{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:01:21Z","timestamp":1787893281803,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.70600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T09:13:50Z","timestamp":1727774030000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Opioid Crisis, Preventing and Managing Substance Abuse in India: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Jitendra","family":"Bhawalkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay","family":"Saraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maajid M","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Opioid overdose. (2023). Accessed. September 01, 2024: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/opioid-overdose."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32229-9","article-title":"Global patterns of opioid use and dependence: harms to populations, interventions, and future action","volume":"394","author":"Degenhardt L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Grebely J, Stone J, et al.. Global patterns of opioid use and dependence: harms to populations, interventions, and future action. Lancet. 2019, 394:1560-79. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32229-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Pattern and process of drug and alcohol use in India. (2008). Accessed. September 01, 2024: https:\/\/main.icmr.nic.in\/sites\/default\/files\/icmr_bulletins\/bulljan-mar08.pdf."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Magnitude of substance use in India. (2019). Accessed. September 01, 2024: https:\/\/www.lgbrimh.gov.in\/resources\/Addiction_Medicine\/elibrary\/magnitude_substance_abuse_india.pdf ."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","volume":"358","author":"Shea BJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al.. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017, 358:j4008. 10.1136\/bmj.j4008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_295_20","article-title":"Opioid substitution therapy with buprenorphine-naloxone during COVID-19 outbreak in India: Sharing our experience and interim standard operating procedure","volume":"62","author":"Basu D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Basu D, Ghosh A, Subodh BN, Mattoo SK. Opioid substitution therapy with buprenorphine-naloxone during COVID-19 outbreak in India: Sharing our experience and interim standard operating procedure. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020, 62:322-6. 10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_295_20","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Effect of Life Skills Training on Drug Abuse Preventive Behaviors among University Students","volume":"5","author":"Moshki M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moshki M, Hassanzade T, Taymoori P. Effect of Life Skills Training on Drug Abuse Preventive Behaviors among University Students. Int J Prev Med. 2014, 5:577-83.","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_19_17","article-title":"Treatment of substance use disorders through the government health facilities: Developments in the \"Drug De-addiction Programme\" of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India","volume":"59","author":"Dhawan A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dhawan A, Rao R, Ambekar A, Pusp A, Ray R. Treatment of substance use disorders through the government health facilities: Developments in the \"Drug De-addiction Programme\" of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017, 59:380-4. 10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_19_17","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_37_17","article-title":"The journey of opioid substitution therapy in India: Achievements and challenges","volume":"59","author":"Rao R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rao R. The journey of opioid substitution therapy in India: Achievements and challenges. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017, 59:39-45. 10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_37_17","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.222037","article-title":"Drug abuse: Uncovering the burden in rural Punjab","volume":"6","author":"Sharma B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma B, Arora A, Singh K, Singh H, Kaur P. Drug abuse: Uncovering the burden in rural Punjab. J Family Med Prim Care. 2017, 6:558-62. 10.4103\/2249-4863.222037","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0955-3959(99)00057-2","article-title":"Rapid assessment and response to injecting drug use in Madras, south India","volume":"11","author":"Kumar MS","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kumar MS, Mudaliar S, Thyagarajan SP, Kumar S, Selvanayagam A, Daniels D. Rapid assessment and response to injecting drug use in Madras, south India. Int J Drug Policy. 2000, 11:83-98. 10.1016\/s0955-3959(99)00057-2","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.05.016","article-title":"Opioid substitution treatment in Tihar prisons, India: Process of implementation","volume":"26","author":"Jhanjee S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jhanjee S, Pant S, Girdhar NK, Sethi H, Gunasekaran Rengaswamy R, Jain R, Sarangi J. Opioid substitution treatment in Tihar prisons, India: Process of implementation. Int J Drug Policy. 2015, 26:890-1. 10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.05.016","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl016","article-title":"The efficacy of motivational interviewing as a brief intervention for excessive drinking: a meta-analytic review","volume":"41","author":"Vasilaki EI","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vasilaki EI, Hosier SG, Cox WM. The efficacy of motivational interviewing as a brief intervention for excessive drinking: a meta-analytic review. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006, 41:328-35. 10.1093\/alcalc\/agl016","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Family burden with substance dependence: a study from India","volume":"137","author":"Mattoo SK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mattoo SK, Nebhinani N, Kumar BN, Basu D, Kulhara P. Family burden with substance dependence: a study from India. Indian J Med Res. 2013, 137:704-11.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Prevalence of mental and behavioural disorders in India : a meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Reddy VM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reddy VM, Chandrashekar CR. Prevalence of mental and behavioural disorders in India : a meta-analysis. Indian J Psychiatry. 1998, 40:149-57.