{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:13:25Z","timestamp":1788887605899,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.70566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T01:23:07Z","timestamp":1727745787000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nonunion Fractures: Trends in Epidemiology and Treatment of Femur Fractures, 2017-2022"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Kassem","family":"Ghayyad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler F","family":"Beaudoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Wandersleben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hawks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atif","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir R","family":"Kachooei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32776-1","article-title":"Racial and ethnic difference in the risk of fractures in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Bao Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bao Y, Xu Y, Li Z, Wu Q. Racial and ethnic difference in the risk of fractures in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2023, 13:9481. 10.1038\/s41598-023-32776-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e318206cd06","article-title":"Use of femoral shaft fracture classification for predicting the risk of associated injuries","volume":"25","author":"Nikolaou VS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nikolaou VS, Stengel D, Konings P, Kontakis G, Petridis G, Petrakakis G, Giannoudis PV. Use of femoral shaft fracture classification for predicting the risk of associated injuries. J Orthop Trauma. 2011, 25:556-9. 10.1097\/BOT.0b013e318206cd06","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B10.16666","article-title":"Fatigue injuries of the femur","volume":"87","author":"Niva MH","year":"2005","unstructured":"Niva MH, Kiuru MJ, Haataja R, Pihlajam\u00e4ki HK. Fatigue injuries of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005, 87:1385-90. 10.1302\/0301-620X.87B10.16666","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Bone nonunion","author":"Thomas JD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thomas JD, Kehoe JL. Bone nonunion. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247407","article-title":"Treatment of femoral shaft pseudarthrosis, case series and medico-legal implications","volume":"11","author":"Basile G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Basile G, Fozzato S, Petrucci QA, Gallina M, Bianco Prevot L, Accetta R, Zaami S. Treatment of femoral shaft pseudarthrosis, case series and medico-legal implications. J Clin Med. 2022, 11:10.3390\/jcm11247407","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.11.029","article-title":"Fracture nonunion in long bones: a literature review of risk factors and surgical management","volume":"52 Suppl 2","author":"Nicholson JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicholson JA, Makaram N, Simpson A, Keating JF. Fracture nonunion in long bones: a literature review of risk factors and surgical management. Injury. 2021, 52 Suppl 2:S3-S11. 10.1016\/j.injury.2020.11.029","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Femoral shaft fractures","author":"Denisiuk M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Denisiuk M, Afsari A. Femoral shaft fractures. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.2024","article-title":"The patient who falls: \"It's always a trade-off\"","volume":"303","author":"Tinetti ME","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tinetti ME, Kumar C. The patient who falls: \"It's always a trade-off\". JAMA. 2010, 303:258-66. 10.1001\/jama.2009.2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.026","article-title":"Surgical risk factors, morbidity, and mortality in elderly patients","volume":"203","author":"Turrentine FE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Turrentine FE, Wang H, Simpson VB, Jones RS. Surgical risk factors, morbidity, and mortality in elderly patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2006, 203:865-77. 10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.026","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0464-6","article-title":"Current understanding of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of atypical femur fractures","volume":"16","author":"Starr J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Starr J, Tay YK, Shane E. Current understanding of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of atypical femur fractures. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2018, 16:519-29. 10.1007\/s11914-018-0464-6","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4821-4","article-title":"Will my tibial fracture heal? Predicting nonunion at the time of definitive fixation based on commonly available variables","volume":"474","author":"O'Halloran K","year":"2016","unstructured":"O'Halloran K, Coale M, Costales T, Zerhusen T Jr, Castillo RC, Nascone JW, O'Toole RV. Will my tibial fracture heal? Predicting nonunion at the time of definitive fixation based on commonly available variables. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016, 474:1385-95. 10.1007\/s11999-016-4821-4","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.55095\/achot2014\/011","article-title":"Femoral shaft fractures in adults: treatment options and controversies","volume":"81","author":"G\u00e4nsslen A","year":"2014","unstructured":"G\u00e4nsslen A, G\u00f6sling T, Hildebrand F, Pape HC, Oestern HJ. Femoral shaft fractures in adults: treatment options and controversies. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2014, 81:108-17.","journal-title":"Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-006-0187-7","article-title":"External fixation of complex femoral shaft fractures","volume":"31","author":"Zlowodzki M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zlowodzki M, Prakash JS, Aggarwal NK. External fixation of complex femoral shaft fractures. Int Orthop. 