":"64","author":"Solomon T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Solomon T, Michael BD, Smith PE, et al.. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults--Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines. J Infect. 2012, 64:347-73. 10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.11.014","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.11.013","article-title":"Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group National Guidelines","volume":"64","author":"Kneen R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, et al.. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group National Guidelines. J Infect. 2012, 64:449-77. 10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.11.013","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.02970.x","article-title":"Viral meningoencephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management","volume":"17","author":"Steiner I","year":"2010","unstructured":"Steiner I, Budka H, Chaudhuri A, Koskiniemi M, Sainio K, Salonen O, Kennedy PG. Viral meningoencephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management. Eur J Neurol. 2010, 17:999-e57. 10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.02970.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.07.015","article-title":"Mechanisms of pathogen invasion into the central nervous system","volume":"103","author":"Cain MD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cain MD, Salimi H, Diamond MS, Klein RS. Mechanisms of pathogen invasion into the central nervous system. Neuron. 2019, 103:771-83. 10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.07.015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.11.016","article-title":"Diagnostic test accuracy of the BioFire\u00ae FilmArray\u00ae meningitis\/encephalitis panel: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Tansarli GS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tansarli GS, Chapin KC. Diagnostic test accuracy of the BioFire\u00ae FilmArray\u00ae meningitis\/encephalitis panel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020, 26:281-90. 10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.11.016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2010.097022","article-title":"Role of imaging in the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis and its complications","volume":"86","author":"Hughes DC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hughes DC, Raghavan A, Mordekar SR, Griffiths PD, Connolly DJ. Role of imaging in the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis and its complications. Postgrad Med J. 2010, 86:478-85. 10.1136\/pgmj.2010.097022","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.1.1","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"12","author":"Lancaster E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lancaster E. The diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis. J Clin Neurol. 2016, 12:1-13. 10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.1.1","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1564686","article-title":"A practical approach to meningitis and encephalitis","volume":"35","author":"Richie MB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richie MB, Josephson SA. A practical approach to meningitis and encephalitis. Semin Neurol. 2015, 35:611-20. 10.1055\/s-0035-1564686","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367841","article-title":"In search of encephalitis etiologies: diagnostic challenges in the California Encephalitis Project, 1998-2000","volume":"36","author":"Glaser CA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Glaser CA, Gilliam S, Schnurr D, et al.. In search of encephalitis etiologies: diagnostic challenges in the California Encephalitis Project, 1998-2000. Clin Infect Dis. 2003, 36:731-42. 10.1086\/367841","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02193.x","article-title":"EFNS guideline on the management of community-acquired bacterial meningitis: report of an EFNS Task Force on acute bacterial meningitis in older children and adults","volume":"15","author":"Chaudhuri A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chaudhuri A, Martinez-Martin P, Kennedy PG, Andrew Seaton R, Portegies P, Bojar M, Steiner I. EFNS guideline on the management of community-acquired bacterial meningitis: report of an EFNS Task Force on acute bacterial meningitis in older children and adults. Eur J Neurol. 2008, 15:649-59. 10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02193.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000009","article-title":"Outcome in patients with bacterial meningitis presenting with a minimal Glasgow Coma Scale score","volume":"1","author":"Lucas MJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lucas MJ, Brouwer MC, van der Ende A, van de Beek D. Outcome in patients with bacterial meningitis presenting with a minimal Glasgow Coma Scale score. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2014, 1:e9. 10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000009","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(98)80005-4","article-title":"Childhood bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia","volume":"36","author":"Almuneef M","year":"1998","unstructured":"Almuneef M, Memish Z, Khan Y, Kagallwala A, Alshaalan M. Childhood bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia. J Infect. 1998, 36:157-60. 10.1016\/S0163-4453(98)80005-4","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323403","article-title":"Meningococcal disease and travel","volume":"34","author":"Memish ZA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Memish ZA. Meningococcal disease and travel. Clin Infect Dis. 2002, 34:84-90. 10.1086\/323403","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-00942-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of reportable bacterial infectious diseases in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Alhumaid NK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alhumaid NK, Alajmi AM, Alosaimi NF, et al.. Epidemiology of reportable bacterial infectious diseases in Saudi Arabia. Infect Dis Ther. 2024, 13:667-84. 10.1007\/s40121-024-00942-1","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22088\/cjim.13.3.469","article-title":"Post-neurosurgical meningitis; gram negative bacilli vs. gram positive cocci","volume":"13","author":"Zeinalizadeh M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeinalizadeh M, Yazdani R, Feizabadi MM, et al.. Post-neurosurgical meningitis; gram negative bacilli vs. gram positive cocci. Caspian J Intern Med. 2022, 13:469-74. 10.22088\/cjim.13.3.469","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080979","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae causing severe infections in the neuro-ICU","volume":"10","author":"Fursova NK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fursova NK, Astashkin EI, Ershova ON, et al.. Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae causing severe infections in the neuro-ICU. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021, 10:979. 10.3390\/antibiotics10080979","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.602267","article-title":"Viruses causing aseptic meningitis: a tertiary medical center experience with a multiplex PCR assay","volume":"11","author":"Aldriweesh MA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aldriweesh MA, Shafaay EA, Alwatban SM, Alkethami OM, Aljuraisi FN, Bosaeed M, Alharbi NK. Viruses causing aseptic meningitis: a tertiary medical center experience with a multiplex PCR assay. Front Neurol. 2020, 11:67. 10.3389\/fneur.2020.602267","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"30","author":"Maziarz EK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maziarz EK, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016, 30:179-206. 10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00325-x","article-title":"Update on invasive fungal infections in the Middle Eastern and North African region","volume":"51","author":"Osman M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osman M, Al Bikai A, Rafei R, Mallat H, Dabboussi F, Hamze M. Update on invasive fungal infections in the Middle Eastern and North African region. Braz J Microbiol. 2020, 51:1771-89. 10.1007\/s42770-020-00325-x","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/292800-probable-causative-agents-and-demographic-patterns-of-encephalitis-meningitis-and-meningoencephalitis-in-a-single-tertiary-care-center","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T13:10:52Z","timestamp":1725541852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/292800-probable-causative-agents-and-demographic-patterns-of-encephalitis-meningitis-and-meningoencephalitis-in-a-single-tertiary-care-center"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.68707","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]}}}