{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T20:34:21Z","timestamp":1767299661333,"version":"3.27.0"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.71730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:06:37Z","timestamp":1729209997000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metformin: Beyond Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Rahnuma","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mainul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4318-z","article-title":"Metformin: historical overview","volume":"60","author":"Bailey CJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bailey CJ. Metformin: historical overview. Diabetologia. 2017, 60:1566-76. 10.1007\/s00125-017-4318-z","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/CT9222101790","article-title":"CCXIV. \u2014 The preparation of methylguanidine, and of \u03b2\u03b2-dimethylguanidine by the interaction of dicyanodiamide, and methylammonium and dimethylammonium chlorides, respectively","volume":"121","author":"Werner EA","year":"1922","unstructured":"Werner EA, Bell J. CCXIV. \u2014 The preparation of methylguanidine, and of \u03b2\u03b2-dimethylguanidine by the interaction of dicyanodiamide, and methylammonium and dimethylammonium chlorides, respectively. J Chem Soc Trans. 1922, 121:1790-4. 10.1039\/CT9222101790","journal-title":"J Chem Soc Trans"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.606","article-title":"Metformin: its botanical background","volume":"21","author":"Bailey CF","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bailey CF, Day C. Metformin: its botanical background. Pract Diab Int. 2004, 21:115-7.","journal-title":"Pract Diab Int"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4336-x","article-title":"Metformin: clinical use in type 2 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Sanchez-Rangel E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sanchez-Rangel E, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: clinical use in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017, 60:1586-93. 10.1007\/s00125-017-4336-x","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.645810","article-title":"A bibliometrics analysis of metformin development from 1980 to 2019","volume":"12","author":"Song Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song Y, Ma P, Gao Y, Xiao P, Xu L, Liu H. A bibliometrics analysis of metformin development from 1980 to 2019. Front Pharmacol. 2021, 12:645810. 10.3389\/fphar.2021.645810","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15663","article-title":"Metformin: therapeutic profile in the treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"26 Suppl 3","author":"Bailey CJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bailey CJ. Metformin: therapeutic profile in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024, 26 Suppl 3:3-19. 10.1111\/dom.15663","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI14178","article-title":"The blooming of the French lilac","volume":"108","author":"Witters LA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Witters LA. The blooming of the French lilac. J Clin Invest. 2001, 108:1105-7. 10.1172\/JCI14178","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Metformin: a review of its metabolic effects","volume":"6","author":"Cusi K","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cusi K, Defronzo RA. Metformin: a review of its metabolic effects. Diabetes Reviews. 1998, 6:89-131.","journal-title":"Diabetes Reviews"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.37","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the metabolic actions of galegine that contribute to weight loss in mice","volume":"153","author":"Mooney MH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mooney MH, Fogarty S, Stevenson C, et al.. Mechanisms underlying the metabolic actions of galegine that contribute to weight loss in mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2008, 153:1669-77. 10.1038\/bjp.2008.37","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"BioRender. (2024). Accessed. September 20, 2024: http:\/\/www.biorender.com."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11534750-000000000-00000","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin","volume":"50","author":"Graham GG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Graham GG, Punt J, Arora M, et al.. Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011, 50:81-98. 10.2165\/11534750-000000000-00000","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Metformin: current knowledge","volume":"19","author":"Nasri H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Metformin: current knowledge. J Res Med Sci. 2014, 19:658-64.","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00261-6","article-title":"A geroscience perspective on immune resilience and infectious diseases: a potential case for metformin","volume":"43","author":"Justice JN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Justice JN, Gubbi S, Kulkarni AS, Bartley JM, Kuchel GA, Barzilai N. A geroscience perspective on immune resilience and infectious diseases: a potential case for metformin. Geroscience. 2021, 43:1093-112. 10.1007\/s11357-020-00261-6","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Flumamine, a new synthetic analgesic and anti-flu drug","volume":"26","author":"Garcia EY","year":"1950","unstructured":"Garcia EY. Flumamine, a new synthetic analgesic and anti-flu drug. J Philipp Med Assoc. 1950, 26:287-93.","journal-title":"J Philipp Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1260633","article-title":"Unveiling the potential pleiotropic effects of metformin in treating COVID-19: a comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Petakh P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petakh P, Kamyshna I, Kamyshnyi A. Unveiling the potential pleiotropic effects of metformin in treating COVID-19: a comprehensive review. Front Mol Biosci. 2023, 10:1260633. 10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1260633","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.06.23290989","article-title":"Metformin reduces SARS-CoV-2 in a phase 3 randomized placebo controlled clinical trial (PREPRINT)","author":"Bramante CT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bramante CT, Beckman KB, Mehta T, et al.. Metformin reduces SARS-CoV-2 in a phase 3 randomized placebo controlled clinical trial (PREPRINT). medRxiv. 2023, 10.1101\/2023.06.06.23290989","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2286-9","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing","volume":"583","author":"Gordon DE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gordon DE, Jang GM, Bouhaddou M, et al.. A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing. Nature. 2020, 583:459-68. 10.1038\/s41586-020-2286-9","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901310","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase restricts Zika virus replication in endothelial cells by potentiating innate antiviral responses and inhibiting glycolysis","volume":"204","author":"Singh S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh S, Singh PK, Suhail H, Arumugaswami V, Pellett PE, Giri S, Kumar A. AMP-activated protein kinase restricts Zika virus replication in endothelial cells by potentiating innate antiviral responses and inhibiting glycolysis. J Immunol. 2020, 204:1810-24. 10.4049\/jimmunol.1901310","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155223","article-title":"Metformin: is it a drug for all reasons and diseases?","volume":"133","author":"Triggle CR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Triggle CR, Mohammed I, Bshesh K, et al.. Metformin: is it a drug for all reasons and diseases?. Metabolism. 2022, 133:155223. 10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155223","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Blood sugar-lowering effect of 1,1-dimethylbiguanide (Article in French)","volume":"13","author":"Sterne J","year":"1958","unstructured":"Sterne J. Blood sugar-lowering effect of 1,1-dimethylbiguanide (Article in French). Therapie. 1958, 13:650-9.","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275","article-title":"Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Galicia-Garcia U","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, et al.. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:6275. 10.3390\/ijms21176275","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115734","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: classification, mediators, and complications; a gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments","volume":"168","author":"Antar SA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Antar SA, Ashour NA, Sharaky M, et al.. Diabetes mellitus: classification, mediators, and complications; a gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023, 168:115734. 10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115734","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ajm.ajm_53_20","article-title":"Pathophysiology of diabetes: an overview","volume":"10","author":"Banday MZ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banday MZ, Sameer AS, Nissar S. Pathophysiology of diabetes: an overview. Avicenna J Med. 2020, 10:174-88. 10.4103\/ajm.ajm_53_20","journal-title":"Avicenna J Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed NA","year":"2023","unstructured":"ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al.. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023, 46:S19-40. 10.2337\/dc23-S002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00690-7","article-title":"The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Tomic D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tomic D, Shaw JE, Magliano DJ. The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022, 18:525-39. 10.1038\/s41574-022-00690-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161115666171010115119","article-title":"Insulin resistance the link between T2DM and CVD: basic mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"17","author":"Abdul-Ghani MA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdul-Ghani MA, Jayyousi A, DeFronzo RA, Asaad N, Al-Suwaidi J. Insulin resistance the link between T2DM and CVD: basic mechanisms and clinical implications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2019, 17:153-63. 10.2174\/1570161115666171010115119","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v14.i3.130","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: implications of inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"Dludla PV","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dludla PV, Mabhida SE, Ziqubu K, et al.. Pancreatic \u03b2-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: implications of inflammation and oxidative stress. World J Diabetes. 2023, 14:130-46. 10.4239\/wjd.v14.i3.130","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation: examining the links","volume":"11","author":"Oguntibeju OO","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oguntibeju OO. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation: examining the links. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2019, 11:45-63.","journal-title":"Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-024-01406-6","article-title":"Narrative review of data supporting alternate first-line therapies over metformin in type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Andraos J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andraos J, Smith SR, Tran A, Pham DQ. Narrative review of data supporting alternate first-line therapies over metformin in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2024, 23:385-94. 10.1007\/s40200-024-01406-6","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010210","article-title":"Trends in incidence, prevalence and prescribing in type 2 diabetes mellitus between 2000 and 2013 in primary care: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Sharma M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharma M, Nazareth I, Petersen I. Trends in incidence, prevalence and prescribing in type 2 diabetes mellitus between 2000 and 2013 in primary care: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2016, 6:e010210. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010210","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2023.03.020","article-title":"Medication prescribing for type 2 diabetes in the US long-term care setting: observational study","volume":"24","author":"Pandya N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pandya N, Jung M, Norfolk A, Goldblatt C, Trenery A, Sieradzan R. Medication prescribing for type 2 diabetes in the US long-term care setting: observational study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2023, 24:790-7.e4.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.02.008","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment patterns across Europe: a population-based multi-database study","volume":"39","author":"Overbeek JA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Overbeek JA, Heintjes EM, Prieto-Alhambra D, et al.. Type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment patterns across Europe: a population-based multi-database study. Clin Ther. 2017, 39:759-70. 10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.02.008","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0252","article-title":"Metformin: new applications for an old drug","volume":"34","author":"Naseri A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naseri A, Sanaie S, Hamzehzadeh S, et al.. Metformin: new applications for an old drug. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2023, 34:151-60. 10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0252","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14020122","article-title":"The current and potential therapeutic use of metformin-the good old drug","volume":"14","author":"Drzewoski J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drzewoski J, Hanefeld M. The current and potential therapeutic use of metformin-the good old drug. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021, 14:122. 10.3390\/ph14020122","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S409373","article-title":"Metformin: a review of potential mechanism and therapeutic utility beyond diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Dutta S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dutta S, Shah RB, Singhal S, Dutta SB, Bansal S, Sinha S, Haque M. Metformin: a review of potential mechanism and therapeutic utility beyond diabetes. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023, 17:1907-32. 10.2147\/DDDT.S409373","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-017-2199-y","article-title":"Metformin - a future therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: theme: drug discovery, development and delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Guest Editor: Davide Brambilla","volume":"34","author":"Markowicz-Piasecka M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sikora J, Szyd\u0142owska A, Skupie\u0144 A, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Huttunen KM. Metformin - a future therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: theme: drug discovery, development and delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Guest Editor: Davide Brambilla. Pharm Res. 2017, 34:2614-27. 