{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:36:38Z","timestamp":1792200998831,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.70279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T16:43:36Z","timestamp":1727369016000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Role of L-carnitine in Cardiovascular Health: Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ramy","family":"Elantary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study","volume":"76","author":"Roth GA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al.. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020, 76:2982-3021. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142019 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Benjamin EJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, et al.. Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019, 139:e56-e528. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz859","article-title":"European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2019","volume":"41","author":"Timmis A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Timmis A, Townsend N, Gale CP, et al.. European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2019. Eur Heart J. 2020, 41:12-85. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz859","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Virani SS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, et al.. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020, 141:e139-596. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2009","article-title":"Myocardial fatty acid metabolism in health and disease","volume":"90","author":"Lopaschuk GD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lopaschuk GD, Ussher JR, Folmes CD, Jaswal JS, Stanley WC. Myocardial fatty acid metabolism in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2010, 90:207-58. 10.1152\/physrev.00015.2009","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.02.007","article-title":"L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"DiNicolantonio JJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"DiNicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ, Fares H, Menezes AR, O'Keefe JH. L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013, 88:544-51. 10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.02.007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00377-2","article-title":"The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Sawicka AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sawicka AK, Renzi G, Olek RA. The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: a systematic review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020, 17:49. 10.1186\/s12970-020-00377-2","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-019-03667-9","article-title":"ROS and diseases: role in metabolism and energy supply","volume":"467","author":"Yang S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang S, Lian G. ROS and diseases: role in metabolism and energy supply. Mol Cell Biochem. 2020, 467:1-12. 10.1007\/s11010-019-03667-9","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.12.021","article-title":"L-carnitine protects against arterial hypertension-related cardiac fibrosis through modulation of PPAR-\u03b3 expression","volume":"85","author":"Zambrano S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zambrano S, Blanca AJ, Ruiz-Armenta MV, et al.. L-carnitine protects against arterial hypertension-related cardiac fibrosis through modulation of PPAR-\u03b3 expression. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013, 85:937-44. 10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.12.021","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6274854","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of L-carnitine treatment for chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"2017","author":"Song X","year":"2017","unstructured":"Song X, Qu H, Yang Z, Rong J, Cai W, Zhou H. Efficacy and safety of L-carnitine treatment for chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biomed Res Int. 2017, 2017:6274854. 10.1155\/2017\/6274854","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Koeth RA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, et al.. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 2013, 19:576-85. 10.1038\/nm.3145","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052717","article-title":"The role of L-carnitine in mitochondria, prevention of metabolic inflexibility, and disease initiation","volume":"23","author":"Virmani MA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Virmani MA, Cirulli M. The role of L-carnitine in mitochondria, prevention of metabolic inflexibility, and disease initiation. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:2717. 10.3390\/ijms23052717","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2011.1255","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 coactivators PGC-1\u03b1\/PGC-1\u03b2-dependent signaling cascade of mitochondrial biogenesis and decreases the oxidized peroxiredoxins content in old rat liver","volume":"15","author":"Pesce V","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pesce V, Nicassio L, Fracasso F, Musicco C, Cantatore P, Gadaleta MN. Acetyl-L-carnitine activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 coactivators PGC-1\u03b1\/PGC-1\u03b2-dependent signaling cascade of mitochondrial biogenesis and decreases the oxidized peroxiredoxins content in old rat liver. Rejuvenation Res. 2012, 15:136-9. 