{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:09:50Z","timestamp":1781154590147,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.70571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T03:02:21Z","timestamp":1727751741000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Impact of Nicotine Patches on Gingival and Oral Health: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Haya","family":"Alayadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000069845","article-title":"Tobacco and oral diseases: update on the evidence, with recommendations","volume":"12","author":"Reibel J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reibel J. Tobacco and oral diseases: update on the evidence, with recommendations. Med Princ Pract. 2003, 12:22-32. 10.1159\/000069845","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Oral health risks of tobacco use and effects of cessation","volume":"60","author":"Warnakulasuriya S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Warnakulasuriya S, Dietrich T, Bornstein MM, et al.. Oral health risks of tobacco use and effects of cessation. Int Dent J. 2010, 60:7-30.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00090509","article-title":"Short-term change in self-reported COPD symptoms after smoking cessation in an internet sample","volume":"35","author":"Etter JF","year":"2010","unstructured":"Etter JF. Short-term change in self-reported COPD symptoms after smoking cessation in an internet sample. Eur Respir J. 2010, 35:1249-55. 10.1183\/09031936.00090509","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000146.pub4","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"11","author":"Stead LF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, Hartmann-Boyce J, Cahill K, Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 11:CD000146. 10.1002\/14651858.CD000146.pub4","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000146.pub5","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation","volume":"5","author":"Hartmann-Boyce J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018, 5:CD000146. 10.1002\/14651858.CD000146.pub5","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2008","unstructured":"Treating tobacco use and dependence. 2008 update. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta (GA); 2008. https:\/\/www.yesquit.org\/docs\/guides\/TreatingTobaccoUseDependence_QuickReferenceGuide.pdf."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013308","article-title":"Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"4","author":"Lindson N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lindson N, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Fanshawe TR, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019, 4:CD013308. 10.1002\/14651858.CD013308","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.8313","article-title":"Long-term nicotine replacement therapy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"175","author":"Schnoll RA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schnoll RA, Goelz PM, Veluz-Wilkins A, et al.. Long-term nicotine replacement therapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015, 175:504-11. 10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.8313","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Prevention, N.C.f.C.D., H.P.O.o. Smoking, and Health, Health Consequences of Smoking\u00e2\u20ac\" 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the","year":"2014","unstructured":"The health consequences of smoking\u201450 years of progress. a report of the surgeon general. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (GA); 2014. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK179276\/."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.047","article-title":"The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update","volume":"43","author":"Ambrose JA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004, 43:1731-7. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.047","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.22.2654","article-title":"Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"298","author":"Willi C","year":"2007","unstructured":"Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007, 298:2654-64. 10.1001\/jama.298.22.2654","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61388-8","article-title":"Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries","volume":"377","author":"Oberg M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn A. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011, 377:139-46. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61388-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.5.743","article-title":"Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III","volume":"71","author":"Tomar SL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tomar SL, Asma S. Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III. J Periodontol. 2000, 71:743-51. 10.1902\/jop.2000.71.5.743","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2017.09.006","article-title":"Nicotine is a risk factor for dental caries: an\u00a0in\u00a0vivo study","volume":"13","author":"Liu S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu S, Wu T, Zhou X, et al.. Nicotine is a risk factor for dental caries: an\u00a0in\u00a0vivo study. J Dent Sci. 2018, 13:30-6. 10.1016\/j.jds.2017.09.006","journal-title":"J Dent Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00786.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of environmental factors--tobacco smoking","volume":"32","author":"Palmer RM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Palmer RM, Wilson RF, Hasan AS, Scott DA. Mechanisms of action of environmental factors--tobacco smoking. J Clin Periodontol. 2005, 32:180-95. 