{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:32:05Z","timestamp":1787963525255,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.70522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T11:35:43Z","timestamp":1727696143000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dry Eye Disease Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among the Middle East Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Zoelfigar","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saif","family":"Alrasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Abdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kareem","family":"Allinjawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23475","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria of dry eye disease: historical overview and future directions","volume":"59","author":"Shimazaki J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shimazaki J. Definition and diagnostic criteria of dry eye disease: historical overview and future directions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018, 59:DES7-DES12. 10.1167\/iovs.17-23475","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.09.003","article-title":"New perspectives on dry eye definition and diagnosis: a consensus report by the Asia Dry Eye Society","volume":"15","author":"Tsubota K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsubota K, Yokoi N, Shimazaki J, et al.. New perspectives on dry eye definition and diagnosis: a consensus report by the Asia Dry Eye Society. Ocul Surf. 2017, 15:65-76. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.09.003","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report","volume":"15","author":"Craig JP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Craig JP, Nichols KK, Akpek EK, et al.. TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report. Ocul Surf. 2017, 15:276-83. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/18743641-v17-20230712-2023-8","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of convergence insufficiency prevalence and management options","author":"Mohamed Z","year":"202317","unstructured":"Mohamed Z, Alrasheed SH. A systematic review and meta-analysis of convergence insufficiency prevalence and management options. Open Ophthalmol J. 202317, 1-8. 10.2174\/18743641-v17-20230712-2023-8","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2012.03.020","article-title":"Aging and dry eye disease","volume":"47","author":"Ding J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ding J, Sullivan DA. Aging and dry eye disease. Exp Gerontol. 2012, 47:483-90. 10.1016\/j.exger.2012.03.020","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00202-2","article-title":"Dry eye disease: the scale of the problem","volume":"45","author":"Brewitt H","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brewitt H, Sistani F. Dry eye disease: the scale of the problem. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001, 45:S199-S202. 10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00202-2","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1407936","article-title":"Dry eye","volume":"378","author":"Clayton JA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clayton JA. Dry eye. N Engl J Med. 2018, 378:2212-23. 10.1056\/NEJMra1407936","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001610","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Akowuah PK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akowuah PK, Kobia-Acquah E. Prevalence of dry eye disease in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Optom Vis Sci. 2020, 97:1089-98. 10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001610","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12888","article-title":"The global prevalence of dry eye disease: a Bayesian view","volume":"41","author":"Papas EB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papas EB. The global prevalence of dry eye disease: a Bayesian view. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2021, 41:1254-66. 10.1111\/opo.12888","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000525696","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of dry eye disease in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Cai Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai Y, Wei J, Zhou J, Zou W. Prevalence and incidence of dry eye disease in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmic Res. 2022, 65:647-58. 10.1159\/000525696","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2018.048","article-title":"Dry eye disease: when to treat and when to refer","volume":"41","author":"Findlay Q","year":"2018","unstructured":"Findlay Q, Reid K. Dry eye disease: when to treat and when to refer. Aust Prescr. 2018, 41:160-3. 10.18773\/austprescr.2018.048","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-013-0009-1","article-title":"Dry eye disease: impact on quality of life and vision","volume":"1","author":"Uchino M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uchino M, Schaumberg DA. Dry eye disease: impact on quality of life and vision. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2013, 1:51-7. 10.1007\/s40135-013-0009-1","journal-title":"Curr Ophthalmol Rep"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2019.1607882","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in the association between diabetes mellitus and dry eye disease","volume":"26","author":"Ward MF 2nd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ward MF 2nd, Le P, Donaldson JC, et al.. Racial and ethnic differences in the association between diabetes mellitus and dry eye disease. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2019, 26:295-300. 10.1080\/09286586.2019.1607882","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.103","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies","volume":"127","author":"Schaumberg DA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA. Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009, 127:763-8. 10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.103","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12210","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for symptomatic dry eye disease in Singapore","volume":"98","author":"Tan LL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tan LL, Morgan P, Cai ZQ, Straughan RA. Prevalence of and risk factors for symptomatic dry eye disease in Singapore. Clin Exp Optom. 2015, 98:45-53. 10.1111\/cxo.12210","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271267","article-title":"Identified risk factors for dry eye syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Qian L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qian L, Wei W. Identified risk factors for dry eye syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2022, 17:1-6. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0271267","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-4534.337849","article-title":"Dry eye syndrome risk factors: a systemic review","volume":"35","author":"Hasan ZAIY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hasan ZAIY. Dry eye syndrome risk factors: a systemic review. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2021, 35:131-9. 10.4103\/1319-4534.337849","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238%2Farztebl.2015.0071","article-title":"The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease","volume":"112","author":"Messmer EM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Messmer EM. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease. Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int. 2015, 112:71-82. 