10.1007\/s11095-017-2199-y","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-00980-6","article-title":"The role of AMPK-dependent pathways in cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: a new perspective for treatment and prevention of diseases","volume":"30","author":"Hasanvand A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasanvand A. The role of AMPK-dependent pathways in cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: a new perspective for treatment and prevention of diseases. Inflammopharmacology. 2022, 30:775-88. 10.1007\/s10787-022-00980-6","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-019-09429-z","article-title":"Metformin and breast cancer: molecular targets","volume":"24","author":"Faria J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faria J, Negalha G, Azevedo A, Martel F. Metformin and breast cancer: molecular targets. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2019, 24:111-23. 10.1007\/s10911-019-09429-z","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl20367","article-title":"Effects of metformin on hepatic steatosis in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes: insights from the cellular to patient level","volume":"15","author":"Pinyopornpanish K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinyopornpanish K, Leerapun A, Pinyopornpanish K, Chattipakorn N. Effects of metformin on hepatic steatosis in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes: insights from the cellular to patient level. Gut Liver. 2021, 15:827-40. 10.5009\/gnl20367","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2023.102935","article-title":"Management of type 2 diabetes in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis: short of evidence, plenty of potential","volume":"18","author":"Arvanitakis K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arvanitakis K, Koufakis T, Kalopitas G, Papadakos SP, Kotsa K, Germanidis G. Management of type 2 diabetes in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis: short of evidence, plenty of potential. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024, 18:102935. 10.1016\/j.dsx.2023.102935","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.10.005","article-title":"Metformin in the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Cunha V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cunha V, Cotrim HP, Rocha R, Carvalho K, Lins-Kusterer L. Metformin in the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients: a systematic review. Ann Hepatol. 2020, 19:232-7. 10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.10.005","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15123161","article-title":"The emerging role of metformin in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: is there any value in repurposing metformin for HCC Immunotherapy?","volume":"15","author":"Papadakos SP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Papadakos SP, Ferraro D, Carbone G, et al.. The emerging role of metformin in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: is there any value in repurposing metformin for HCC Immunotherapy?. Cancers (Basel). 2023, 15:10.3390\/cancers15123161","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16677-3","article-title":"The effect of metformin on the survival of colorectal cancer patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Tarhini Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarhini Z, Manceur K, Magne J, Mathonnet M, Jost J, Christou N. The effect of metformin on the survival of colorectal cancer patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep. 2022, 12:12374. 10.1038\/s41598-022-16677-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36011\/cpp.2023.5.e12","article-title":"Correlation between metformin intake and prostate cancer","volume":"5","author":"Kim R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim R, Song M, Shinn J, Kim HS. Correlation between metformin intake and prostate cancer. \ufeffCardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2023, 5:91-7. 10.36011\/cpp.2023.5.e12","journal-title":"\ufeffCardiovasc Prev Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_62_21","article-title":"The relationship between metformin consumption and cancer risk: an updated umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"Najafi F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Najafi F, Rajati F, Sarokhani D, Bavandpour M, Moradinazar M. The relationship between metformin consumption and cancer risk: an updated umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Int J Prev Med. 2023, 14:90. 10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_62_21","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2022.2156497","article-title":"Risk analysis of metformin use in prostate cancer: a national population-based study","volume":"26","author":"Jo JK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jo JK, Song HK, Heo Y, Kim MJ, Kim YJ. Risk analysis of metformin use in prostate cancer: a national population-based study. Aging Male. 2023, 26:2156497. 10.1080\/13685538.2022.2156497","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030396","article-title":"Metformin and breast cancer: current findings and future perspectives from preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"17","author":"Corleto KA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Corleto KA, Strandmo JL, Giles ED. Metformin and breast cancer: current findings and future perspectives from preclinical and clinical studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024, 17:396. 10.3390\/ph17030396","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052705","article-title":"Metformin and breast cancer: where are we now?","volume":"23","author":"Cejuela M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cejuela M, Martin-Castillo B, Menendez JA, Pernas S. Metformin and breast cancer: where are we now?. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:2705. 10.3390\/ijms23052705","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011596","article-title":"Association of metformin intake with bladder cancer risk and oncologic outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Hu J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu J, Chen JB, Cui Y, et al.. Association of metformin intake with bladder cancer risk and oncologic outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018, 97:e11596. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000011596","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.865988","article-title":"Metformin use on incidence and oncologic outcomes of bladder cancer patients with T2DM: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liu CQ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu CQ, Sun JX, Xu JZ, et al.. Metformin use on incidence and oncologic outcomes of bladder cancer patients with T2DM: an updated meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022, 13:865988. 10.3389\/fphar.2022.865988","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-022-01027-2","article-title":"Metformin exerts an antitumor effect by inhibiting bladder cancer cell migration and growth, and promoting apoptosis through the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway","volume":"22","author":"Shen Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen Z, Xue D, Wang K, et al.. Metformin exerts an antitumor effect by inhibiting bladder cancer cell migration and growth, and promoting apoptosis through the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway. BMC Urol. 2022, 22:79. 10.1186\/s12894-022-01027-2","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e412s","article-title":"Metformin and blood cancers","volume":"73","author":"Cunha J\u00fanior AD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cunha J\u00fanior AD, Pericole FV, Carvalheira JB. Metformin and blood cancers. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2018, 73:e412s. 10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e412s","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/oncol.2021.514","article-title":"Metformin - its anti-cancer effects in hematologic malignancies","volume":"15","author":"Podhorecka M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Podhorecka M. Metformin - its anti-cancer effects in hematologic malignancies. Oncol Rev. 2021, 15:514. 10.4081\/oncol.2021.514","journal-title":"Oncol Rev"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-022-00353-5","article-title":"Metformin inhibits melanoma cell metastasis by suppressing the miR-5100\/SPINK5\/STAT3 axis","volume":"27","author":"Suwei D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suwei D, Yanbin X, Jianqiang W, et al.. Metformin inhibits melanoma cell metastasis by suppressing the miR-5100\/SPINK5\/STAT3 axis. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2022, 27:48. 10.1186\/s11658-022-00353-5","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00472","article-title":"Metformin: focus on melanoma","volume":"9","author":"Jaune E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaune E, Rocchi S. Metformin: focus on melanoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018, 9:472. 10.3389\/fendo.2018.00472","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1075823","article-title":"Metformin is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with melanoma: a retrospective, multi-institutional study","volume":"13","author":"Augustin RC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Augustin RC, Huang Z, Ding F, et al.. Metformin is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with melanoma: a retrospective, multi-institutional study. Front Oncol. 2023, 13:1075823. 10.3389\/fonc.2023.1075823","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.116037","article-title":"Metformin and primary bone cancer risk in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"151","author":"Tseng CH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tseng CH. Metformin and primary bone cancer risk in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bone. 2021, 151:116037. 10.1016\/j.bone.2021.116037","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-022-01655-6","article-title":"Effects of metformin on human bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cell-breast cancer cell line interactions","volume":"39","author":"Teufelsbauer M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teufelsbauer M, Lang C, Plangger A, et al.. Effects of metformin on human bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cell-breast cancer cell line interactions. Med Oncol. 2022, 39:54. 10.1007\/s12032-022-01655-6","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.713944","article-title":"Metformin attenuates bone cancer pain by reducing TRPV1 and ASIC3 expression","volume":"12","author":"Qian HY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qian HY, Zhou F, Wu R, et al.. Metformin attenuates bone cancer pain by reducing TRPV1 and ASIC3 expression. Front Pharmacol. 2021, 12:713944. 10.3389\/fphar.2021.713944","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.042","article-title":"Metformin is associated with decreased risk of basal cell carcinoma: a whole-population case-control study from Iceland","volume":"85","author":"Adalsteinsson JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adalsteinsson JA, Muzumdar S, Waldman R, et al.. Metformin is associated with decreased risk of basal cell carcinoma: a whole-population case-control study from Iceland. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021, 85:56-61. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.042","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.08.01","article-title":"Association of the metformin with the risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wang L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang L, Song Y, Wu GN, Yuan DM. Association of the metformin with the risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2013, 2:259-63. 10.3978\/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.08.01","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-015-1412-x","article-title":"Effects of metformin on survival outcomes of lung cancer patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Tian RH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tian RH, Zhang YG, Wu Z, Liu X, Yang JW, Ji HL. Effects of metformin on survival outcomes of lung cancer patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Clin Transl Oncol. 2016, 18:641-9. 10.1007\/s12094-015-1412-x","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.41959","article-title":"The prospect of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adult patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Zohara Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zohara Z, Adelekun A, Seffah KD, et al.. The prospect of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adult patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Cureus. 2023, 15:e41959. 10.7759\/cureus.41959","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415489","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): pathogenesis and natural products for prevention and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Guo X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo X, Yin X, Liu Z, Wang J. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): pathogenesis and natural products for prevention and treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:15489. 10.3390\/ijms232415489","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00570-y","article-title":"NAFLD as a continuum: from obesity to metabolic syndrome and diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Godoy-Matos AF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Godoy-Matos AF, Silva J\u00fanior WS, Valerio CM. NAFLD as a continuum: from obesity to metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020, 12:60. 10.1186\/s13098-020-00570-y","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0365","article-title":"Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Teng ML","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teng ML, Ng CH, Huang DQ, et al.. Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023, 29:S32-42. 10.3350\/cmh.2022.0365","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","article-title":"The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Riazi K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riazi K, Azhari H, Charette JH, et al.. The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022, 7:851-61. 10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi ZM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Van Dongen C, Henry L. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology. 2023, 77:1335-47. 10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.036","article-title":"Changing epidemiology, global trends and implications for outcomes of NAFLD","volume":"79","author":"Wong VW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong VW, Ekstedt M, Wong GL, Hagstr\u00f6m H. Changing epidemiology, global trends and implications for outcomes of NAFLD. J Hepatol. 2023, 79:842-52. 10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.036","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dsi23-0010","article-title":"Understanding the burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: time for action","volume":"37","author":"Younossi ZM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Henry L. Understanding the burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: time for action. Diabetes Spectr. 2024, 37:9-19. 10.2337\/dsi23-0010","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30077-7","article-title":"Global prevalence, incidence, and outcomes of non-obese or lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Ye Q","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ye Q, Zou B, Yeo YH, et al.. Global prevalence, incidence, and outcomes of non-obese or lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020, 5:739-52. 10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30077-7","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30039-1","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and outcome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia, 1999-2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Li J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li J, Zou B, Yeo YH, et al.. Prevalence, incidence, and outcome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia, 1999-2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019, 4:389-98. 10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30039-1","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.11.010","article-title":"Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Shalimar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shalimar, Elhence A, Bansal B, Gupta H, Anand A, Singh TP, Goel A. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022, 12:818-29. 10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.11.010","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.10.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China","volume":"50","author":"Fan JG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fan JG, Farrell GC. Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China. J Hepatol. 2009, 50:204-10. 10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.10.010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31150","article-title":"Epidemiological features of NAFLD From 1999 to 2018 in China","volume":"71","author":"Zhou J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou J, Zhou F, Wang W, et al.. Epidemiological features of NAFLD From 1999 to 2018 in China. Hepatology. 2020, 71:1851-64. 10.1002\/hep.31150","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10023-3","article-title":"The epidemiology of NAFLD in Mainland China with analysis by adjusted gross regional domestic product: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wu Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu Y, Zheng Q, Zou B, et al.. The epidemiology of NAFLD in Mainland China with analysis by adjusted gross regional domestic product: a meta-analysis. Hepatol Int. 2020, 14:259-69. 10.1007\/s12072-020-10023-3","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2022.01.006","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of MAFLD in Chinese adults aged 40 years or older: a community-based study","volume":"21","author":"Zeng J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng J, Qin L, Jin Q, et al.. Prevalence and characteristics of MAFLD in Chinese adults aged 40 years or older: a community-based study. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2022, 21:154-61. 10.1016\/j.hbpd.2022.01.006","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.05.053","article-title":"Prevalence of liver steatosis and fibrosis in the general population and various high-risk populations: a nationwide study with 5.7 million adults in China","volume":"165","author":"Man S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Man S, Deng Y, Ma Y, et al.. Prevalence of liver steatosis and fibrosis in the general population and various high-risk populations: a nationwide study with 5.7 million adults in China. Gastroenterology. 2023, 165:1025-40. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.05.053","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17096","article-title":"Meta-analysis: global prevalence, trend and forecasting of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents, 2000-2021","volume":"56","author":"Li J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li J, Ha A, Rui F, et al.. Meta-analysis: global prevalence, trend and forecasting of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents, 2000-2021. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022, 56:396-406. 10.1111\/apt.17096","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10143-4","article-title":"The epidemiology of NAFLD and lean NAFLD in Japan: a meta-analysis with individual and forecasting analysis, 1995-2040","volume":"15","author":"Ito T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ito T, Ishigami M, Zou B, et al.. The epidemiology of NAFLD and lean NAFLD in Japan: a meta-analysis with individual and forecasting analysis, 1995-2040. Hepatol Int. 2021, 15:366-79. 10.1007\/s12072-021-10143-4","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.40308","article-title":"Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Saudi Arabia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Alenezi YM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alenezi YM, Harris R, Morling J, Card T. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Saudi Arabia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023, 15:e40308. 10.7759\/cureus.40308","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.05.063","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in tertiary care hospital of Taif, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study","volume":"28","author":"Alamri AS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alamri AS, Alhomrani M, Alsanie WF, et al.. Prevalence and predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in tertiary care hospital of Taif, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021, 28:4921-5. 10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.05.063","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S80364","article-title":"Development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease scoring system among adult medical check-up patients: a large cross-sectional and prospective validation study","volume":"8","author":"Lesmana CR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lesmana CR, Pakasi LS, Inggriani S, Aidawati ML, Lesmana LA. Development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease scoring system among adult medical check-up patients: a large cross-sectional and prospective validation study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2015, 8:213-8. 10.2147\/DMSO.S80364","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-012-9359-2","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a multiracial suburban Asian population in Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Goh SC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goh SC, Ho EL, Goh KL. Prevalence and risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a multiracial suburban Asian population in Malaysia. Hepatol Int. 2013, 7:548-54. 10.1007\/s12072-012-9359-2","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbj.0000000000000031","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of sonographically detected non alcoholic fatty liver disease in a screening centre in Klang Valley, Malaysia: an observational cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Khammas AS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khammas AS, Hassan HA, Salih SQ, Kadir H, Ibrahim RM, Nasir NN, Mahmud R. Prevalence and risk factors of sonographically detected non alcoholic fatty liver disease in a screening centre in Klang Valley, Malaysia: an observational cross-sectional study. Porto Biomed J. 2019, 4:e31. 10.1016\/j.pbj.0000000000000031","journal-title":"Porto Biomed J"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300342","article-title":"Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis in Hong Kong Chinese: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography","volume":"61","author":"Wong VW","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wong VW, Chu WC, Wong GL, et al.. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis in Hong Kong Chinese: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography. Gut. 2012, 61:409-15. 10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300342","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic Staff. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (2024). Accessed. August 24, 2024: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20354573#:~:t...."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.03.010","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Primary Care and Endocrinology Clinical Settings: co-sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)","volume":"28","author":"Cusi K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cusi K, Isaacs S, Barb D, et al.. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Primary Care and Endocrinology Clinical Settings: co-sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). Endocr Pract. 2022, 28:528-62. 10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.03.010","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i19.2083","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"24","author":"Anania C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anania C, Perla FM, Olivero F, Pacifico L, Chiesa C. Mediterranean diet and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2018, 24:2083-94. 10.3748\/wjg.v24.i19.2083","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2017.343","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and lifestyle modifications, focusing on physical activity","volume":"33","author":"Kwak MS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwak MS, Kim D. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and lifestyle modifications, focusing on physical activity. Korean J Intern Med. 2018, 33:64-74. 10.3904\/kjim.2017.343","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2018.12.016","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Ahmed IA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed IA, Mikail MA, Mustafa MR, Ibrahim M, Othman R. Lifestyle interventions for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2019, 26:1519-24. 10.1016\/j.sjbs.2018.12.016","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08046-4","article-title":"Lifestyle intervention in children with obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial in Ningbo city (the SCIENT study)","volume":"25","author":"Zhang PP","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang PP, Wang YX, Shen FJ, et al.. Lifestyle intervention in children with obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial in Ningbo city (the SCIENT study). Trials. 2024, 25:196. 10.1186\/s13063-024-08046-4","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2021.10.001","article-title":"Dietary patterns in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): stay on the straight and narrow path!","volume":"34 Suppl 1","author":"Katsiki N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Katsiki N, Stoian AP, Rizzo M. Dietary patterns in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): stay on the straight and narrow path!. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2022, 34 Suppl 1:S24-31. 10.1016\/j.arteri.2021.10.001","journal-title":"Clin Investig Arterioscler"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15024","article-title":"Diet and exercise in NAFLD\/NASH: beyond the obvious","volume":"41","author":"Semmler G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Semmler G, Datz C, Reiberger T, Trauner M. Diet and exercise in NAFLD\/NASH: beyond the obvious. Liver Int. 2021, 41:2249-68. 10.1111\/liv.15024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0364","article-title":"Eating, diet, and nutrition for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Semmler G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Semmler G, Datz C, Trauner M. Eating, diet, and nutrition for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023, 29:S244-60. 10.3350\/cmh.2022.0364","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061977","article-title":"Beyond the paradigm of weight loss in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: from pathophysiology to novel dietary approaches","volume":"13","author":"Armandi A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Armandi A, Schattenberg JM. Beyond the paradigm of weight loss in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: from pathophysiology to novel dietary approaches. Nutrients. 2021, 13:1977. 10.3390\/nu13061977","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092864","article-title":"Effects of dietary and lifestyle interventions on liver, clinical and metabolic parameters in children and adolescents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Katsagoni CN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katsagoni CN, Papachristou E, Sidossis A, Sidossis L. Effects of dietary and lifestyle interventions on liver, clinical and metabolic parameters in children and adolescents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2020, 12:2864. 10.3390\/nu12092864","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16159-x","article-title":"Effect of aerobic exercise and diet on liver fat in pre-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Cheng S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng S, Ge J, Zhao C, et al.. Effect of aerobic exercise and diet on liver fat in pre-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2017, 7:15952. 10.1038\/s41598-017-16159-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003388","article-title":"Responses of the serum lipid profile to exercise and diet interventions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"56","author":"Qi Z","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qi Z, LE S, Cheng R, et al.. Responses of the serum lipid profile to exercise and diet interventions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2024, 56:1036-45. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003388","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030677","article-title":"Impact of nutritional changes on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Perdomo CM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perdomo CM, Fr\u00fchbeck G, Escalada J. Impact of nutritional changes on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients. 