10.1089\/rej.2011.1255","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Protection by acyl-carnitines and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride of rat heart subjected to ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"847","author":"H\u00fclsmann WC","year":"1985","unstructured":"H\u00fclsmann WC, Dubelaar ML, Lamers JM, Maccari F. Protection by acyl-carnitines and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride of rat heart subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1985, 847:62-6.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2004.06.003","article-title":"Role of carnitine esters in brain neuropathology","volume":"25","author":"Virmani A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Virmani A, Binienda Z. Role of carnitine esters in brain neuropathology. Mol Aspects Med. 2004, 25:533-49. 10.1016\/j.mam.2004.06.003","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9238-7","article-title":"The carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) system and possible relevance for neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions","volume":"52","author":"Virmani A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Virmani A, Pinto L, Bauermann O, et al.. The carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) system and possible relevance for neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions. Mol Neurobiol. 2015, 52:826-36.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)03144-2","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Harrison D","year":"2003","unstructured":"Harrison D, Griendling KG, Landmesser U, Hornig B, Drexler H. Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. American Journal of Cardiology. 2003, 91:7-11. 10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)03144-2","journal-title":"American Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0678-6","article-title":"Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Kattoor AJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kattoor AJ, Pothineni NV, Palagiri D, Mehta JL. Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2017, 19:42. 10.1007\/s11883-017-0678-6","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2006.04.029","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS-induced ROS release: an update and review","volume":"1757","author":"Zorov DB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ. Mitochondrial ROS-induced ROS release: an update and review. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006, 1757:509-17. 10.1016\/j.bbabio.2006.04.029","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.4.b134","article-title":"Effect of L-carnitine on brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in old rats","volume":"57","author":"Rani PJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rani PJ, Panneerselvam C. Effect of L-carnitine on brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in old rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002, 57:B134-7. 10.1093\/gerona\/57.4.b134","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2015-0305","article-title":"l-carnitine protects human hepatocytes from oxidative stress-induced toxicity through Akt-mediated activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"94","author":"Li J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li J, Zhang Y, Luan H, Chen X, Han Y, Wang C. l-carnitine protects human hepatocytes from oxidative stress-induced toxicity through Akt-mediated activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016, 94:517-25. 10.1139\/cjpp-2015-0305","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185796","article-title":"L-carnitine and male fertility: is supplementation beneficial?","volume":"12","author":"Mateus FG","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mateus FG, Moreira S, Martins AD, Oliveira PF, Alves MG, Pereira ML. L-carnitine and male fertility: is supplementation beneficial?. J Clin Med. 2023, 12:5796. 10.3390\/jcm12185796","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2010.00476.x","article-title":"Effects of L-carnitine supplement on serum inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein (a), and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with Lp (a) hyperlipoproteinemia","volume":"14","author":"Shakeri A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shakeri A, Tabibi H, Hedayati M. Effects of L-carnitine supplement on serum inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein (a), and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with Lp (a) hyperlipoproteinemia. Hemodial Int. 2010, 14:498-504. 10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2010.00476.x","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmhi.2013.02.003","article-title":"Synergistic effect of probiotics, butyrate and L-carnitine in treatment of IBD","volume":"7","author":"Moeinian M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moeinian M, Ghasemi-Niri SF, Mozaffari S, Abdollahi M. Synergistic effect of probiotics, butyrate and L-carnitine in treatment of IBD. J Med Hypotheses Ideas. 2013, 7:50-3. 10.1016\/j.jmhi.2013.02.003","journal-title":"J Med Hypotheses Ideas"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2004.10.002","article-title":"L-carnitine infusions may suppress serum C-reactive protein and improve nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"15","author":"Savica V","year":"2005","unstructured":"Savica V, Santoro D, Mazzaglia G, et al.. L-carnitine infusions may suppress serum C-reactive protein and improve nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2005, 15:225-30. 