10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00786.x","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.76","article-title":"Alterations of neutrophil oxidative burst by in vitro smoke exposure: implications for oral and systemic diseases","volume":"3","author":"Ryder MI","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ryder MI, Fujitaki R, Johnson G, Hyun W. Alterations of neutrophil oxidative burst by in vitro smoke exposure: implications for oral and systemic diseases. Ann Periodontol. 1998, 3:76-87. 10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.76","journal-title":"Ann Periodontol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1190","article-title":"Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer","volume":"3","author":"Hecht SS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hecht SS. Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003, 3:733-44. 10.1038\/nrc1190","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.05.031","article-title":"Nicotine at a low concentration promotes wound healing","volume":"145","author":"Morimoto N","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morimoto N, Takemoto S, Kawazoe T, Suzuki S. Nicotine at a low concentration promotes wound healing. J Surg Res. 2008, 145:199-204. 10.1016\/j.jss.2007.05.031","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2007.00579.x","article-title":"Natural history of potentially malignant oral lesions and conditions: an overview of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Napier SS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Napier SS, Speight PM. Natural history of potentially malignant oral lesions and conditions: an overview of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008, 37:1-10. 10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2007.00579.x","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.10.050","article-title":"Tobacco smoking during radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer is associated with unfavorable outcome","volume":"79","author":"Chen AM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen AM, Chen LM, Vaughan A, et al.. Tobacco smoking during radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer is associated with unfavorable outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011, 79:414-9. 10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.10.050","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-27","article-title":"Smoking and tooth discolouration: findings from a national cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Alkhatib MN","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alkhatib MN, Holt RD, Bedi R. Smoking and tooth discolouration: findings from a national cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2005, 5:27. 10.1186\/1471-2458-5-27","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800959","article-title":"Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature","volume":"190","author":"Watts A","year":"2001","unstructured":"Watts A, Addy M. Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature. Br Dent J. 2001, 190:309-16. 10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800959","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1986.tb01382.x","article-title":"Surface discoloration of restorative resins in relation to surface softening and oral hygiene","volume":"94","author":"Asmussen E","year":"1986","unstructured":"Asmussen E, Hansen EK. Surface discoloration of restorative resins in relation to surface softening and oral hygiene. Scand J Dent Res. 1986, 94:174-7. 10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1986.tb01382.x","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2007.10.009","article-title":"An investigation into most effective method of treating stained teeth: an in vitro study","volume":"36","author":"Griffiths CE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Griffiths CE, Bailey JR, Jarad FD, Youngson CC. An investigation into most effective method of treating stained teeth: an in vitro study. J Dent. 2008, 36:54-62. 10.1016\/j.jdent.2007.10.009","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0402-72","article-title":"The science of bad breath","volume":"286","author":"Rosenberg M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rosenberg M. The science of bad breath. Sci Am. 2002, 286:72-9. 10.1038\/scientificamerican0402-72","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-83242008000500007","article-title":"Halitosis: a review of associated factors and therapeutic approach","volume":"22","author":"Cortelli JR","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cortelli JR, Barbosa MD, Westphal MA. Halitosis: a review of associated factors and therapeutic approach. Braz Oral Res. 2008, 22:44-54. 10.1590\/s1806-83242008000500007","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5681\/joddd.2010.028","article-title":"Effect of long-term smoking on whole-mouth salivary flow rate and oral health","volume":"4","author":"Rad M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rad M, Kakoie S, Niliye Brojeni F, Pourdamghan N. Effect of long-term smoking on whole-mouth salivary flow rate and oral health. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2010, 4:110-4. 10.5681\/joddd.2010.028","journal-title":"J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00129.x","article-title":"Production of volatile sulphur compounds in diseased periodontal pockets is significantly increased in smokers","volume":"6","author":"Khaira N","year":"2000","unstructured":"Khaira N, Palmer RM, Wilson RF, Scott DA, Wade WG. Production of volatile sulphur compounds in diseased periodontal pockets is significantly increased in smokers. Oral Dis. 2000, 6:371-5. 