2019, 11:677. 10.3390\/nu11030677","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122878","article-title":"Dietary patterns and components in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): what key messages can health care providers offer?","volume":"11","author":"Riazi K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riazi K, Raman M, Taylor L, Swain MG, Shaheen AA. Dietary patterns and components in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): what key messages can health care providers offer?. Nutrients. 2019, 11:2878. 10.3390\/nu11122878","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51821\/86.2.11547","article-title":"Diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a short narrative review","volume":"86","author":"Kwanten WJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kwanten WJ. Diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a short narrative review. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2023, 86:306-10. 10.51821\/86.2.11547","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Belg"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061483","article-title":"Different dietary approaches, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease: a literature review","volume":"15","author":"Torres-Pe\u00f1a JD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torres-Pe\u00f1a JD, Arenas-de Larriva AP, Alcala-Diaz JF, Lopez-Miranda J, Delgado-Lista J. Different dietary approaches, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease: a literature review. Nutrients. 2023, 15:1483. 10.3390\/nu15061483","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922344117","article-title":"Effect of a ketogenic diet on hepatic steatosis and hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"117","author":"Luukkonen PK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luukkonen PK, Dufour S, Lyu K, et al.. Effect of a ketogenic diet on hepatic steatosis and hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020, 117:7347-54. 10.1073\/pnas.1922344117","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2021.00494","article-title":"Current evidence concerning effects of ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver","volume":"10","author":"Sripongpun P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sripongpun P, Churuangsuk C, Bunchorntavakul C. Current evidence concerning effects of ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2022, 10:730-9. 10.14218\/JCTH.2021.00494","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.946474","article-title":"Emerging role of hepatic ketogenesis in fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Mooli RG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mooli RG, Ramakrishnan SK. Emerging role of hepatic ketogenesis in fatty liver disease. Front Physiol. 2022, 13:946474. 10.3389\/fphys.2022.946474","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101506","article-title":"Association between impaired ketogenesis and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Bae J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bae J, Lee BW. Association between impaired ketogenesis and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Biomolecules. 2023, 13:1506. 10.3390\/biom13101506","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13024","article-title":"Beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Watanabe M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watanabe M, Tozzi R, Risi R, et al.. Beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comprehensive review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2020, 21:e13024. 10.1111\/obr.13024","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051065","article-title":"Investigating the link between ketogenic diet, NAFLD, mitochondria, and oxidative stress: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Paoli A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paoli A, Cerullo G. Investigating the link between ketogenic diet, NAFLD, mitochondria, and oxidative stress: a narrative review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023, 12:1065. 10.3390\/antiox12051065","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.04.029","article-title":"Ketogenic diet time-dependently prevents NAFLD through upregulating the expression of antioxidant protein metallothionein-2","volume":"43","author":"You Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"You Y, Huang Y, Wang X, et al.. Ketogenic diet time-dependently prevents NAFLD through upregulating the expression of antioxidant protein metallothionein-2. Clin Nutr. 2024, 43:1475-87. 10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.04.029","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dsi23-0009","article-title":"Practical lifestyle management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease for busy clinicians","volume":"37","author":"Zelber-Sagi S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zelber-Sagi S, Moore JB. Practical lifestyle management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease for busy clinicians. Diabetes Spectr. 2024, 37:39-47. 10.2337\/dsi23-0009","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3727\/105221617X15124844266408","article-title":"The effects of physical exercise on fatty liver disease","volume":"18","author":"van der Windt DJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Windt DJ, Sud V, Zhang H, Tsung A, Huang H. The effects of physical exercise on fatty liver disease. Gene Expr. 2018, 18:89-101.","journal-title":"Gene Expr"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01918-w","article-title":"Exercise in the management of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in adults: a position statement from exercise and sport science Australia","volume":"53","author":"Keating SE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keating SE, Sabag A, Hallsworth K, et al.. Exercise in the management of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in adults: a position statement from exercise and sport science Australia. Sports Med. 2023, 53:2347-71. 10.1007\/s40279-023-01918-w","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.734859","article-title":"NAFLD and physical exercise: ready, steady, go!","volume":"8","author":"Cigrovski Berkovic M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cigrovski Berkovic M, Bilic-Curcic I, Mrzljak A, Cigrovski V. NAFLD and physical exercise: ready, steady, go!. Front Nutr. 2021, 8:734859. 10.3389\/fnut.2021.734859","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8071013","article-title":"Independent association of physical activity with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alanine aminotransferase levels","volume":"8","author":"Jang DK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jang DK, Lee JS, Lee JK, Kim YH. Independent association of physical activity with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alanine aminotransferase levels. J Clin Med. 2019, 8:1013. 10.3390\/jcm8071013","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.02.008","article-title":"Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1\u03b1, myokines and exercise","volume":"80","author":"Schnyder S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schnyder S, Handschin C. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1\u03b1, myokines and exercise. Bone. 2015, 80:115-25. 10.1016\/j.bone.2015.02.008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.90100.2007","article-title":"Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6","volume":"88","author":"Pedersen BK","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiol Rev. 2008, 88:1379-406. 10.1152\/physrev.90100.2007","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-263699","article-title":"The search for exercise factors in humans","volume":"29","author":"Catoire M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Catoire M, Kersten S. The search for exercise factors in humans. FASEB J. 2015, 29:1615-28. 10.1096\/fj.14-263699","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref119","article-title":"Exercise-based interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"14","author":"Orci LA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Orci LA, Gariani K, Oldani G, Delaune V, Morel P, Toso C. Exercise-based interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016, 14:1398-411.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20548","article-title":"Serum alanine aminotransferase in skeletal muscle diseases","volume":"41","author":"Nathwani RA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nathwani RA, Pais S, Reynolds TB, Kaplowitz N. Serum alanine aminotransferase in skeletal muscle diseases. Hepatology. 2005, 41:380-2. 10.1002\/hep.20548","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1442535","article-title":"Glucosinolate extract from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seed attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity: insights into gut microbiota and fecal metabolites","volume":"11","author":"Zhu Q","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu Q, Zhang P, Liu D, Tang L, Yu J, Zhang C, Jiang G. Glucosinolate extract from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seed attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity: insights into gut microbiota and fecal metabolites. Front Nutr. 2024, 11:1442535. 10.3389\/fnut.2024.1442535","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51470-4","article-title":"Effect of different exercise modalities on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Xue Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xue Y, Peng Y, Zhang L, Ba Y, Jin G, Liu G. Effect of different exercise modalities on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024, 14:6212. 10.1038\/s41598-024-51470-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.09.001","article-title":"What are the current pharmacological therapies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?","volume":"11","author":"David D","year":"2021","unstructured":"David D, Eapen CE. What are the current pharmacological therapies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2021, 11:232-8. 10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.09.001","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.793203","article-title":"Efficacy of off-label therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in improving non-invasive and invasive biomarkers: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Luo Q","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo Q, Wei R, Cai Y, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Liu WJ. Efficacy of off-label therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in improving non-invasive and invasive biomarkers: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022, 9:793203. 10.3389\/fmed.2022.793203","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/150639","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: where do we stand today?","volume":"19","author":"Mitrovic B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitrovic B, Gluvic ZM, Obradovic M, Radunovic M, Rizzo M, Banach M, Isenovic ER. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: where do we stand today?. Arch Med Sci. 2023, 19:884-94. 10.5114\/aoms\/150639","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1182037","article-title":"New anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Kongmalai T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kongmalai T, Srinonprasert V, Anothaisintawee T, Kongmalai P, McKay G, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. New anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023, 14:1182037. 10.3389\/fendo.2023.1182037","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2022.101970","article-title":"Effect of novel glucose lowering agents on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Zafar Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zafar Y, Rashid AM, Siddiqi AK, et al.. Effect of novel glucose lowering agents on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2022, 46:101970. 10.1016\/j.clinre.2022.101970","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.769069","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Zhu Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Xu J, Zhang D, et al.. Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021, 12:769069. 10.3389\/fendo.2021.769069","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.08.021","article-title":"Antidiabetic drugs and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and evidence map","volume":"53","author":"Kumar J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar J, Memon RS, Shahid I, et al.. Antidiabetic drugs and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and evidence map. Dig Liver Dis. 2021, 53:44-51. 10.1016\/j.dld.2020.08.021","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1170881","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness of long-term use of daily and weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists treatments in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Yuan X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan X, Gao Z, Yang C, Duan K, Ren L, Song G. Comparing the effectiveness of long-term use of daily and weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists treatments in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023, 14:1170881. 10.3389\/fendo.2023.1170881","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2023.2172397","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, pioglitazone and vitamin E for liver histology among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and pilot network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Gu Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu Y, Sun L, He Y, et al.. Comparative efficacy of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, pioglitazone and vitamin E for liver histology among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and pilot network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023, 17:273-82. 10.1080\/17474124.2023.2172397","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i13.3777","article-title":"Current pharmacological therapies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Takahashi Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Takahashi Y, Sugimoto K, Inui H, Fukusato T. Current pharmacological therapies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015, 21:3777-85. 10.3748\/wjg.v21.i13.3777","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v7.i2.211","article-title":"Insulin resistance in development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Alam S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alam S, Mustafa G, Alam M, Ahmad N. Insulin resistance in development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2016, 7:211-7. 