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-7-29","article-title":"Opioid substitution therapy in manipur and nagaland, north-east india: operational research in action","volume":"7","author":"Armstrong G","year":"2010","unstructured":"Armstrong G, Kermode M, Sharma C, Langkham B, Crofts N. Opioid substitution therapy in manipur and nagaland, north-east india: operational research in action. Harm Reduct J. 2010, 7:29. 10.1186\/1477-7517-7-29","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.175089","article-title":"A Review of Indian Research on Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders and Alcohol use Disorders","volume":"38","author":"Singh S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh S, Balhara YP. A Review of Indian Research on Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders and Alcohol use Disorders. Indian J Psychol Med. 2016, 38:10-9. 10.4103\/0253-7176.175089","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.69232","article-title":"Substance use and addiction research in India","volume":"52","author":"Murthy P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murthy P, Manjunatha N, Subodh BN, Chand PK, Benegal V. Substance use and addiction research in India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2010, 52:S189-99. 10.4103\/0019-5545.69232","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-825","article-title":"Meeting the needs of women who use drugs and alcohol in North-east India - a challenge for HIV prevention services","volume":"12","author":"Kermode M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kermode M, Songput CH, Sono CZ, Jamir TN, Devine A. Meeting the needs of women who use drugs and alcohol in North-east India - a challenge for HIV prevention services. BMC Public Health. 2012, 12:825. 10.1186\/1471-2458-12-825","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1309_15","article-title":"Initial treatment dropout in patients with substance use disorders attending a tertiary care de-addiction centre in north India","volume":"146","author":"Basu D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Basu D, Ghosh A, Sarkar S, Patra BN, Subodh BN, Mattoo SK. Initial treatment dropout in patients with substance use disorders attending a tertiary care de-addiction centre in north India. Indian J Med Res. 2017, 146:S77-84. 10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1309_15","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111815","article-title":"Delivery models of opioid agonist maintenance treatment in South Asia: a good beginning","volume":"91","author":"Rao R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rao R, Agrawal A, Kishore K, Ambekar A. Delivery models of opioid agonist maintenance treatment in South Asia: a good beginning. Bull World Health Organ. 2013, 91:150-3. 10.2471\/BLT.12.111815","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-007-0077-z","article-title":"Drug dependence in adolescents 1978-2003: a clinical-based observation from North India","volume":"74","author":"Saluja BS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saluja BS, Grover S, Irpati AS, Mattoo SK, Basu D. Drug dependence in adolescents 1978-2003: a clinical-based observation from North India. Indian J Pediatr. 2007, 74:455-8. 10.1007\/s12098-007-0077-z","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.x","article-title":"Validation of the Alcohol, Smoking And Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST)","volume":"103","author":"Humeniuk R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Humeniuk R, Ali R, Babor TF, et al.. Validation of the Alcohol, Smoking And Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Addiction. 2008, 103:1039-47. 10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Sexual Behaviour among Long Distance Truck Drivers","volume":"31","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chaturvedi, Sanjay, Singh, et al.. Sexual Behaviour among Long Distance Truck Drivers. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2006,  31:153-156.","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60358-9","article-title":"Injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial","volume":"377","author":"Krupitsky E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krupitsky E, Nunes EV, Ling W, Illeperuma A, Gastfriend DR, Silverman BL. Injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2011, 377:1506-1513. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60358-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00304.x","article-title":"The availability, diversion and injection of pharmaceutical opioids in South Asia","volume":"30","author":"Larance B","year":"2011","unstructured":"Larance B, Ambekar A, Azim T, Murthy P, Panda S, Degenhardt L, Mathers B. The availability, diversion and injection of pharmaceutical opioids in South Asia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2011, 30:246-54. 10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00304.x","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.123587","article-title":"Demographic and clinical profile of substance abusing women seeking treatment at a de-addiction center in north India","volume":"22","author":"Nebhinani N","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nebhinani N, Sarkar S, Gupta S, Mattoo SK, Basu D. Demographic and clinical profile of substance abusing women seeking treatment at a de-addiction center in north India. Ind Psychiatry J. 2013, 22:12-6. 10.4103\/0972-6748.123587","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.37.3.b","article-title":"The role of Gateway drugs and psychosocial factors in substance dependence in Eastern India","volume":"37","author":"Saddichha S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saddichha S, Sinha BN, Khess CR. The role of Gateway drugs and psychosocial factors in substance dependence in Eastern India. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2007, 37:257-66. 10.2190\/PM.37.3.b","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-2870.172413","article-title":"Substance use disorder and the family: An Indian perspective","volume":"9","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarkar, Siddharth &amp; Patra, Bichitra &amp; Kattimani, Shivanand.. Substance use disorder and the family: An Indian perspective. Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University. 2016, 9:7-14. 10.4103\/0975-2870.172413","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v30i1.11279","article-title":"Patterns of alcohol consumption among male adults at a slum in Kolkata, India","volume":"30","author":"Ghosh S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Samanta A, Mukherjee S. Patterns of alcohol consumption among male adults at a slum in Kolkata, India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2012, 30:73-81. 