10.3238%2Farztebl.2015.0071","journal-title":"Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020338","article-title":"Current status and the epidemiology of malaria in the Middle East region and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Al-Awadhi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Awadhi M, Ahmad S, Iqbal J. Current status and the epidemiology of malaria in the Middle East region and beyond. Microorganisms. 2021, 9:338. 10.3390\/microorganisms9020338","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1290-z","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of dry eye disease in 16 northern West bank towns in Palestine: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Shanti Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shanti Y, Shehada R, Bakkar MM, Qaddumi J. Prevalence and associated risk factors of dry eye disease in 16 northern West bank towns in Palestine: a cross-sectional study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020, 20:26. 10.1186\/s12886-019-1290-z","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.313.7091","article-title":"Dry eye disease and depression-anxiety-stress: a hospital-based case control study in Turkey","volume":"31","author":"Yilmaz U","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yilmaz U, Gokler ME, Unsal A. Dry eye disease and depression-anxiety-stress: a hospital-based case control study in Turkey. Pak J Med Sci. 2015, 31:626-31. 10.12669\/pjms.313.7091","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","article-title":"The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions","volume":"52","author":"Downs SH","year":"1998","unstructured":"Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998, 52:377-84. 10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2023.101837","article-title":"The epidemiology of dry eye disease in the UK: the Aston dry eye study","volume":"46","author":"Vidal-Rohr M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vidal-Rohr M, Craig JP, Davies LN, Wolffsohn JS. The epidemiology of dry eye disease in the UK: the Aston dry eye study. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2023, 46:101837. 10.1016\/j.clae.2023.101837","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_281_16","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye symptoms in a Saudi Arabian population","volume":"24","author":"Alshamrani AA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alshamrani AA, Almousa AS, Almulhim AA, et al.. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye symptoms in a Saudi Arabian population. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2017, 24:67-73. 10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_281_16","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_194_18","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of dry eye disease among 40 years and older population of Riyadh (except capital), Saudi Arabia","volume":"26","author":"Yasir ZH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yasir ZH, Chauhan D, Khandekar R, Souru C, Varghese S. Prevalence and determinants of dry eye disease among 40 years and older population of Riyadh (except capital), Saudi Arabia. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2019, 26:27-32. 10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_194_18","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_251_22","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease among adults in Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Helayel HB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Helayel HB, Al Abdulhadi HA, Aloqab A, et al.. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease among adults in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Med Med Sci. 2023, 11:242-9. 10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_251_22","journal-title":"Saudi J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sjhs.sjhs_90_17","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye symptoms and its risk factors among patients of King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital (Ttaif), Saudi Arabia","volume":"6","author":"Alhamyani AH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alhamyani AH, Noor Kalakattawi RM, Noor Kalakattawi AM, et al.. Prevalence of dry eye symptoms and its risk factors among patients of King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital (Ttaif), Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Health Sci. 2017, 6:140. 10.4103\/sjhs.sjhs_90_17","journal-title":"Saudi J Health Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2022.101770","article-title":"Estimates of dry eye disease in Saudi Arabia based on a short questionnaire of prevalence, symptoms, and risk factors: the Twaiq Mountain eye study I","volume":"46","author":"Alkhaldi SA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alkhaldi SA, Allam KH, Radwan MA, Sweeney LE, Alshammeri S. Estimates of dry eye disease in Saudi Arabia based on a short questionnaire of prevalence, symptoms, and risk factors: the Twaiq Mountain eye study I. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2023, 46:101770. 10.1016\/j.clae.2022.101770","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-01978-4","article-title":"The prevalence, severity, and risk factors for dry eye disease in Dubai - a cross sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Alkabbani S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alkabbani S, Jeyaseelan L, Rao AP, Thakur SP, Warhekar PT. The prevalence, severity, and risk factors for dry eye disease in Dubai - a cross sectional study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021, 21:219. 10.1186\/s12886-021-01978-4","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.32552","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease and its risk factors among the general population of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"14","author":"Dossari SK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dossari SK, Alkhars AZ, Albaqshi AA, et al.. Prevalence of dry eye disease and its risk factors among the general population of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey. Cureus. 2022, 14:e32552. 10.7759\/cureus.32552","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12816\/0045645","article-title":"Prevalence of different eye diseases excluding refractive errors presented at the outpatient clinic in Beheira Eye Hospital","volume":"2484","author":"Mansour OA","year":"201871","unstructured":"Mansour OA, Mourad MS, Rihan RA, et al.. Prevalence of different eye diseases excluding refractive errors presented at the outpatient clinic in Beheira Eye Hospital. Egypt J Hosp Med. 201871, 2484:9. 10.12816\/0045645","journal-title":"Egypt J Hosp Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2019.46757","article-title":"Pattern of eye diseases in ophthalmic outpatient clinic of Al-Zahraa University Hospital: an observational descriptive study","volume":"77","author":"Rashwan AH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rashwan AH, Abo-Elkheir OI, Metwally AAI. Pattern of eye diseases in ophthalmic outpatient clinic of Al-Zahraa University Hospital: an observational descriptive study. Egypt J Hosp Med. 2019, 77:4754-9. 10.21608\/ejhm.2019.46757","journal-title":"Egypt J Hosp Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/OR\/2018\/38436","article-title":"A, Elagouz M, eat al: computer vision syndrome survey among the medical students in Sohag University Hospital, Egypt","volume":"8","author":"Iqbal M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iqbal M, El-Massry A, Elagouz M, et al.. A, Elagouz M, eat al: computer vision syndrome survey among the medical students in Sohag University Hospital, Egypt. Ophthalmol Res Int J. 2018, 8:1-8. 