10.4291\/wjgp.v7.i2.211","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3920196","article-title":"The intricate relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"2020","author":"Tanase DM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanase DM, Gosav EM, Costea CF, et al.. The intricate relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). J Diabetes Res. 2020, 2020:3920196. 10.1155\/2020\/3920196","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113863","article-title":"The role of insulin resistance and diabetes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Fujii H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujii H, Kawada N, Japan Study Group Of Nafld Jsg-Nafld. The role of insulin resistance and diabetes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:3863. 10.3390\/ijms21113863","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104984","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of hepatic insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and potential treatment strategies","volume":"159","author":"Zhang CH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang CH, Zhou BG, Sheng JQ, Chen Y, Cao YQ, Chen C. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and potential treatment strategies. Pharmacol Res. 2020, 159:104984. 10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104984","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05442-2","article-title":"Liver-targeting drugs and their effect on blood glucose and hepatic lipids","volume":"64","author":"Gastaldelli A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gastaldelli A, Stefan N, H\u00e4ring HU. Liver-targeting drugs and their effect on blood glucose and hepatic lipids. Diabetologia. 2021, 64:1461-79. 10.1007\/s00125-021-05442-2","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.609110","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wong C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong C, Lee MH, Yaow CY, et al.. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021, 12:609110. 10.3389\/fendo.2021.609110","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084305","article-title":"PPAR-targeted therapies in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic patients","volume":"23","author":"Lange NF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lange NF, Graf V, Caussy C, Dufour JF. PPAR-targeted therapies in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:10.3390\/ijms23084305","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-00898-6","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"36","author":"Francque S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Francque S, Vonghia L. Pharmacological treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Adv Ther. 2019, 36:1052-74. 10.1007\/s12325-019-00898-6","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55050166","article-title":"Dietary and pharmacological treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"55","author":"Jeznach-Steinhagen A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeznach-Steinhagen A, Ostrowska J, Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna A, Boniecka I, Shahnazaryan U, Kury\u0142owicz A. Dietary and pharmacological treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019, 55:10.3390\/medicina55050166","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113888","article-title":"Therapeutic targets, novel drugs, and delivery systems for diabetes associated NAFLD and liver fibrosis","volume":"176","author":"Kumar V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar V, Xin X, Ma J, Tan C, Osna N, Mahato RI. Therapeutic targets, novel drugs, and delivery systems for diabetes associated NAFLD and liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021, 176:113888. 10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113888","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061576","article-title":"Oxidative stress management in chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Uchida D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uchida D, Takaki A, Oyama A, Adachi T, Wada N, Onishi H, Okada H. Oxidative stress management in chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nutrients. 2020, 12:1576. 10.3390\/nu12061576","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"152","author":"Chen Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Z, Tian R, She Z, Cai J, Li H. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020, 152:116-41. 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45080420","article-title":"Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: impacts from pathogenesis to lifestyle modifications","volume":"45","author":"Caturano A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caturano A, D'Angelo M, Mormone A, et al.. Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: impacts from pathogenesis to lifestyle modifications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2023, 45:6651-66. 10.3390\/cimb45080420","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.006","article-title":"The interplay among oxidative stress, brain insulin resistance and AMPK dysfunction contribute to neurodegeneration in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease","volume":"176","author":"Barone E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barone E, Di Domenico F, Perluigi M, Butterfield DA. The interplay among oxidative stress, brain insulin resistance and AMPK dysfunction contribute to neurodegeneration in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021, 176:16-33. 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.006","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)00622-5","article-title":"Structure, function, and regulation of insulin-degrading enzyme","volume":"80","author":"Hulse RE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hulse RE, Ralat LA, Wei-Jen T. Structure, function, and regulation of insulin-degrading enzyme. Vitam Horm. 2009, 80:635-48. 10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)00622-5","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004947","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"95","author":"He L","year":"2016","unstructured":"He L, Liu X, Wang L, Yang Z. Thiazolidinediones for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016, 95:e4947. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000004947","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25380","article-title":"The role of thiazolidinediones in the amelioration of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Ndakotsu A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ndakotsu A, Vivekanandan G. The role of thiazolidinediones in the amelioration of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Cureus. 2022, 14:e25380. 10.7759\/cureus.25380","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021703","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Nevola R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nevola R, Epifani R, Imbriani S, et al.. GLP-1 receptor agonists in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current evidence and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2023, 24:1703. 10.3390\/ijms24021703","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13050581","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-current background, hopes, and perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Cazac GD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cazac GD, L\u0103c\u0103tu\u0219u CM, \u0218tef\u0103nescu G, Mihai C, Grigorescu ED, Onofriescu A, Mihai BM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-current background, hopes, and perspectives. Metabolites. 2023, 13:581. 10.3390\/metabo13050581","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i26.3243","article-title":"Impact of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on liver steatosis\/fibrosis\/inflammation and redox balance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Bellanti F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bellanti F, Lo Buglio A, Dobrakowski M, et al.. Impact of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on liver steatosis\/fibrosis\/inflammation and redox balance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2022, 28:3243-57. 10.3748\/wjg.v28.i26.3243","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcte.2024.100335","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors: beyond glycemic control","volume":"35","author":"Hasan I","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hasan I, Rashid T, Jaikaransingh V, Heilig C, Abdel-Rahman EM, Awad AS. SGLT2 inhibitors: beyond glycemic control. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2024, 35:100335. 10.1016\/j.jcte.2024.100335","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref154","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones","author":"Eggleton JS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eggleton JS, Jialal I. Thiazolidinediones. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1111430","article-title":"Response to pioglitazone in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with vs. without type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Wang Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Z, Du H, Zhao Y, et al.. Response to pioglitazone in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with vs. without type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023, 14:1111430. 10.3389\/fendo.2023.1111430","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dsi23-0012","article-title":"Pharmacological approaches to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current and future therapies","volume":"37","author":"Genua I","year":"2024","unstructured":"Genua I, Cusi K. Pharmacological approaches to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current and future therapies. Diabetes Spectr. 2024, 37:48-58. 10.2337\/dsi23-0012","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076410","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"384","author":"Yao H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yao H, Zhang A, Li D, Wu Y, Wang CZ, Wan JY, Yuan CS. Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2024, 384:e076410. 10.1136\/bmj-2023-076410","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i28.9338","article-title":"Role of diet and lifestyle changes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Nseir W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nseir W, Hellou E, Assy N. Role of diet and lifestyle changes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014, 20:9338-44. 10.3748\/wjg.v20.i28.9338","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.016","article-title":"Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise","volume":"67","author":"Romero-G\u00f3mez M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Romero-G\u00f3mez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Trenell M. Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise. J Hepatol. 2017, 67:829-46. 10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161115666170621080835","article-title":"Lifestyle modifications in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"16","author":"Stavropoulos K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stavropoulos K, Imprialos K, Pittaras A, Faselis C, Narayan P, Kokkinos P. Lifestyle modifications in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2018, 16:239-45. 10.2174\/1570161115666170621080835","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000381643","article-title":"Metformin: an old drug for the treatment of diabetes but a new drug for the protection of the endothelium","volume":"24","author":"Kinaan M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kinaan M, Ding H, Triggle CR. Metformin: an old drug for the treatment of diabetes but a new drug for the protection of the endothelium. Med Princ Pract. 2015, 24:401-15. 10.1159\/000381643","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101517","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of metformin in type 2 diabetes: Effects on mitochondria and leukocyte-endothelium interactions","volume":"34","author":"Apostolova N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Apostolova N, Iannantuoni F, Gruevska A, Muntane J, Rocha M, Victor VM. Mechanisms of action of metformin in type 2 diabetes: Effects on mitochondria and leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Redox Biol. 2020, 34:101517. 10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101517","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42531-0","article-title":"Metformin acutely lowers blood glucose levels by inhibition of intestinal glucose transport","volume":"9","author":"Horakova O","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horakova O, Kroupova P, Bardova K, Buresova J, Janovska P, Kopecky J, Rossmeisl M. Metformin acutely lowers blood glucose levels by inhibition of intestinal glucose transport. Sci Rep. 2019, 9:6156. 10.1038\/s41598-019-42531-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38778-2","article-title":"Metformin inhibits lithocholic acid-induced interleukin 8 upregulation in colorectal cancer cells by suppressing ROS production and NF-kB activity","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen TT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nguyen TT, Ung TT, Li S, Lian S, Xia Y, Park SY, Do Jung Y. Metformin inhibits lithocholic acid-induced interleukin 8 upregulation in colorectal cancer cells by suppressing ROS production and NF-kB activity. Sci Rep. 2019, 9:2003. 10.1038\/s41598-019-38778-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13073","article-title":"NF-\u03baB as the mediator of metformin's effect on ageing and ageing-related diseases","volume":"46","author":"Kanigur Sultuybek G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kanigur Sultuybek G, Soydas T, Yenmis G. NF-\u03baB as the mediator of metformin's effect on ageing and ageing-related diseases. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2019, 46:413-22. 10.1111\/1440-1681.13073","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.29680","article-title":"Metformin Inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome via AMPK\/mTOR-dependent effects in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"15","author":"Yang F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang F, Qin Y, Wang Y, et al.. Metformin Inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome via AMPK\/mTOR-dependent effects in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Int J Biol Sci. 2019, 15:1010-9. 