10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00129.x","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12083","article-title":"Association between the organoleptic scores, oral condition and salivary \u03b2-galactosidases in children affected by halitosis","volume":"12","author":"Petrini M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petrini M, Costacurta M, Ferrante M, Trentini P, Docimo R, Spoto G. Association between the organoleptic scores, oral condition and salivary \u03b2-galactosidases in children affected by halitosis. Int J Dent Hyg. 2014, 12:213-8. 10.1111\/idh.12083","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.44540","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and surgical healing of oral tissues: a review","volume":"19","author":"Balaji SM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Balaji SM. Tobacco smoking and surgical healing of oral tissues: a review. Indian J Dent Res. 2008, 19:344-8. 10.4103\/0970-9290.44540","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90623-j","article-title":"Smoking and wound healing","volume":"93","author":"Silverstein P","year":"1992","unstructured":"Silverstein P. Smoking and wound healing. Am J Med. 1992, 93:22S-4S. 10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90623-j","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742","article-title":"Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics","volume":"49","author":"Benowitz NL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benowitz NL. Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009, 49:57-71. 10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2004.00476.x","article-title":"Smoking cessation increases gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"31","author":"Morozumi T","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morozumi T, Kubota T, Sato T, Okuda K, Yoshie H. Smoking cessation increases gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular fluid. J Clin Periodontol. 2004, 31:267-72. 10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2004.00476.x","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i31.10845","article-title":"Black hairy tongue syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Gurvits GE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gurvits GE, Tan A. Black hairy tongue syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2014, 20:10845-50. 10.3748\/wjg.v20.i31.10845","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.18756","article-title":"The relevance of uniform reporting in oral leukoplakia: definition, certainty factor and staging based on experience with 275 patients","volume":"18","author":"Brouns ER","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brouns ER, Baart JA, Bloemena E, Karagozoglu H, van der Waal I. The relevance of uniform reporting in oral leukoplakia: definition, certainty factor and staging based on experience with 275 patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013, 18:e19-26. 10.4317\/medoral.18756","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12971-017-0120-4","article-title":"Effect of cigarette smoke on gustatory sensitivity, evaluation of the deficit and of the recovery time-course after smoking cessation","volume":"15","author":"Ch\u00e9ruel F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ch\u00e9ruel F, Jarlier M, Sancho-Garnier H. Effect of cigarette smoke on gustatory sensitivity, evaluation of the deficit and of the recovery time-course after smoking cessation. Tob Induc Dis. 2017, 15:15. 10.1186\/s12971-017-0120-4","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26558","article-title":"Smoking and olfactory dysfunction: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Ajmani GS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ajmani GS, Suh HH, Wroblewski KE, Pinto JM. Smoking and olfactory dysfunction: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2017, 127:1753-61. 10.1002\/lary.26558","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69248-5_2","article-title":"Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers","author":"Benowitz NL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benowitz NL, Hukkanen J, Jacob P 3rd. Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2009, 29-60. 10.1007\/978-3-540-69248-5_2","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.11.006","article-title":"Increased nicotine self-administration following prenatal exposure in female rats","volume":"85","author":"Levin ED","year":"2006","unstructured":"Levin ED, Lawrence S, Petro A, Horton K, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. Increased nicotine self-administration following prenatal exposure in female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006, 85:669-74. 10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.11.006","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/nmj.NMJ_142_17","article-title":"Influence of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid interleukin 1\u03b2 and interleukin-8 in patients with severe chronic periodontitis among a rural population in India","volume":"59","author":"Patel RP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patel RP, Amirisetty R, Kalakonda B, Penumatsa NV, Koppolu P. Influence of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid interleukin 1\u03b2 and interleukin-8 in patients with severe chronic periodontitis among a rural population in India. Niger Med J. 2018, 59:33-8. 10.4103\/nmj.NMJ_142_17","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.5.717","article-title":"Effects of nicotine on the strength of attachment of gingival fibroblasts to glass and non-diseased human root surfaces","volume":"71","author":"Tanur E","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tanur E, McQuade MJ, McPherson JC, Al-Hashimi IH, Rivera-Hidalgo F. Effects of nicotine on the strength of attachment of gingival fibroblasts to glass and non-diseased human root surfaces. J Periodontol. 2000, 71:717-22. 