10.3329\/jhpn.v30i1.11279","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-24","article-title":"Women's well-being and reproductive health in Indian mining community: need for empowerment","volume":"10","author":"D'Souza MS","year":"2013","unstructured":"D'Souza MS, Karkada SN, Somayaji G, Venkatesaperumal R. Women's well-being and reproductive health in Indian mining community: need for empowerment. Reprod Health. 2013, 10:24. 10.1186\/1742-4755-10-24","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120902862584","article-title":"The risk of HIV and HCV infections among injection drug users in northeast India","volume":"21","author":"Mahanta J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mahanta J, Borkakoty B, Das HK, Chelleng PK. The risk of HIV and HCV infections among injection drug users in northeast India. AIDS Care. 2009, 21:1420-4. 10.1080\/09540120902862584","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-022-00548-5","article-title":"Brief interventions for alcohol use disorders in low- and middle-income countries: barriers and potential solutions","volume":"16","author":"Nadkarni A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nadkarni A, Bhatia U, Bedendo A, et al.. Brief interventions for alcohol use disorders in low- and middle-income countries: barriers and potential solutions. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2022, 16:36. 10.1186\/s13033-022-00548-5","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Nationwide survey on extent and pattern of substance use in India 2019. (2019). Accessed. September 01, 2024: https:\/\/www.aiims.edu\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9244&amp;Itemid=3761&amp;lang=en ."},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of substance abuse at bandardewa, a border area of assam and arunachal pradesh","volume":"42","author":"Hazarika NC","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hazarika NC, Biswas D, Phukan RK, Hazarika D, Mahanta J. Prevalence and pattern of substance abuse at bandardewa, a border area of assam and arunachal pradesh. Indian J Psychiatry. 2000, 42:262-6.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Addressing alcohol addiction: lessons from a hospital based audit","volume":"137","author":"Chand P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chand P, Naveen CK, Murthy P, Isaac M. Addressing alcohol addiction: lessons from a hospital based audit. Indian J Med Res. 2013, 137:394-6.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"The ASSIST project - Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. (2010). Accessed. September 01, 2024: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/978924159938-2."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.629705","article-title":"Screening for addictive disorders within a workers' compensation clinic: an exploratory study","volume":"47","author":"Parhami I","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parhami I, Hyman M, Siani A, et al.. Screening for addictive disorders within a workers' compensation clinic: an exploratory study. Subst Use Misuse. 2012, 47:99-107. 10.3109\/10826084.2011.629705","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108128","article-title":"Treatment experience for opioid use disorder during COVID-19 in India: Learning from patients","volume":"119","author":"Pandit PM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pandit PM, Bhatia G, Sarkar S. Treatment experience for opioid use disorder during COVID-19 in India: Learning from patients. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020, 119:108128. 10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108128","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31590-2","article-title":"Counselling for Alcohol Problems (CAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for harmful drinking in men, in primary care in India: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"389","author":"Nadkarni A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nadkarni A, Weobong B, Weiss HA, et al.. Counselling for Alcohol Problems (CAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for harmful drinking in men, in primary care in India: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017, 389:186-95. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31590-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IOPN.IOPN_14_19","article-title":"Community-based Management of Opioid Use Disorder: Role of Nursing Professionals and Paramedical Workers","volume":"16","author":"Dhagudu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhagudu, Naveen1; Gupta, Snehil1; Bhad, Roshan2,; Rao, Ravindra3. Community-based Management of Opioid Use Disorder: Role of Nursing Professionals and Paramedical Workers. Indian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing 16(1): p 43-48, January. 2019, 16:43-48. 10.4103\/IOPN.IOPN_14_19","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing 16(1): p 43-48, January"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Substance Use Disorders","author":"Debasish Basu P.K. Dalal.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Debasish Basu P.K. Dalal.. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Substance Use Disorders. Debasish Basu P.K. Dalal (ed): Indian Psychiatric Society, INDIA; 2014."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_385_18","article-title":"Research on opioid substitution therapy in India: A brief, narrative review","volume":"60","author":"Ambekar A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ambekar A, Rao R, Agrawal A, Kathiresan P. Research on opioid substitution therapy in India: A brief, narrative review. Indian J Psychiatry. 2018, 60:265-70. 10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_385_18","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176231170534","article-title":"National Drug Laws, Policies, and Programs in India: A Narrative Review","volume":"46","author":"Parmar A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parmar A, Narasimha VL, Nath S. National Drug Laws, Policies, and Programs in India: A Narrative Review. Indian J Psychol Med. 2024, 46:5-13. 10.1177\/02537176231170534","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/300103-the-opioid-crisis-preventing-and-managing-substance-abuse-in-india-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T09:13:57Z","timestamp":1727774037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/300103-the-opioid-crisis-preventing-and-managing-substance-abuse-in-india-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.70600","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}}}