10.7150\/ijbs.29680","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.796616","article-title":"Metformin inhibits NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP)-relevant neuroinflammation via an adenosine-5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathway to alleviate early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice","volume":"13","author":"Jin L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin L, Jin F, Guo S, et al.. Metformin inhibits NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP)-relevant neuroinflammation via an adenosine-5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathway to alleviate early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Front Pharmacol. 2022, 13:796616. 10.3389\/fphar.2022.796616","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.662114","article-title":"Metformin inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species from NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase to limit induction of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and boosts interleukin-10 (IL-10) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages","volume":"290","author":"Kelly B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelly B, Tannahill GM, Murphy MP, O'Neill LA. Metformin inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species from NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase to limit induction of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and boosts interleukin-10 (IL-10) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2015, 290:20348-59. 10.1074\/jbc.M115.662114","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1225","article-title":"Metformin inhibits monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation via AMPK-mediated inhibition of STAT3 activation: potential role in atherosclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Vasamsetti SB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vasamsetti SB, Karnewar S, Kanugula AK, Thatipalli AR, Kumar JM, Kotamraju S. Metformin inhibits monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation via AMPK-mediated inhibition of STAT3 activation: potential role in atherosclerosis. Diabetes. 2015, 64:2028-41. 10.2337\/db14-1225","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020319","article-title":"Metformin inhibits ROS production by human M2 macrophages via the activation of AMPK","volume":"10","author":"Nassif RM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nassif RM, Chalhoub E, Chedid P, et al.. Metformin inhibits ROS production by human M2 macrophages via the activation of AMPK. Biomedicines. 2022, 10:319. 10.3390\/biomedicines10020319","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0281-9","article-title":"Metformin promotes cholesterol efflux in macrophages by up-regulating FGF21 expression: a novel anti-atherosclerotic mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Luo F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luo F, Guo Y, Ruan G, Li X. Metformin promotes cholesterol efflux in macrophages by up-regulating FGF21 expression: a novel anti-atherosclerotic mechanism. Lipids Health Dis. 2016, 15:109. 10.1186\/s12944-016-0281-9","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0860-y","article-title":"Metformin in patients with and without diabetes: a paradigm shift in cardiovascular disease management","volume":"18","author":"Luo F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo F, Das A, Chen J, Wu P, Li X, Fang Z. Metformin in patients with and without diabetes: a paradigm shift in cardiovascular disease management. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019, 18:54. 10.1186\/s12933-019-0860-y","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9010003","article-title":"Can metformin exert as an active drug on endothelial dysfunction in diabetic subjects?","volume":"9","author":"Salvatore T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salvatore T, Pafundi PC, Galiero R, et al.. Can metformin exert as an active drug on endothelial dysfunction in diabetic subjects?. Biomedicines. 2020, 9:3. 10.3390\/biomedicines9010003","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105190","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory potential of the anti-diabetic drug metformin in the prevention of inflammatory complications and infectious diseases including COVID- 19: a narrative review","volume":"25","author":"Plowman TJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Plowman TJ, Christensen H, Aiges M, Fernandez E, Shah MH, Ramana KV. Anti-inflammatory potential of the anti-diabetic drug metformin in the prevention of inflammatory complications and infectious diseases including COVID- 19: a narrative review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024, 25:5190. 10.3390\/ijms25105190","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00833-4","article-title":"Metformin: update on mechanisms of action and repurposing potential","volume":"19","author":"Foretz M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Foretz M, Guigas B, Viollet B. Metformin: update on mechanisms of action and repurposing potential. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023, 19:460-76. 10.1038\/s41574-023-00833-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081873","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and non-communicable disease risk: a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Phillips CM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phillips CM, Chen LW, Heude B, et al.. Dietary inflammatory index and non-communicable disease risk: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2019, 11:1873. 10.3390\/nu11081873","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00316","article-title":"Inflammation-nature's way to efficiently respond to all types of challenges: implications for understanding and managing \"the epidemic\" of chronic diseases","volume":"5","author":"Bennett JM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bennett JM, Reeves G, Billman GE, Sturmberg JP. Inflammation-nature's way to efficiently respond to all types of challenges: implications for understanding and managing \"the epidemic\" of chronic diseases. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018, 5:316. 10.3389\/fmed.2018.00316","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.09.001","article-title":"Health relevance of the modification of low grade inflammation in ageing (inflammageing) and the role of nutrition","volume":"40","author":"Calder PC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calder PC, Bosco N, Bourdet-Sicard R, et al.. Health relevance of the modification of low grade inflammation in ageing (inflammageing) and the role of nutrition. Ageing Res Rev. 2017, 40:95-119. 10.1016\/j.arr.2017.09.001","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21363","article-title":"Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders","volume":"542","author":"Hotamisligil GS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders. Nature. 2017, 542:177-85. 10.1038\/nature21363","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58050641","article-title":"Chronic inflammation-a link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dysfunctional adipose tissue","volume":"58","author":"Petrescu M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petrescu M, Vlaicu SI, Cium\u0103rnean L, et al.. Chronic inflammation-a link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dysfunctional adipose tissue. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022, 58:10.3390\/medicina58050641","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8491742","article-title":"Metformin and diammonium glycyrrhizinate enteric-coated capsule versus metformin alone versus diammonium glycyrrhizinate enteric-coated capsule alone in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2017","author":"Zhang R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang R, Cheng K, Xu S, et al.. Metformin and diammonium glycyrrhizinate enteric-coated capsule versus metformin alone versus diammonium glycyrrhizinate enteric-coated capsule alone in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2017, 2017:8491742. 10.1155\/2017\/8491742","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031437","article-title":"Effect of metformin on nonalcoholic fatty liver based on meta-analysis and network pharmacology","volume":"101","author":"Huang Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Y, Wang X, Yan C, et al.. Effect of metformin on nonalcoholic fatty liver based on meta-analysis and network pharmacology. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022, 101:e31437. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000031437","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.020","article-title":"Metabolic inflammation - a role for hepatic inflammatory pathways as drivers of comorbidities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?","volume":"158","author":"Gehrke N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gehrke N, Schattenberg JM. Metabolic inflammation - a role for hepatic inflammatory pathways as drivers of comorbidities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?. Gastroenterology. 2020, 158:1929-1947.e6. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330595","article-title":"MASLD: a systemic metabolic disorder with cardiovascular and malignant complications","volume":"73","author":"Targher G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Targher G, Byrne CD, Tilg H. MASLD: a systemic metabolic disorder with cardiovascular and malignant complications. Gut. 2024, 73:691-702. 10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330595","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref185","article-title":"Chronic inflammation","author":"Pahwa R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pahwa R, Goyal A, Jialal I. Chronic inflammation. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.12.013","article-title":"Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders","volume":"55","author":"Rohm TV","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rohm TV, Meier DT, Olefsky JM, Donath MY. Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Immunity. 2022, 55:31-55. 10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.12.013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92035","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"127","author":"Saltiel AR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017, 127:1-4. 10.1172\/JCI92035","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155516","article-title":"Metformin-induced TTP mediates communication between Kupffer cells and hepatocytes to alleviate hepatic steatosis by regulating lipophagy and necroptosis","volume":"141","author":"Park J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park J, Rah SY, An HS, et al.. Metformin-induced TTP mediates communication between Kupffer cells and hepatocytes to alleviate hepatic steatosis by regulating lipophagy and necroptosis. Metabolism. 2023, 141:155516. 10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155516","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10985549.2024.2325527","article-title":"LncRNA AA465934 improves podocyte injury by promoting tristetraprolin-mediated HMGB1 downregulation in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"44","author":"Yang N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang N, Zhang Y, Ren P, Zhao L, Zheng D, Fu L, Jin J. LncRNA AA465934 improves podocyte injury by promoting tristetraprolin-mediated HMGB1 downregulation in diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Biol. 2024, 44:87-102. 10.1080\/10985549.2024.2325527","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1327814","article-title":"Metformin: update on mechanisms of action on liver diseases","volume":"10","author":"Ruan G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruan G, Wu F, Shi D, Sun H, Wang F, Xu C. Metformin: update on mechanisms of action on liver diseases. Front Nutr. 2023, 10:1327814. 10.3389\/fnut.2023.1327814","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111286","article-title":"The effects of metformin on autophagy","volume":"137","author":"Lu G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu G, Wu Z, Shang J, Xie Z, Chen C, Zhang C. The effects of metformin on autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021, 137:111286. 10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111286","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.009","article-title":"Metformin inhibits hepatic mTORC1 signaling via dose-dependent mechanisms involving AMPK and the TSC complex","volume":"25","author":"Howell JJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Howell JJ, Hellberg K, Turner M, et al.. Metformin inhibits hepatic mTORC1 signaling via dose-dependent mechanisms involving AMPK and the TSC complex. Cell Metab. 2017, 25:463-71. 10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.009","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08346-x","article-title":"Inhibition of mTORC1 through ATF4-induced REDD1 and Sestrin2 expression by metformin","volume":"21","author":"Jang SK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jang SK, Hong SE, Lee DH, et al.. Inhibition of mTORC1 through ATF4-induced REDD1 and Sestrin2 expression by metformin. BMC Cancer. 2021, 21:803. 10.1186\/s12885-021-08346-x","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04593-3","article-title":"The regulation, function, and role of lipophagy, a form of selective autophagy, in metabolic disorders","volume":"13","author":"Zhang S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang S, Peng X, Yang S, et al.. The regulation, function, and role of lipophagy, a form of selective autophagy, in metabolic disorders. Cell Death Dis. 2022, 13:132. 10.1038\/s41419-022-04593-3","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31229","article-title":"Genetic pathways in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: insights from systems biology","volume":"72","author":"Sookoian S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sookoian S, Pirola CJ, Valenti L, Davidson NO. Genetic pathways in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: insights from systems biology. Hepatology. 2020, 72:330-46. 10.1002\/hep.31229","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15738","article-title":"Review article: the emerging role of genetics in precision medicine for patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Carlsson B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carlsson B, Lind\u00e9n D, Brol\u00e9n G, Liljeblad M, Bjursell M, Romeo S, Loomba R. Review article: the emerging role of genetics in precision medicine for patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020, 51:1305-20. 10.1111\/apt.15738","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101111","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic factors determining NAFLD risk","volume":"50","author":"Jonas W","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jonas W, Sch\u00fcrmann A. Genetic and epigenetic factors determining NAFLD risk. Mol Metab. 2021, 50:101111. 