10.1902\/jop.2000.71.5.717","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.12.1056","article-title":"Effects of nicotine on proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro","volume":"66","author":"Tipton DA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tipton DA, Dabbous MK. Effects of nicotine on proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontol. 1995, 66:1056-64. 10.1902\/jop.1995.66.12.1056","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12063","article-title":"Current perspective of the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis","volume":"67","author":"Nociti FH Jr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nociti FH Jr, Casati MZ, Duarte PM. Current perspective of the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2015, 67:187-210. 10.1111\/prd.12063","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2009.01142.x","article-title":"Smoking and periodontal disease","volume":"54","author":"Zee KY","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zee KY. Smoking and periodontal disease. Aust Dent J. 2009, 54:S44-50. 10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2009.01142.x","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.12.1874","article-title":"Cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoking as risk factors for periodontal disease and tooth loss","volume":"71","author":"Albandar JM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Albandar JM, Streckfus CF, Adesanya MR, Winn DM. Cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoking as risk factors for periodontal disease and tooth loss. J Periodontol. 2000, 71:1874-81. 10.1902\/jop.2000.71.12.1874","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Tobacco use and oral disease","volume":"65","author":"Winn DM","year":"2001","unstructured":"Winn DM. Tobacco use and oral disease. J Dent Educ. 2001, 65:306-12.","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60871-5","article-title":"Tobacco addiction","volume":"371","author":"Hatsukami DK","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hatsukami DK, Stead LF, Gupta PC. Tobacco addiction. Lancet. 2008, 371:2027-38. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60871-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S76282","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of xerostomia and hyposalivation","volume":"11","author":"Villa A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Villa A, Connell CL, Abati S. Diagnosis and management of xerostomia and hyposalivation. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015, 11:45-51. 10.2147\/TCRM.S76282","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12878","article-title":"Self-reported dry mouth in 50- to 80-year-old Swedes: longitudinal and cross-sectional population studies","volume":"47","author":"Johansson AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johansson AK, Johansson A, Unell L, Ekb\u00e4ck G, Ordell S, Carlsson GE. Self-reported dry mouth in 50- to 80-year-old Swedes: longitudinal and cross-sectional population studies. J Oral Rehabil. 2020, 47:246-54. 10.1111\/joor.12878","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(01)00806-1","article-title":"Characterization of the differentiated antioxidant profile of human saliva","volume":"32","author":"Nagler RM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nagler RM, Klein I, Zarzhevsky N, Drigues N, Reznick AZ. Characterization of the differentiated antioxidant profile of human saliva. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002, 32:268-77. 10.1016\/s0891-5849(01)00806-1","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(02)01297-2","article-title":"Inhibition of oral peroxidase activity by cigarette smoke: in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"34","author":"Reznick AZ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reznick AZ, Klein I, Eiserich JP, Cross CE, Nagler RM. Inhibition of oral peroxidase activity by cigarette smoke: in vivo and in vitro studies. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003, 34:377-84. 10.1016\/s0891-5849(02)01297-2","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4321\/s1130-01082004001100005","article-title":"Unstimulated salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity of saliva in healthy volunteers","volume":"96","author":"Fenoll-Palomares C","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fenoll-Palomares C, Mu\u00f1oz Montagud JV, Sanchiz V, Herreros B, Hern\u00e1ndez V, M\u00ednguez M, Benages A. Unstimulated salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity of saliva in healthy volunteers. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2004, 96:773-83. 10.4321\/s1130-01082004001100005","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865","article-title":"The oral microbiome - an update for oral healthcare professionals","volume":"221","author":"Kilian M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kilian M, Chapple IL, Hannig M, et al.. The oral microbiome - an update for oral healthcare professionals. Br Dent J. 2016, 221:657-66. 10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.37","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults","volume":"10","author":"Wu J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu J, Peters BA, Dominianni C, et al.. Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults. ISME J. 2016, 10:2435-46. 10.1038\/ismej.2016.37","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2009.08.001","article-title":"The effects of nicotine and cotinine on Porphyromonas gingivalis colonisation of epithelial cells","volume":"54","author":"Cogo K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cogo K, Calvi BM, Mariano FS, Franco GC, Gon\u00e7alves RB, Groppo FC. The effects of nicotine and cotinine on Porphyromonas gingivalis colonisation of epithelial cells. Arch Oral Biol. 2009, 54:1061-7. 