2007, 31:409-13. 10.1007\/s00264-006-0187-7","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.09.059","article-title":"Should femoral shaft fractures in patients age over 60 years be managed using a hip fracture pathway?","volume":"52","author":"Bommireddy L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bommireddy L, Leow TW, Gogna R, Clark DI. Should femoral shaft fractures in patients age over 60 years be managed using a hip fracture pathway?. Injury. 2021, 52:1517-21. 10.1016\/j.injury.2020.09.059","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-020-00550-y","article-title":"No rest for elderly femur fracture patients: early surgery and early ambulation decrease mortality","volume":"21","author":"Aprato A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aprato A, Bechis M, Buzzone M, Bistolfi A, Daghino W, Mass\u00e8 A. No rest for elderly femur fracture patients: early surgery and early ambulation decrease mortality. J Orthop Traumatol. 2020, 21:12. 10.1186\/s10195-020-00550-y","journal-title":"J Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100560","article-title":"Plate augmentation in aseptic femoral shaft nonunion after intramedullary nailing: a literature review","volume":"9","author":"Perisano C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perisano C, Cianni L, Polichetti C, et al.. Plate augmentation in aseptic femoral shaft nonunion after intramedullary nailing: a literature review. Bioengineering (Basel). 2022, 9:10.3390\/bioengineering9100560","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-008-0603-2","article-title":"Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in the treatment of the femoral shaft fracture where intramedullary nailing is not indicated","volume":"33","author":"Apivatthakakul T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Apivatthakakul T, Chiewcharntanakit S. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in the treatment of the femoral shaft fracture where intramedullary nailing is not indicated. Int Orthop. 2009, 33:1119-26. 10.1007\/s00264-008-0603-2","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.037","article-title":"Fracture healing and bone repair","volume":"42","author":"Giannoudis PV","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giannoudis PV, Jones E, Einhorn TA. Fracture healing and bone repair. Injury. 2011, 42:549-50. 10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.037","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.2775","article-title":"Epidemiology of fracture nonunion in 18 human bones","volume":"151","author":"Zura R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zura R, Xiong Z, Einhorn T, et al.. Epidemiology of fracture nonunion in 18 human bones. JAMA Surg. 2016, 151:e162775. 10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.2775","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1627-0","article-title":"An estimate of the worldwide prevalence, mortality and disability associated with hip fracture","volume":"15","author":"Johnell O","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnell O, Kanis JA. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence, mortality and disability associated with hip fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2004, 15:897-902. 10.1007\/s00198-004-1627-0","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2023.05.053","article-title":"Femoral shaft fractures in eldery patients - an epidemiological risk analysis of incidence, mortality and complications","volume":"54","author":"Walter N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walter N, Szymski D, Kurtz SM, Alt V, Lowenberg DW, Lau EC, Rupp M. Femoral shaft fractures in eldery patients - an epidemiological risk analysis of incidence, mortality and complications. Injury. 2023, 54:110822. 10.1016\/j.injury.2023.05.053","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.09.011","article-title":"Increased morbidity and mortality after bilateral femoral shaft fractures: myth or reality in the era of damage control?","volume":"44","author":"Kobbe P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kobbe P, Micansky F, Lichte P, et al.. Increased morbidity and mortality after bilateral femoral shaft fractures: myth or reality in the era of damage control?. Injury. 2013, 44:221-5. 10.1016\/j.injury.2012.09.011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05016-2","article-title":"Decrease in incidence of proximal femur fractures in the elderly population during the Covid-19 pandemic: a case-control study","volume":"23","author":"Oulianski M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oulianski M, Rosinsky PJ, Fuhrmann A, Sokolov R, Arriola R, Lubovsky O. Decrease in incidence of proximal femur fractures in the elderly population during the Covid-19 pandemic: a case-control study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022, 23:61. 10.1186\/s12891-022-05016-2","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.57582\/IJBF.210102.047","article-title":"The trend of fracture distribution in the sars-cov-2 era: organization and resource allocation in a level I trauma care center","volume":"1","author":"Matassi F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matassi F, Giabbani N, Sani G, et al.. The trend of fracture distribution in the sars-cov-2 era: organization and resource allocation in a level I trauma care center. Int J Bone Frag. 2021, 1:47-52. 10.57582\/IJBF.210102.047","journal-title":"Int J Bone Frag"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103419","article-title":"Has the COVID lockdown altered the incidence and management of fragility fractures in older adults? Case-control study at a French University Hospital","volume":"109","author":"Runtz A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Runtz A, Sleiman L, Dabert A, Obert L, Garbuio P, Pluvy I, Loisel F. Has the COVID lockdown altered the incidence and management of fragility fractures in older adults? Case-control study at a French University Hospital. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2023, 109:103419. 10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103419","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.06.022","article-title":"Epidemiologic characteristics of traumatic fractures during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a retrospective & comparative multi-center study","volume":"51","author":"Lv H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lv H, Zhang Q, Yin Y, et al.. Epidemiologic characteristics of traumatic fractures during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a retrospective & comparative multi-center study. Injury. 2020, 51:1698-704. 10.1016\/j.injury.2020.06.022","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460408620951352","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 infection on hip fractures 30-day mortality","volume":"23","author":"Fadulelmola A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fadulelmola A, Gregory R, Gordon G, Smith F, Jennings A. The impact of COVID-19 infection on hip fractures 30-day mortality. Trauma. 2021, 23:295-300. 10.1177\/1460408620951352","journal-title":"Trauma"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2023.03.011","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on the prevalence, mortality, and associated risk factors for mortality in patients with hip fractures: a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Ding L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding L, Wei J, Wang B. The impact of COVID-19 on the prevalence, mortality, and associated risk factors for mortality in patients with hip fractures: a meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2023, 24:846-54. 10.1016\/j.jamda.2023.03.011","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.01796","article-title":"Early mortality after hip fracture: is delay before surgery important?","volume":"87","author":"Moran CG","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moran CG, Wenn RT, Sikand M, Taylor AM. Early mortality after hip fracture: is delay before surgery important?. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005, 87:483-9. 10.2106\/JBJS.D.01796","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00980","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions in the United States","volume":"39","author":"Birkmeyer JD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Birkmeyer JD, Barnato A, Birkmeyer N, Bessler R, Skinner J. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions in the United States. Health Aff (Millwood). 2020, 39:2010-7. 10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00980","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.80b2.7762","article-title":"Epidemiology of fractures in 15,000 adults: the influence of age and gender","volume":"80","author":"Singer BR","year":"1998","unstructured":"Singer BR, McLauchlan GJ, Robinson CM, Christie J. Epidemiology of fractures in 15,000 adults: the influence of age and gender. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998, 80:243-8. 10.1302\/0301-620x.80b2.7762","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1780-7","article-title":"Gender differences in osteoporosis and fractures","volume":"469","author":"Cawthon PM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cawthon PM. Gender differences in osteoporosis and fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011, 469:1900-5. 10.1007\/s11999-011-1780-7","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3681-2_16","article-title":"Osteoporosis and the ageing skeleton","volume":"91","author":"Aspray TJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aspray TJ, Hill TR. Osteoporosis and the ageing skeleton. Subcell Biochem. 2019, 91:453-76. 10.1007\/978-981-13-3681-2_16","journal-title":"Subcell Biochem"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041007","article-title":"Osteoporosis and fracture risk in women of different ethnic groups","volume":"20","author":"Barrett-Connor E","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barrett-Connor E, Siris ES, Wehren LE, et al.. Osteoporosis and fracture risk in women of different ethnic groups. J Bone Miner Res. 2005, 20:185-94. 10.1359\/JBMR.041007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-06712-y","article-title":"Ethnic disparities in fracture risk assessment using polygenic scores","volume":"34","author":"Xiao X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao X, Wu Q. Ethnic disparities in fracture risk assessment using polygenic scores. Osteoporos Int. 2023, 34:943-53. 10.1007\/s00198-023-06712-y","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916525","article-title":"Atypical femur fracture risk versus fragility fracture prevention with bisphosphonates","volume":"383","author":"Black DM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Black DM, Geiger EJ, Eastell R, et al.. Atypical femur fracture risk versus fragility fracture prevention with bisphosphonates. N Engl J Med. 2020, 383:743-53. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1916525","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2151459319864736","article-title":"A retrospective review on atypical femoral fracture: operative outcomes and the risk factors for failure","volume":"10","author":"Lai YS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lai YS, Chau JY, Woo SB, Fang C, Lau TW, Leung F. A retrospective review on atypical femoral fracture: operative outcomes and the risk factors for failure. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2019, 10:2151459319864736. 10.1177\/2151459319864736","journal-title":"Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz295","article-title":"Medical management of patients after atypical femur fractures: a systematic review and recommendations from the European Calcified Tissue Society","volume":"105","author":"van de Laarschot DM","year":"2020","unstructured":"van de Laarschot DM, McKenna MJ, Abrahamsen B, et al.. Medical management of patients after atypical femur fractures: a systematic review and recommendations from the European Calcified Tissue Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020, 105:1682-99. 