10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101111","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.024","article-title":"Impact of PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism on the development of liver-related events in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Rosso C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rosso C, Caviglia GP, Birolo G, et al.. Impact of PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism on the development of liver-related events in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023, 21:3314-3321.e3. 10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132640","article-title":"Influence of the PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and renal function among normal weight subjects","volume":"10","author":"Oniki K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oniki K, Saruwatari J, Izuka T, et al.. Influence of the PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and renal function among normal weight subjects. PLoS One. 2015, 10:e0132640. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0132640","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10051015","article-title":"Influence of type 2 diabetes in the association of PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926 polymorphisms in NASH advanced liver fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Gabriel-Medina P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gabriel-Medina P, Ferrer-Costa R, Rodriguez-Frias F, et al.. Influence of type 2 diabetes in the association of PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926 polymorphisms in NASH advanced liver fibrosis. Biomedicines. 2022, 10:10.3390\/biomedicines10051015","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12097","article-title":"Differences in the genetic backgrounds of patients with alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"3","author":"Yamamoto K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamamoto K, Kogiso T, Taniai M, Hashimoto E, Tokushige K. Differences in the genetic backgrounds of patients with alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JGH Open. 2019, 3:17-24. 10.1002\/jgh3.12097","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31122","article-title":"High frequency of the PNPLA3 rs738409 [G] single-nucleotide polymorphism in Hmong individuals as a potential basis for a predisposition to chronic liver disease","volume":"124 Suppl 7","author":"Tepper CG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tepper CG, Dang JH, Stewart SL, et al.. High frequency of the PNPLA3 rs738409 [G] single-nucleotide polymorphism in Hmong individuals as a potential basis for a predisposition to chronic liver disease. Cancer. 2018, 124 Suppl 7:1583-9. 10.1002\/cncr.31122","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2887-6","article-title":"The rs738409 polymorphism of the PNPLA3 gene is associated with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in Brazilian patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"17","author":"Manchiero C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manchiero C, Nunes AK, Magri MC, Dantas BP, Mazza CC, Barone AA, Tengan FM. The rs738409 polymorphism of the PNPLA3 gene is associated with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in Brazilian patients with chronic hepatitis C. BMC Infect Dis. 2017, 17:780. 10.1186\/s12879-017-2887-6","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-012-1141-y","article-title":"A multi-ethnic study of a PNPLA3 gene variant and its association with disease severity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"131","author":"Zain SM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zain SM, Mohamed R, Mahadeva S, Cheah PL, Rampal S, Basu RC, Mohamed Z. A multi-ethnic study of a PNPLA3 gene variant and its association with disease severity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hum Genet. 2012, 131:1145-52. 10.1007\/s00439-012-1141-y","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v16.i3.366","article-title":"Associations of PNPLA3 and LEP genetic polymorphisms with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in Thai people living with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"16","author":"Choochuay K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choochuay K, Kunhapan P, Puangpetch A, et al.. Associations of PNPLA3 and LEP genetic polymorphisms with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in Thai people living with human immunodeficiency virus. World J Hepatol. 2024, 16:366-78. 10.4254\/wjh.v16.i3.366","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15268","article-title":"Frequency of the PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism and other genetic loci for liver disease in a Guatemalan adult population","volume":"42","author":"Lazo M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lazo M, Xie J, Alvarez CS, et al.. Frequency of the PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism and other genetic loci for liver disease in a Guatemalan adult population. Liver Int. 2022, 42:1470-4. 10.1111\/liv.15268","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4805-x","article-title":"The PNPLA3 rs738409 C&gt;G variant interacts with changes in body weight over time to aggravate liver steatosis, but reduces the risk of incident type 2 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Xia MF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xia MF, Lin HD, Chen LY, et al.. The PNPLA3 rs738409 C&amp;gt;G variant interacts with changes in body weight over time to aggravate liver steatosis, but reduces the risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2019, 62:644-54. 10.1007\/s00125-018-4805-x","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00789-4","article-title":"Association between PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Salari N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salari N, Darvishi N, Mansouri K, Ghasemi H, Hosseinian-Far M, Darvishi F, Mohammadi M. Association between PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021, 21:125. 10.1186\/s12902-021-00789-4","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.101168","article-title":"Metformin treatment reverses high fat diet- induced non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and dyslipidemia by stimulating multiple antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways","volume":"28","author":"Yasmin T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yasmin T, Rahman MM, Khan F, et al.. Metformin treatment reverses high fat diet- induced non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and dyslipidemia by stimulating multiple antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2021, 28:101168. 10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.101168","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(01)06042-1","article-title":"Metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"358","author":"Marchesini G","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, Tomassetti S, Zoli M, Melchionda N. Metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Lancet. 2001, 358:893-4. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(01)06042-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.21","article-title":"Effects of metformin and weight loss on serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the diabetes prevention program","volume":"18","author":"Krakoff J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krakoff J, Clark JM, Crandall JP, et al.. Effects of metformin and weight loss on serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the diabetes prevention program. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010, 18:1762-7. 10.1038\/oby.2010.21","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154294","article-title":"Metformin improves the hepatic steatosis index in non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Riemann A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riemann A, Blaschke M, Jauho-Ghadimi A, Siggelkow H, Gollisch KS. Metformin improves the hepatic steatosis index in non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Med. 2022, 11:10.3390\/jcm11154294","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612827666210315144821","article-title":"The effect of metformin on aminotransferase levels, metabolic parameters and body mass index in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Hu H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu H, Wang J, Li X, Shen L, Shi D, Meng J. The effect of metformin on aminotransferase levels, metabolic parameters and body mass index in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a meta-analysis. Curr Pharm Des. 2021, 27:3235-43. 10.2174\/1381612827666210315144821","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104799","article-title":"The effects of metformin administration on liver enzymes and body composition in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and\/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: an up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"159","author":"Jalali M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalali M, Rahimlou M, Mahmoodi M, et al.. The effects of metformin administration on liver enzymes and body composition in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and\/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: an up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2020, 159:104799.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2012.18","article-title":"Metformin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Li Y","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu L, Wang B, Wang J, Chen D. Metformin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Rep. 2012, 1:57-64. 10.3892\/br.2012.18","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605231177191","article-title":"PPAR-alpha\/gamma agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and metformin for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a network meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Zhang ZY","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang ZY, Yan Q, Wu WH, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Li J. PPAR-alpha\/gamma agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and metformin for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a network meta-analysis. J Int Med Res. 2023, 51:10.1177\/03000605231177191","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.06.015","article-title":"Saroglitazar for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a single centre experience in 91 patients","volume":"12","author":"Padole P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Padole P, Arora A, Sharma P, Chand P, Verma N, Kumar A. Saroglitazar for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a single centre experience in 91 patients. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022, 12:435-9. 10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.06.015","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47493","article-title":"Saroglitazar in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from bench to bedside: a comprehensive review and sub-group meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Roy A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roy A, Tewari B, Giri S, Goenka M. Saroglitazar in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from bench to bedside: a comprehensive review and sub-group meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023, 15:e47493. 10.7759\/cureus.47493","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2023.102174","article-title":"Effects of saroglitazar in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Bandyopadhyay S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay S, Samajdar SS, Das S. Effects of saroglitazar in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2023, 47:102174. 10.1016\/j.clinre.2023.102174","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081264","article-title":"Current clinical trial status and future prospects of PPAR-targeted drugs for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Kamata S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamata S, Honda A, Ishii I. Current clinical trial status and future prospects of PPAR-targeted drugs for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomolecules. 2023, 13:1264. 10.3390\/biom13081264","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-024-01267-9","article-title":"New advances in drug development for metabolic dysfunction-associated diseases and alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Zhang J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Li Y, Yang L, et al.. New advances in drug development for metabolic dysfunction-associated diseases and alcohol-associated liver disease. Cell Biosci. 2024, 14:90. 10.1186\/s13578-024-01267-9","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.649018","article-title":"Efficacy of various hypoglycemic agents in the treatment of patients with nonalcoholic liver disease with or without diabetes: a network meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lian J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lian J, Fu J.  Efficacy of various hypoglycemic agents in the treatment of patients with nonalcoholic liver disease with or without diabetes: a network meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021, 12:649018. 10.3389\/fendo.2021.649018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15756","article-title":"Metformin beyond type 2 diabetes: emerging and potential new indications","volume":"26 Suppl 3","author":"Petrie JR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Petrie JR. Metformin beyond type 2 diabetes: emerging and potential new indications. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024, 26 Suppl 3:31-41. 10.1111\/dom.15756","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05169-9","article-title":"The benefit of metformin in the treatment of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"182","author":"Gkiourtzis N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gkiourtzis N, Michou P, Moutafi M, et al.. The benefit of metformin in the treatment of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pediatr. 2023, 182:4795-806. 10.1007\/s00431-023-05169-9","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051375","article-title":"The coexistence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Kosmalski M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kosmalski M, Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska S, Czarny P, Szemraj J, Pietras T. The coexistence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Med. 2022, 11:1375. 10.3390\/jcm11051375","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175144","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its complex relation with type 2 diabetes mellitus-from prevalence to diagnostic approach and treatment strategies","volume":"11","author":"Diaconu CT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diaconu CT, Guja C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its complex relation with type 2 diabetes mellitus-from prevalence to diagnostic approach and treatment strategies. J Clin Med. 2022, 11:5144. 