10.1053\/j.jrn.2004.10.002","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108866","article-title":"Effect of L-carnitine on cardiotoxicity and apoptosis induced by imatinib through PDGF\/ PPAR\u03b3 \/MAPK pathways","volume":"704","author":"Mansour HH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mansour HH, El Kiki SM, Ibrahim AB, Omran MM. Effect of L-carnitine on cardiotoxicity and apoptosis induced by imatinib through PDGF\/ PPAR\u03b3 \/MAPK pathways. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2021, 704:108866. 10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108866","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh TA","year":"2021","unstructured":"McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al.. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021, 42:3599-726. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1119-z","article-title":"Effects of intravenous L-carnitine on myocardial fatty acid imaging in hemodialysis patients: responders or non-responders to L-carnitine","volume":"4","author":"Nishimura M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nishimura M, Tokoro T, Takatani T, et al.. Effects of intravenous L-carnitine on myocardial fatty acid imaging in hemodialysis patients: responders or non-responders to L-carnitine. SpringerPlus. 2015, 4:353.","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-9202.2015.20.035","article-title":"The influence of L-carnitine on patients\u2019 cardiac function and renal function resulting from chronic heart failure (Article in Chinese)","volume":"35","author":"Ma J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma J, Zhou X, Li X. The influence of L-carnitine on patients\u2019 cardiac function and renal function resulting from chronic heart failure (Article in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Gerontology. 2015, 35:5761-2. 10.3969\/j.issn.1005-9202.2015.20.035","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Gerontology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00068","article-title":"Loss of metabolic flexibility in the failing heart","volume":"5","author":"Karwi QG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karwi QG, Uddin GM, Ho KL, Lopaschuk GD. Loss of metabolic flexibility in the failing heart. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018, 5:68. 10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00068","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-30","article-title":"Role of carnitine in disease","volume":"7","author":"Flanagan JL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Flanagan JL, Simmons PA, Vehige J, Willcox MD, Garrett Q. Role of carnitine in disease. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010, 7:30. 10.1186\/1743-7075-7-30","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1801","article-title":"Modulation of protein expression levels and DNA methylation status of breast cancer metastasis genes by anthracycline-based chemotherapy and the demethylating agent decitabine","volume":"29","author":"Ari F","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ari F, Napieralski R, Ulukaya E, et al.. Modulation of protein expression levels and DNA methylation status of breast cancer metastasis genes by anthracycline-based chemotherapy and the demethylating agent decitabine. Cell Biochem Funct. 2011, 29:651-9. 10.1002\/cbf.1801","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Effect of L-carnitine, afobazole, and their combination with L-arginine on biochemical and histological indices of endothelial dysfunctions in cobalt intoxication in rats","volume":"59","author":"Dzugkoev SG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dzugkoev SG, Mozhaeva IV, Otiev MA, Margieva OI, Dzugkoeva FS. Effect of L-carnitine, afobazole, and their combination with L-arginine on biochemical and histological indices of endothelial dysfunctions in cobalt intoxication in rats. Patologicheskaia Fiziologiia i Eksperimental'naia Terapiia. 2015, 59:70-5.","journal-title":"Patologicheskaia Fiziologiia i Eksperimental'naia Terapiia"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Nutritional treatments for acute myocardial infarction","volume":"15","author":"Gaby AR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gaby AR. Nutritional treatments for acute myocardial infarction. Alternative Medicine Review. 2010, 15:113-23.","journal-title":"Alternative Medicine Review"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-79","article-title":"Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Lee BJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee BJ, Lin JS, Lin YC, Lin PT. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr J. 2014, 13:79. 10.1186\/1475-2891-13-79","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.10.017","article-title":"L-carnitine supplementation as a potential antioxidant therapy for inherited neurometabolic disorders","volume":"533","author":"Ribas GS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ribas GS, Vargas CR, Wajner M. L-carnitine supplementation as a potential antioxidant therapy for inherited neurometabolic disorders. Gene. 2014, 533:469-76. 10.1016\/j.gene.2013.10.017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0277-5","article-title":"Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"15","author":"Lee BJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee BJ, Lin JS, Lin YC, Lin PT. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery disease. Lipids Health Dis. 2016, 15:107. 10.1186\/s12944-016-0277-5","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1085041","article-title":"The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"14","author":"Zhen J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhen J, Zhou Z, He M, et al.. The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023, 14:1085041. 10.3389\/fendo.2023.1085041","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13739-9","article-title":"TMAO is associated with mortality: Impact of modestly impaired renal function","volume":"7","author":"Gruppen EG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gruppen EG, Garcia E, Connelly MA, Jeyarajah EJ, Otvos JD, Bakker SJ, Dullaart RP. TMAO is associated with mortality: Impact of modestly impaired renal function. Sci Rep. 2017, 7:13781. 10.1038\/s41598-017-13739-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0128-1","article-title":"Development of a gut microbe-targeted nonlethal therapeutic to inhibit thrombosis potential","volume":"24","author":"Roberts AB","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberts AB, Gu X, Buffa JA, et al.. Development of a gut microbe-targeted nonlethal therapeutic to inhibit thrombosis potential. Nat Med. 2018, 24:1407-17. 10.1038\/s41591-018-0128-1","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.03.007","article-title":"Carnitine therapy for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease: evidence and controversies","volume":"24","author":"Johri AM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johri AM, Heyland DK, H\u00e9tu MF, Crawford B, Spence JD. Carnitine therapy for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease: evidence and controversies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014, 24:808-14. 10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.03.007","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac223","article-title":"Left ventricular remodelling post-myocardial infarction: pathophysiology, imaging, and novel therapies","volume":"43","author":"Frantz S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frantz S, Hundertmark MJ, Schulz-Menger J, Bengel FM, Bauersachs J. Left ventricular remodelling post-myocardial infarction: pathophysiology, imaging, and novel therapies. Eur Heart J. 2022, 43:2549-61. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac223","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Muscle 2-Volume Set: Fundamental Biology and Mechanisms of Disease","author":"Hill J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hill J, Olson E. Muscle 2-Volume Set: Fundamental Biology and Mechanisms of Disease. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam; 2012."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)80010-E","article-title":"Effects of l-carnitine administration on left ventricular remodeling after acute anterior myocardial infarction: the l-Carnitine Ecocardiografia Digitalizzata Infarto Miocardico (CEDIM) trial","volume":"26","author":"S Iliceto","year":"1995","unstructured":"S Iliceto, D Scrutinio, P Bruzzi, et al.. Effects of l-carnitine administration on left ventricular remodeling after acute anterior myocardial infarction: the l-Carnitine Ecocardiografia Digitalizzata Infarto Miocardico (CEDIM) trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1995, 26:380-7. 10.1016\/0735-1097(95)80010-E","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199611020-00004","article-title":"Effect of L-carnitine on the limitation of infarct size in one-month post-myocardial infarction cases: a multicentre, randomised, parallel, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Jacoba JKGC","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jacoba JKGC, Abarquez RF, Topacio GO, et al.. Effect of L-carnitine on the limitation of infarct size in one-month post-myocardial infarction cases: a multicentre, randomised, parallel, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Drug Investigation. 1996, 11:90-6. 10.2165\/00044011-199611020-00004","journal-title":"Clinical Drug Investigation"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.72.843.45","article-title":"A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L-carnitine in suspected acute myocardial infarction","volume":"72","author":"Singh RB","year":"1996","unstructured":"Singh RB, Niaz MA, Agarwal P, Beegum R, Rastogi SS, Sachan DS. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L-carnitine in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Postgrad Med J. 1996, 72:45-50. 10.1136\/pgmj.72.843.45","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000093131","article-title":"Metabolic treatment with L-carnitine in acute anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Tarantini G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tarantini G, Scrutinio D, Bruzzi P, Boni L, Rizzon P, Iliceto S. Metabolic treatment with L-carnitine in acute anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. A randomized controlled trial. Cardiology. 2006, 106:215-23. 10.1159\/000093131","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010117.pub2","article-title":"Propionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication","volume":"12","author":"Kamoen V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamoen V, Vander Stichele R, Campens L, De Bacquer D, Van Bortel L, de Backer TL. Propionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021, 12:CD010117. 10.1002\/14651858.CD010117.