10.1210\/clinem\/dgz295","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey ZD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Agenor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet. 2017, 389:1453-1463. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2018.08.021","article-title":"Communicating with diverse patients: how patient and clinician factors affect disparities","volume":"101","author":"P\u00e9rez-Stable EJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Stable EJ, El-Toukhy S. Communicating with diverse patients: how patient and clinician factors affect disparities. Patient Educ Couns. 2018, 101:2186-94. 10.1016\/j.pec.2018.08.021","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1462","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of hip fractures in the United States","volume":"302","author":"Brauer CA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brauer CA, Coca-Perraillon M, Cutler DM, Rosen AB. Incidence and mortality of hip fractures in the United States. JAMA. 2009, 302:1573-9. 10.1001\/jama.2009.1462","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-015-0332-3","article-title":"Demographic factors in hip fracture incidence and mortality rates in California, 2000-2011","volume":"11","author":"Sullivan KJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sullivan KJ, Husak LE, Altebarmakian M, Brox WT. Demographic factors in hip fracture incidence and mortality rates in California, 2000-2011. J Orthop Surg Res. 2016, 11:4. 10.1186\/s13018-015-0332-3","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2023.111128","article-title":"Poor socioeconomic status is associated with delayed femoral fracture fixation in adolescent patients","volume":"54","author":"Vazquez S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vazquez S, Dominguez JF, Jacoby M, Rahimi M, Grant C, DelBello D, Salik I. Poor socioeconomic status is associated with delayed femoral fracture fixation in adolescent patients. Injury. 2023, 54:111128. 10.1016\/j.injury.2023.111128","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.OA.22.00137","article-title":"Socioeconomic status affects postoperative time to union in pediatric patients with a surgically treated fracture","volume":"8","author":"Heath DM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heath DM, Ghali AN, Momtaz DA, et al.. Socioeconomic status affects postoperative time to union in pediatric patients with a surgically treated fracture. JB JS Open Access. 2023, 8:10.2106\/JBJS.OA.22.00137","journal-title":"JB JS Open Access"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.86.BJR-2018-0344.R1","article-title":"Tobacco and bone fractures: a review of the facts and issues that every orthopaedic surgeon should know","volume":"8","author":"Hernigou J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hernigou J, Schuind F. Tobacco and bone fractures: a review of the facts and issues that every orthopaedic surgeon should know. Bone Joint Res. 2019, 8:255-65. 10.1302\/2046-3758.86.BJR-2018-0344.R1","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001173","article-title":"Tibial fracture nonunion and time to healing after reamed intramedullary nailing: risk factors based on a single-center review of 1003 patients","volume":"32","author":"Dailey HL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dailey HL, Wu KA, Wu PS, McQueen MM, Court-Brown CM. Tibial fracture nonunion and time to healing after reamed intramedullary nailing: risk factors based on a single-center review of 1003 patients. J Orthop Trauma. 2018, 32:e263-9. 10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001173","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.11.006","article-title":"Bone fracture nonunion rate decreases with increasing age: A prospective inception cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Zura R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zura R, Braid-Forbes MJ, Jeray K, et al.. Bone fracture nonunion rate decreases with increasing age: A prospective inception cohort study. Bone. 2017, 95:26-32. 10.1016\/j.bone.2016.11.006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7218a1","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults - United States, 2021","volume":"72","author":"Cornelius ME","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cornelius ME, Loretan CG, Jamal A, Davis Lynn BC, Mayer M, Alcantara IC, Neff L. Tobacco product use among adults - United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023, 72:475-83. 10.15585\/mmwr.mm7218a1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-021-00545-9","article-title":"Collagen\/nano-hydroxyapatite composite scaffold application with exchange reamed nailing accelerates bone union and improves quality of life in atrophic femoral shaft nonunions: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"56","author":"G\u00f6nder N","year":"2022","unstructured":"G\u00f6nder N, Demir \u0130H, \u00d6\u011f\u00fcms\u00f6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fc E, K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7o\u011flu V. Collagen\/nano-hydroxyapatite composite scaffold application with exchange reamed nailing accelerates bone union and improves quality of life in atrophic femoral shaft nonunions: a retrospective comparative study. Indian J Orthop. 2022, 56:412-20. 10.1007\/s43465-021-00545-9","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/285092-nonunion-fractures-trends-in-epidemiology-and-treatment-of-femur-fractures-2017-2022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T01:23:08Z","timestamp":1727745788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/285092-nonunion-fractures-trends-in-epidemiology-and-treatment-of-femur-fractures-2017-2022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.70566","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]}}}