10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2009.08.001","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12317","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis","volume":"350","author":"Li M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li M, Huang R, Zhou X, Zhang K, Zheng X, Gregory RL. Effect of nicotine on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2014, 350:125-32. 10.1111\/1574-6968.12317","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0226-6","article-title":"The effect of cigarette smoking on the oral and nasal microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Yu G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu G, Phillips S, Gail MH, et al.. The effect of cigarette smoking on the oral and nasal microbiota. Microbiome. 2017, 5:3. 10.1186\/s40168-016-0226-6","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003443","article-title":"Biology of oral mucosa and esophagus","author":"Squier CA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Squier CA, Kremer MJ. Biology of oral mucosa and esophagus. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2001, 7-15. 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003443","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2003.10284.x","article-title":"Hyperaemic response to cigarette smoking in healthy gingiva","volume":"30","author":"Mavropoulos A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mavropoulos A, Aars H, Brodin P. Hyperaemic response to cigarette smoking in healthy gingiva. J Clin Periodontol. 2003, 30:214-21. 10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2003.10284.x","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01115.x","article-title":"The impact of cigarette\/tobacco smoking on oral candidosis: an overview","volume":"11","author":"Soysa NS","year":"2005","unstructured":"Soysa NS, Ellepola AN. The impact of cigarette\/tobacco smoking on oral candidosis: an overview. Oral Dis. 2005, 11:268-73. 10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01115.x","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12106","article-title":"Effects of smoking cessation on the outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Chambrone L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chambrone L, Preshaw PM, Rosa EF, Heasman PA, Romito GA, Pannuti CM, Tu YK. Effects of smoking cessation on the outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2013, 40:607-15. 10.1111\/jcpe.12106","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)62281-x","article-title":"Receptor-mediated tobacco toxicity: regulation of gene expression through \u03b13\u03b22 nicotinic receptor in oral epithelial cells","volume":"166","author":"Arredondo J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arredondo J, Chernyavsky AI, Marubio LM, Beaudet AL, Jolkovsky DL, Pinkerton KE, Grando SA. Receptor-mediated tobacco toxicity: regulation of gene expression through \u03b13\u03b22 nicotinic receptor in oral epithelial cells. Am J Pathol. 2005, 166:597-613. 10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)62281-x","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2005.00342.x","article-title":"Effects of nicotine on proliferation, cell cycle, and differentiation in immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes","volume":"34","author":"Lee HJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Guo HY, Lee SK, et al.. Effects of nicotine on proliferation, cell cycle, and differentiation in immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes. J Oral Pathol Med. 2005, 34:436-43. 10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2005.00342.x","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23033","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Gandini S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gandini S, Botteri E, Iodice S, Boniol M, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P. Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2008, 122:155-64. 10.1002\/ijc.23033","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.04.012","article-title":"Acute impact of tobacco vs electronic cigarette smoking on oxidative stress and vascular function","volume":"150","author":"Carnevale R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carnevale R, Sciarretta S, Violi F, et al.. Acute impact of tobacco vs electronic cigarette smoking on oxidative stress and vascular function. Chest. 2016, 150:606-12. 10.1016\/j.chest.2016.04.012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.03.011","article-title":"Oral cavity and pharynx-throat cancer in the United States, 1973-2003","volume":"104","author":"Rodu B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rodu B, Cole P. Oral cavity and pharynx-throat cancer in the United States, 1973-2003. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007, 104:653-8. 10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.03.011","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2007.00501.x","article-title":"A long-term follow-up study on the natural course of oral leukoplakia in a Swedish population-based sample","volume":"36","author":"Roosaar A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roosaar A, Yin L, Johansson AL, Sandborgh-Englund G, Nyr\u00e9n O, Ax\u00e9ll T. A long-term follow-up study on the natural course of oral leukoplakia in a Swedish population-based sample. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007, 36:78-82. 10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2007.00501.x","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-004-0043-4","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease","volume":"92","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m J. Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease. Odontology. 2004, 92:1-8. 