{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:28:16Z","timestamp":1784694496949,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.71345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T07:19:06Z","timestamp":1728803946000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fungal Malignant Otitis Externa: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Giorgos","family":"Sideris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dioni-Pinelopi","family":"Petsiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melina","family":"Kourklidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Papadimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros V","family":"Vlastarakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotirios","family":"Karamagkiolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Margaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Nikolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Delides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31825e4d9a","article-title":"Malignant otitis externa","volume":"23","author":"Karaman E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karaman E, Yilmaz M, Ibrahimov M, Haciyev Y, Enver O. Malignant otitis externa. J Craniofac Surg. 2012, 23:1748-51. 10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31825e4d9a","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90592-x","article-title":"Malignant external otitis: insights into pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"85","author":"Rubin J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rubin J, Yu VL. Malignant external otitis: insights into pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy. Am J Med. 1988, 85:391-398. 10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90592-x","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01056-1","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Qin S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qin S, Xiao W, Zhou C, et al.. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022, 7:199. 10.1038\/s41392-022-01056-1","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102894","article-title":"Malignant otitis externa: An updated review","volume":"42","author":"Trevi\u00f1o Gonz\u00e1lez JL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trevi\u00f1o Gonz\u00e1lez JL, Reyes Su\u00e1rez LL, Hern\u00e1ndez de Le\u00f3n JE. Malignant otitis externa: An updated review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021, 42:102894. 10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102894","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-196808000-00002","article-title":"Malignant external otitis","volume":"78","author":"Chandler JR","year":"1968","unstructured":"Chandler JR. Malignant external otitis. Laryngoscope. 1968, 78:1257-94. 10.1288\/00005537-196808000-00002","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215100101562","article-title":"The diagnostic criteria of malignant external otitis","volume":"101","author":"Cohen D","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cohen D, Friedman P. The diagnostic criteria of malignant external otitis. J Laryngol Otol. 1987, 101:216-21. 10.1017\/s0022215100101562","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.1.196","article-title":"Invasive external otitis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in an immunocompromised patient","volume":"Page","author":"Petrak MR","year":"1985","unstructured":"Petrak MR, Portage CJ, Levin S. Invasive external otitis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in an immunocompromised patient. Jr Infec Dis. 1985, Page:196. 10.1093\/infdis\/151.1.196","journal-title":"Jr Infec Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-669","article-title":"Outcome predictors of treatment effectiveness for fungal malignant external otitis: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Mion M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mion M, Bovo R, Marchese-Ragona R, Martini A. Outcome predictors of treatment effectiveness for fungal malignant external otitis: a systematic review. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2015, 35:307-13. 10.14639\/0392-100X-669","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.1997.00032.x","article-title":"Necrotizing external otitis: aminoglycoside and beta-lactam antibiotic treatment combined with surgical treatment","volume":"22","author":"Pedersen HB","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pedersen HB, Rosborg J. Necrotizing external otitis: aminoglycoside and beta-lactam antibiotic treatment combined with surgical treatment. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1997, 22:271-4. 10.1046\/j.1365-2273.1997.00032.x","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489417710473","article-title":"A treatment protocol for management of bacterial and fungal malignant external otitis: a large cohort in Tehran, Iran","volume":"126","author":"Hasibi M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasibi M, Ashtiani MK, Motassadi Zarandi M, et al.. A treatment protocol for management of bacterial and fungal malignant external otitis: a large cohort in Tehran, Iran. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2017, 126:561-7. 10.1177\/0003489417710473","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0033-y","article-title":"Value of hyperbaric oxygen in bacterial and fungal malignant external otitis treatment","volume":"263","author":"Narozny W","year":"2006","unstructured":"Narozny W, Kuczkowski J, Stankiewicz C, Kot J, Mikaszewski B, Przewozny T. Value of hyperbaric oxygen in bacterial and fungal malignant external otitis treatment. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2006, 263:680-4. 10.1007\/s00405-006-0033-y","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5151-9","article-title":"The significance of tissue biopsy for fungi in necrotizing otitis externa","volume":"275","author":"Abu Eta R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abu Eta R, Gavriel H, Stephen K, Eviatar E, Yeheskeli E. The significance of tissue biopsy for fungi in necrotizing otitis externa. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018, 275:2941-5. 10.1007\/s00405-018-5151-9","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.42.306.27168","article-title":"Fungal necrotizing external otitis: diagnosis, management and outcomes of 15 cases","volume":"42","author":"Korbi AE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Korbi AE, Houas J, Kolsi N, et al.. Fungal necrotizing external otitis: diagnosis, management and outcomes of 15 cases. Pan Afr Med J. 2022, 42:306. 10.11604\/pamj.2022.42.306.27168","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.01.001","article-title":"Fungal malignant external otitis","volume":"62","author":"Hamzany Y","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamzany Y, Soudry E, Preis M, et al.. Fungal malignant external otitis. J Infect. 2011, 62:226-231. 