10.9734\/OR\/2018\/38436","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Res Int J"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0575-3","article-title":"Public awareness of common eye diseases in Jordan","volume":"17","author":"Haddad MF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haddad MF, Bakkar MM, Abdo N. Public awareness of common eye diseases in Jordan. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017, 17:177. 10.1186\/s12886-017-0575-3","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5742MEWFM.2019.93709","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"17","author":"Younis HA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Younis HA, Al-Quzweeni ZYJ. Prevalence of dry eye disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients. World Fam Med J Mid East J Fam Med. 2019, 17:21-6. 10.5742MEWFM.2019.93709","journal-title":"World Fam Med J Mid East J Fam Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.05.005","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis: an emerging disease among microbial keratitis in the Cap Bon region of Tunisia","volume":"192","author":"Zbiba W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zbiba W, Abdesslem NB. Acanthamoeba keratitis: an emerging disease among microbial keratitis in the Cap Bon region of Tunisia. Exp Parasitol. 2018, 192:42-5. 10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.05.005","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of symptomatic dry eye disease in Lebanon","volume":"43","author":"Sherry A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sherry A, Aridi M, Ghach W. Prevalence and risk factors of symptomatic dry eye disease in Lebanon. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2020, 43:355-8. 10.1016\/j.clae.2019.08.001","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1858-540X.124818","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye among patients with red eye","volume":"5","author":"Omer MAM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Omer MAM, Obied AS. Prevalence of dry eye among patients with red eye. Sudan J Ophthalmol. 2013, 5:39. 10.4103\/1858-540X.124818","journal-title":"Sudan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30179-2","article-title":"Metabolic health in the Middle East and North Africa","volume":"7","author":"Azizi F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azizi F, Hadaegh F, Hosseinpanah F, et al.. Metabolic health in the Middle East and North Africa. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019, 7:866-79. 10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30179-2","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, et al.. TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017, 15:334-65. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.033","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed dry eye disease in the United States among adults aged 18 years and older","volume":"182","author":"Farrand KF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farrand KF, Fridman M, Stillman I\u00d6, Schaumberg DA. Prevalence of diagnosed dry eye disease in the United States among adults aged 18 years and older. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017, 182:90-8. 10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.033","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.02.011","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease in Ontario, Canada: a population-based survey","volume":"17","author":"Caffery B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caffery B, Srinivasan S, Reaume CJ, Fischer A, Cappadocia D, Siffel C, Chan CC. Prevalence of dry eye disease in Ontario, Canada: a population-based survey. Ocul Surf. 2019, 17:526-31. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.02.011","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/748654","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye symptom in mainland china: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2014","author":"Liu NN","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu NN, Liu L, Li J, Sun YZ. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye symptom in mainland china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2014, 2014:748654. 10.1155\/2014\/748654","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.01063_2858.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of dry eye disease","volume":"85","author":"Smith J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith J. The epidemiology of dry eye disease. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007, 85:10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.01063_2858.x","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.02.026","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome in a United States veterans affairs population","volume":"152","author":"Galor A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ, et al.. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome in a United States veterans affairs population. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011, 152:377-384.e2. 10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.02.026","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/opth.s5555","article-title":"Etiology, prevalence, and treatment of dry eye disease","volume":"3","author":"Gayton JL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gayton JL. Etiology, prevalence, and treatment of dry eye disease. Clin Ophthalmol. 2009, 3:405-12. 10.2147\/opth.s5555","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)96016-X","article-title":"The epidemiology of dry eye in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"105","author":"McCarty CA","year":"1998","unstructured":"McCarty CA, Bansal AK, Livingston PM, et al.. The epidemiology of dry eye in Melbourne, Australia. Ophthalmology. 1998, 105:1114-19. 10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)96016-X","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.3.369","article-title":"Incidence of dry eye in an older population","volume":"122","author":"Moss SE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Incidence of dry eye in an older population. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004, 122:369-73. 10.1001\/archopht.122.3.369","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.05.029","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease in Japan: Koumi study","volume":"118","author":"Uchino M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uchino M, Nishiwaki Y, Michikawa T, et al.. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease in Japan: Koumi study. Ophthalmology. 2011, 118:2361-7. 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.05.029","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Tear film status in patients attending the eye clinic in South sharqiya region","volume":"22","author":"Keshav BR","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keshav BR, Mathews B, Joseph M, et al.. Tear film status in patients attending the eye clinic in South sharqiya region. Oman Med J. 2007, 22:42-64.","journal-title":"Oman Med J"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/298984-dry-eye-disease-prevalence-and-associated-risk-factors-among-the-middle-east-population-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T11:35:46Z","timestamp":1727696146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/298984-dry-eye-disease-prevalence-and-associated-risk-factors-among-the-middle-east-population-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":51,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.70522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]}}}