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17592","article-title":"Effectiveness of propionyl-L-carnitine supplementation on exercise performance in intermittent claudication: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Tama B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tama B, Fabara SP, Zarrate D, Anas Sohail A. Effectiveness of propionyl-L-carnitine supplementation on exercise performance in intermittent claudication: a systematic review. Cureus. 2021, 13:e17592. 10.7759\/cureus.17592","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010182","article-title":"Carnitine in human muscle bioenergetics: can carnitine supplementation improve physical exercise?","volume":"25","author":"Gnoni A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gnoni A, Longo S, Gnoni GV, Giudetti AM. Carnitine in human muscle bioenergetics: can carnitine supplementation improve physical exercise?. Molecules. 2020, 25:182. 10.3390\/molecules25010182","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Effects of acute L-carnitine supplementation on nitric oxide production and oxidative stress after exhaustive exercise in young soccer players","volume":"55","author":"Atalay Guzel N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Atalay Guzel N, Erikoglu Orer G, Bircan FS, Co\u015fkun Cevher \u015e. Effects of acute L-carnitine supplementation on nitric oxide production and oxidative stress after exhaustive exercise in young soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2014, 55:9-15.","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X12442264","article-title":"L-Carnitine plus cilostazol versus cilostazol alone for the treatment of claudication in patients with peripheral artery disease: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Goldenberg NA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goldenberg NA, Krantz MJ, Hiatt WR. L-Carnitine plus cilostazol versus cilostazol alone for the treatment of claudication in patients with peripheral artery disease: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Vasc Med. 2012, 17:145-54. 10.1177\/1358863X12442264","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2006.06.007","article-title":"Risk assessment for carnitine","volume":"46","author":"Hathcock JN","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hathcock JN, Shao A. Risk assessment for carnitine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006, 46:23-8. 10.1016\/j.yrtph.2006.06.007","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2010.08.015","article-title":"L-carnitine treatment and fish odor syndrome: an unwaited adverse effect (Article in French)","volume":"167","author":"Rocher F","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rocher F, Caruba C, Broly F, Lebrun C. L-carnitine treatment and fish odor syndrome: an unwaited adverse effect (Article in French). Rev Neurol (Paris). 2011, 167:541-4. 10.1016\/j.neurol.2010.08.015","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161119666210812152802","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of trimethylamine N-oxide-induced atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy","volume":"20","author":"Zheng Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng Y, He JQ. Pathogenic mechanisms of trimethylamine N-oxide-induced atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2022, 20:29-36. 10.2174\/1570161119666210812152802","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02470-5","article-title":"TMAO as a biomarker of cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Guasti L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guasti L, Galliazzo S, Molaro M, et al.. TMAO as a biomarker of cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2021, 16:201-7. 10.1007\/s11739-020-02470-5","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx342","article-title":"Gut microbe-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide as cardiovascular risk biomarker: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Schiattarella GG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schiattarella GG, Sannino A, Toscano E, et al.. Gut microbe-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide as cardiovascular risk biomarker: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2017, 38:2948-56. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx342","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.01.020","article-title":"Levocarnitine induced seizures in patients on valproic acid: a negative systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Zeiler FA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeiler FA, Sader N, Gillman LM, West M. Levocarnitine induced seizures in patients on valproic acid: a negative systematic review. Seizure. 2016, 36:36-9. 10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.01.020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"Effect of L-Carnitine on Biomarkers of Myocardial Reperfusion Injury in Patients With STEMI. (2024). https.\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06564909?cond=L%20-carnitine%20with%20cardiovascular&amp;rank=5#collaborators-and-inv...."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/285163-role-of-l-carnitine-in-cardiovascular-health-literature-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T16:43:42Z","timestamp":1727369022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/285163-role-of-l-carnitine-in-cardiovascular-health-literature-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.70279","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]}}}