10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.01.001","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2020.7133","article-title":"Prognosticating patients with necrotising otitis externa based on response to treatment","volume":"103","author":"Cho WS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho WS, Bonduelle Q, Ghasemi A, et al.. Prognosticating patients with necrotising otitis externa based on response to treatment. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2021, 103:285-90. 10.1308\/rcsann.2020.7133","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06583-7","article-title":"Computer tomography findings in necrotizing otitis externa based on the offending pathogens","volume":"278","author":"Peled C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peled C, Novoa R, El-Saied S, Sadeh R, Novack V, Kaplan DM. Computer tomography findings in necrotizing otitis externa based on the offending pathogens. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021, 278:4707-13. 10.1007\/s00405-020-06583-7","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.41.287.29585","article-title":"A retrospective study of 43 cases of fungal malignant external otitis","volume":"41","author":"Halwani C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Halwani C, Mtibaa L, Hamdi ME, Baccouchi N, Benmhamed R, Jemli B, Akkari K. A retrospective study of 43 cases of fungal malignant external otitis. Pan Afr Med J. 2022, 41:287. 10.11604\/pamj.2022.41.287.29585","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.027","article-title":"Aspergillus spp. invasive external otitis: favourable outcome with a medical approach","volume":"22","author":"Marchionni E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marchionni E, Parize P, Lefevre A, et al.. Aspergillus spp. invasive external otitis: favourable outcome with a medical approach. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016, 22:434-7. 10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.027","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199704000-00006","article-title":"Necrotizing external otitis in patients with AIDS","volume":"107","author":"Ress BD","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ress BD, Luntz M, Telischi FF, Balkany TJ, Whiteman ML. Necrotizing external otitis in patients with AIDS. Laryngoscope. 1997, 107:456-60. 10.1097\/00005537-199704000-00006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5222\/MMJ.2021.36528","article-title":"Malignant otitis externa: how to monitor the disease in outcome estimation?","volume":"36","author":"Yigider AP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yigider AP, Ovunc O, Arslan E, Sunter AV, Cermik TF, Yigit O. Malignant otitis externa: how to monitor the disease in outcome estimation?. Medeni Med J. 2021, 36:23-9. 10.5222\/MMJ.2021.36528","journal-title":"Medeni Med J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2022.21313","article-title":"A different era for malignant otitis externa: the non-diabetic and non-immunocompromised patients","volume":"18","author":"Sideris G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sideris G, Latzonis J, Avgeri C, Malamas V, Delides A, Nikolopoulos T. A different era for malignant otitis externa: the non-diabetic and non-immunocompromised patients. J Int Adv Otol. 2022, 18:20-4. 10.5152\/iao.2022.21313","journal-title":"J Int Adv Otol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/192318","article-title":"Fungal malignant otitis externa with facial nerve palsy: tissue biopsy AIDS diagnosis","volume":"2014","author":"Walton J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Walton J, Coulson C. Fungal malignant otitis externa with facial nerve palsy: tissue biopsy AIDS diagnosis. Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2014, 2014:192318. 10.1155\/2014\/192318","journal-title":"Case Rep Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wjo2.100","article-title":"The diagnostic conundrum in necrotizing otitis externa","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed AA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed AA, Rashid S, Gupta VK, Molony NC, Gupta KK. The diagnostic conundrum in necrotizing otitis externa. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2024, 10:59-65. 10.1002\/wjo2.100","journal-title":"World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.150.2.6228955","article-title":"Malignant external otitis: early scintigraphic detection","volume":"150","author":"Strashun AM","year":"1984","unstructured":"Strashun AM, Nejatheim M, Goldsmith SJ. Malignant external otitis: early scintigraphic detection. Radiology. 1984, 150:541-5. 10.1148\/radiology.150.2.6228955","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030570","article-title":"The use of (99m)Tc-mononuclear leukocyte scintigraphy for necrotizing external otitis diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"de Souza SA","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Souza SA, Laurindo RS, Gutfilen-Schlesinger G, Felix F, Amarante Junior JL, Gutfilen B. The use of (99m)Tc-mononuclear leukocyte scintigraphy for necrotizing external otitis diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023, 13:10.3390\/diagnostics13030570","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02691","article-title":"The accuracy of diagnostic imaging for the assessment of chronic osteomyelitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Termaat MF","year":"2005","unstructured":"Termaat MF, Raijmakers PG, Scholten HJ, Bakker FC, Patka P, Haarman HJ. The accuracy of diagnostic imaging for the assessment of chronic osteomyelitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005, 87:2464-2471. 10.2106\/JBJS.D.02691","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/007641-0","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer","volume":"153","author":"Hedayati MT","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hedayati MT, Pasqualotto AC, Warn PA, Bowyer P, Denning DW. Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. Microbiology (Reading). 2007, 153:1677-92. 10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/007641-0","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041063","article-title":"Antifungal drug resistance: an emergent health threat","volume":"11","author":"Vitiello A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vitiello A, Ferrara F, Boccellino M, et al.. Antifungal drug resistance: an emergent health threat. Biomedicines. 2023, 11:10.3390\/biomedicines11041063","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988209000223","article-title":"Malignant external otitis: a dangerous misnomer?","volume":"90","author":"Lucente FE","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lucente FE, Parisier SC, Som PM, Arnold LM. Malignant external otitis: a dangerous misnomer?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1982, 90:266-9. 10.1177\/019459988209000223","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/307261-fungal-malignant-otitis-externa-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T07:19:10Z","timestamp":1728803950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/307261-fungal-malignant-otitis-externa-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.71345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]}}}