10.1007\/s10266-004-0043-4","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0033-0620(03)00087-2","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology and implications for treatment","volume":"46","author":"Benowitz NL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2003, 46:91-111. 10.1016\/s0033-0620(03)00087-2","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0349","article-title":"Effect of oral snus and medicinal nicotine in smokers on toxicant exposure and withdrawal symptoms: a feasibility study","volume":"20","author":"Kotlyar M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kotlyar M, Hertsgaard LA, Lindgren BR, et al.. Effect of oral snus and medicinal nicotine in smokers on toxicant exposure and withdrawal symptoms: a feasibility study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011, 20:91-100. 10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0349","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1418967","article-title":"Effects of acupuncture and nicotine patch on smoking: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Dai R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai R, Ren D, Li B, et al.. Effects of acupuncture and nicotine patch on smoking: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024, 11:1418967. 10.3389\/fmed.2024.1418967","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp291","article-title":"Cessation of alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and the reversal of head and neck cancer risk","volume":"39","author":"Marron M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marron M, Boffetta P, Zhang ZF, et al.. Cessation of alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and the reversal of head and neck cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol. 2010, 39:182-96. 10.1093\/ije\/dyp291","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"The health consequences of smoking\u201450 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers","year":"2014","unstructured":"The health consequences of smoking\u201450 years of progress. a report of the surgeon general. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (GA); 2014. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK179276\/."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8020613","article-title":"Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke","volume":"8","author":"Talhout R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Talhout R, Schulz T, Florek E, van Benthem J, Wester P, Opperhuizen A. Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011, 8:613-28. 10.3390\/ijerph8020613","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050860","article-title":"Reducing the nicotine content to make cigarettes less addictive","volume":"22","author":"Benowitz NL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benowitz NL, Henningfield JE. Reducing the nicotine content to make cigarettes less addictive. Tob Control. 2013, 22:i14-7. 10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050860","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/cer.13.25","article-title":"Short-term effectiveness of smoking-cessation treatment on respiratory function and CEA level","volume":"2","author":"Pezzuto A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pezzuto A, Spoto C, Vincenzi B, Tonini G. Short-term effectiveness of smoking-cessation treatment on respiratory function and CEA level. J Comp Eff Res. 2013, 2:335-43. 10.2217\/cer.13.25","journal-title":"J Comp Eff Res"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90624-k","article-title":"The impact of tobacco use and cessation on oral and dental diseases and conditions","volume":"93","author":"Christen AG","year":"1992","unstructured":"Christen AG. The impact of tobacco use and cessation on oral and dental diseases and conditions. Am J Med. 1992, 93:25S-31S. 10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90624-k","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005084.pub3","article-title":"Interventions for tobacco cessation in the dental setting","volume":"2012","author":"Carr AB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carr AB, Ebbert J. Interventions for tobacco cessation in the dental setting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 2012:CD005084. 10.1002\/14651858.CD005084.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12351","article-title":"Behaviour change counselling for tobacco use cessation and promotion of healthy lifestyles: a\u00a0systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Ramseier CA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramseier CA, Suvan JE. Behaviour change counselling for tobacco use cessation and promotion of healthy lifestyles: a\u00a0systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2015, 42:S47-58. 10.1111\/jcpe.12351","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1797","article-title":"The vagus nerve and the nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"4","author":"Ulloa L","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ulloa L. The vagus nerve and the nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005, 4:673-84. 10.1038\/nrd1797","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1427314","article-title":"The double-edged nature of nicotine: toxicities and therapeutic potentials","volume":"15","author":"Cao Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao Y, Sun J, Wang X, et al.. The double-edged nature of nicotine: toxicities and therapeutic potentials. Front Pharmacol. 2024, 15:1427314. 10.3389\/fphar.2024.1427314","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01339","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b17 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation","volume":"421","author":"Wang H","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang H, Yu M, Ochani M, et al.. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b17 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation. Nature. 2003, 421:384-8. 10.1038\/nature01339","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-129","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis","volume":"9","author":"Lakhan SE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lakhan SE, Kirchgessner A. Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine in obesity and ulcerative colitis. J Transl Med. 2011, 9:129. 10.1186\/1479-5876-9-129","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.12.1047","article-title":"Inhibition of neutrophil and monocyte defensive functions by nicotine","volume":"66","author":"Pabst MJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pabst MJ, Pabst KM, Collier JA, et al.. Inhibition of neutrophil and monocyte defensive functions by nicotine. J Periodontol. 1995, 66:1047-55. 10.1902\/jop.1995.66.12.1047","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/89961","article-title":"Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Heeschen C","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heeschen C, Jang JJ, Weis M, et al.. Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 2001, 7:833-9. 10.1038\/89961","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12732","article-title":"Impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health, nutrition and wellbeing of mankind: a call for global action","volume":"44","author":"Tonetti MS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tonetti MS, Jepsen S, Jin L, Otomo-Corgel J. Impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health, nutrition and wellbeing of mankind: a call for global action. J Clin Periodontol. 2017, 44:456-62. 10.1111\/jcpe.12732","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-13-31","article-title":"Tobacco use and caries risk among adolescents--a longitudinal study in Sweden","volume":"13","author":"Holm\u00e9n A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holm\u00e9n A, Str\u00f6mberg U, Magnusson K, Twetman S. Tobacco use and caries risk among adolescents--a longitudinal study in Sweden. BMC Oral Health. 2013, 13:31. 10.1186\/1472-6831-13-31","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Consensus report: 2nd European workshop on tobacco use prevention and cessation for oral health professionals","volume":"60","author":"Ramseier CA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramseier CA, Warnakulasuriya S, Needleman IG, et al.. Consensus report: 2nd European workshop on tobacco use prevention and cessation for oral health professionals. Int Dent J. 2010, 60:3-6.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000707","article-title":"Effects of nicotine patches on early and late attentional bias to smoking cues: we may know less than we think","volume":"32","author":"Stone BM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stone BM, Hammersley JJ, Rabinovich NE, Gilbert DG. Effects of nicotine patches on early and late attentional bias to smoking cues: we may know less than we think. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2024, 32:453-64. 10.1037\/pha0000707","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_291_23","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of nicotine chewing gum and nicotine patches as nicotine replacement therapy using salivary cotinine levels as a biochemical validation measure","volume":"65","author":"Sivasankari T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sivasankari T, Sankaran A, Murugappan S, Subramanyam V, Subramanian B, Reddy RJ, Vandana S. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of nicotine chewing gum and nicotine patches as nicotine replacement therapy using salivary cotinine levels as a biochemical validation measure. Indian J Psychiatry. 2023, 65:635-40. 10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_291_23","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30269-3","article-title":"Nicotine patches used in combination with e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) for smoking cessation: a pragmatic, randomised trial","volume":"8","author":"Walker N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walker N, Parag V, Verbiest M, et al.. Nicotine patches used in combination with e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) for smoking cessation: a pragmatic, randomised trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2020, 8:p54-64.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2008.00257.x","article-title":"Addressing the topic of smoking cessation in a dental setting","volume":"48","author":"Binnie VI","year":"2008","unstructured":"Binnie VI. Addressing the topic of smoking cessation in a dental setting. Periodontol 2000. 2008, 48:170-8. 10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2008.00257.x","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.140452","article-title":"Impact of cigarette smoking on clinical outcomes of periodontal flap surgical procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Kotsakis GA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kotsakis GA, Javed F, Hinrichs JE, Karoussis IK, Romanos GE. Impact of cigarette smoking on clinical outcomes of periodontal flap surgical procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2015, 86:254-63. 10.1902\/jop.2014.140452","journal-title":"J Periodontol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/298930-the-impact-of-nicotine-patches-on-gingival-and-oral-health-a-narrative-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T03:02:29Z","timestamp":1727751749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/298930-the-impact-of-nicotine-patches-on-gingival-and-oral-health-a-narrative-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":93,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.70571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]}}}