10.3390\/jcm11175144","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00877","article-title":"NAFLD and diabetes: two sides of the same coin? Rationale for gene-based personalized NAFLD treatment","volume":"10","author":"Xia MF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xia MF, Bian H, Gao X. NAFLD and diabetes: two sides of the same coin? Rationale for gene-based personalized NAFLD treatment\r\n. Front Pharmacol. 2019, 10:877. 10.3389\/fphar.2019.00877","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14020272","article-title":"NAFLD fibrosis progression and type 2 diabetes: the hepatic-metabolic interplay","volume":"14","author":"Cernea S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cernea S. NAFLD fibrosis progression and type 2 diabetes: the hepatic-metabolic interplay. Life (Basel). 2024, 14:10.3390\/life14020272","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_585_17","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Dharmalingam M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dharmalingam M, Yamasandhi PG. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018, 22:421-8. 10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_585_17","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.deman.2023.100145","article-title":"Comparative effects between old and new antidiabetic agents on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)","volume":"11","author":"Scheen AJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scheen AJ. Comparative effects between old and new antidiabetic agents on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Diabet Epidemiol Manag. 2023, 11:100145. 10.1016\/j.deman.2023.100145","journal-title":"Diabet Epidemiol Manag"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.8029","article-title":"Outcomes of various classes of oral antidiabetic drugs on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"184","author":"Jang H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jang H, Kim Y, Lee DH, et al.. Outcomes of various classes of oral antidiabetic drugs on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. JAMA Intern Med. 2024, 184:375-83. 10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.8029","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0330","article-title":"Comparison of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and thiazolidinediones on treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A network meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Park MJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park MJ, Kim H, Kim MG, Kim K. Comparison of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and thiazolidinediones on treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A network meta-analysis. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023, 29:693-704. 10.3350\/cmh.2022.0330","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S38753","article-title":"Drug treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients for whom metformin is contraindicated","volume":"7","author":"Irons BK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Irons BK, Minze MG. Drug treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients for whom metformin is contraindicated. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014, 7:15-24. 10.2147\/DMSO.S38753","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suad098","article-title":"Therapy of Type 2 diabetes: more gliflozines and less metformin?","volume":"25","author":"Verdecchia P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verdecchia P, Murdolo G, Coiro S, Santucci A, Notaristefano F, Angeli F, Cavallini C. Therapy of Type 2 diabetes: more gliflozines and less metformin?. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2023, 25:B171-6. 10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suad098","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Suppl"},{"key":"ref235","article-title":"Metformin","author":"Corcoran C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Corcoran C, Jacobs TF. Metformin. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24220","article-title":"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: a case report and review","volume":"14","author":"Ashraf S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ashraf S, Upreti P, Karki S, Khan M, Nasr R. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: a case report and review. Cureus. 2022, 14:e24220. 10.7759\/cureus.24220","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002363","article-title":"Metformin in pregnancy and risk of adverse long-term outcomes: a register-based cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Brand KM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brand KM, Saarelainen L, Sonajalg J, et al.. Metformin in pregnancy and risk of adverse long-term outcomes: a register-based cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2022, 10:10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002363","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111125","article-title":"AMPK-mediated autophagy pathway activation promotes \u0394FosB degradation to improve levodopa-induced dyskinesia","volume":"118","author":"Liu K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu K, Zhang Z, Xu Y, et al.. AMPK-mediated autophagy pathway activation promotes \u0394FosB degradation to improve levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Cell Signal. 2024, 118:111125. 10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111125","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.10.034","article-title":"\u2206FosB: a transcriptional regulator of stress and antidepressant responses","volume":"753","author":"Nestler EJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nestler EJ. \u2206FosB: a transcriptional regulator of stress and antidepressant responses. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015, 753:66-72. 10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.10.034","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crstbi.2019.12.001","article-title":"Self-assembly of the bZIP transcription factor \u0394FosB","volume":"2","author":"Yin Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yin Z, Venkannagari H, Lynch H, et al.. Self-assembly of the bZIP transcription factor \u0394FosB. Curr Res Struct Biol. 2020, 2:1-13. 10.1016\/j.crstbi.2019.12.001","journal-title":"Curr Res Struct Biol"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c01571","article-title":"Ratiometric detection of H2S in liver injury by activated two-wavelength photoacoustic imaging","volume":"94","author":"Wu R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu R, Chen Z, Huo H, et al.. Ratiometric detection of H2S in liver injury by activated two-wavelength photoacoustic imaging. Anal Chem. 2022, 94:10797-804. 10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c01571","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1734-1140(13)71053-3","article-title":"Metformin raises hydrogen sulfide tissue concentrations in various mouse organs","volume":"65","author":"Wili\u0144ski B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wili\u0144ski B, Wili\u0144ski J, Somogyi E, Piotrowska J, Opoka W. Metformin raises hydrogen sulfide tissue concentrations in various mouse organs. Pharmacol Rep. 2013, 65:737-42. 10.1016\/s1734-1140(13)71053-3","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.125","article-title":"Metformin protects primary rat hepatocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis","volume":"3","author":"Conde de la Rosa L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Conde de la Rosa L, Vrenken TE, Buist-Homan M, Faber KN, Moshage H. Metformin protects primary rat hepatocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2015, 3:e00125. 10.1002\/prp2.125","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2015.11929178","article-title":"Metformin-induced lactic acidosis with emphasis on the anion gap","volume":"28","author":"Blough B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blough B, Moreland A, Mora A Jr. Metformin-induced lactic acidosis with emphasis on the anion gap. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2015, 28:31-3. 10.1080\/08998280.2015.11929178","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.12.010","article-title":"Treatment of metformin intoxication complicated by lactic acidosis and acute kidney injury: the role of prolonged intermittent hemodialysis","volume":"70","author":"Regolisti G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Regolisti G, Antoniotti R, Fani F, Greco P, Fiaccadori E. Treatment of metformin intoxication complicated by lactic acidosis and acute kidney injury: the role of prolonged intermittent hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017, 70:290-6. 10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.12.010","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref246","article-title":"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA)","author":"Dyatlova N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dyatlova N, Tobarran NV, Kannan L, et al.. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA). StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2024."},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15121496","article-title":"Lactic acidosis related to pharmacotherapy and human diseases","volume":"15","author":"Zanza C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zanza C, Facelli V, Romenskaya T, et al.. Lactic acidosis related to pharmacotherapy and human diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022, 15:1496. 10.3390\/ph15121496","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239154","article-title":"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis","volume":"14","author":"Fadden EJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fadden EJ, Longley C, Mahambrey T. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2021, 14:10.1136\/bcr-2020-239154","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2020.20.01.013","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency in diabetic patients on metformin therapy: a cross-sectional study from Oman","volume":"20","author":"Al-Hamdi A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Hamdi A, Al-Gahhafi M, Al-Roshdi S, Jaju S, Al-Mamari A, Al Mahrezi AM. Vitamin B12 deficiency in diabetic patients on metformin therapy: a cross-sectional study from Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2020, 20:e90-4. 10.18295\/squmj.2020.20.01.013","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2018.07.019","article-title":"Association of metformin use with vitamin B(12) deficiency in the institutionalized elderly","volume":"79","author":"Wong CW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong CW, Leung CS, Leung CP, Cheng JN. Association of metformin use with vitamin B(12) deficiency in the institutionalized elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2018, 79:57-62. 10.1016\/j.archger.2018.07.019","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jox12020011","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency and clinical neuropathy with metformin use in type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Farooq MD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farooq MD, Tak FA, Ara F, Rashid S, Mir IA. Vitamin B12 deficiency and clinical neuropathy with metformin use in type 2 diabetes. J Xenobiot. 2022, 12:122-30. 10.3390\/jox12020011","journal-title":"J Xenobiot"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1027484","article-title":"Correlation between long-term use of metformin and incidence of NAFLD among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a real-world cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Huang KH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang KH, Lee CH, Cheng YD, Gau SY, Tsai TH, Chung NJ, Lee CY. Correlation between long-term use of metformin and incidence of NAFLD among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a real-world cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022, 13:1027484. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.1027484","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017918","article-title":"Association between metformin dose and vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"98","author":"Kim J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim J, Ahn CW, Fang S, Lee HS, Park JS. Association between metformin dose and vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019, 98:e17918. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000017918","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3467(07)60142-6","article-title":"Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade","volume":"5","author":"Green BN","year":"2006","unstructured":"Green BN, Johnson CD, Adams A. Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. J Chiropr Med. 2006, 5:101-17. 10.1016\/S0899-3467(07)60142-6","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12931","article-title":"Time to challenge the spurious hierarchy of systematic over narrative reviews?","volume":"48","author":"Greenhalgh T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greenhalgh T, Thorne S, Malterud K. Time to challenge the spurious hierarchy of systematic over narrative reviews?. Eur J Clin Invest. 2018, 48:e12931. 10.1111\/eci.12931","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v15.i8.1001","article-title":"Emerging therapeutic options for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Tidwell J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tidwell J, Balassiano N, Shaikh A, Nassar M. Emerging therapeutic options for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. World J Hepatol. 2023, 15:1001-12. 10.4254\/wjh.v15.i8.1001","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03586-1","article-title":"The role of anti-diabetic drugs in NAFLD. Have we found the Holy Grail? A narrative review","volume":"80","author":"Zachou M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zachou M, Flevari P, Nasiri-Ansari N, Varytimiadis C, Kalaitzakis E, Kassi E, Androutsakos T. The role of anti-diabetic drugs in NAFLD. Have we found the Holy Grail? A narrative review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2024, 80:127-50. 10.1007\/s00228-023-03586-1","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3902-y","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"59","year":"2016","unstructured":"EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetologia. 2016, 59.1121-40. 10.1007\/s00125-016-3902-y","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/306593-metformin-beyond-type-2-diabetes-mellitus","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:06:48Z","timestamp":1729210008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/306593-metformin-beyond-type-2-diabetes-mellitus"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"references-count":258,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.71730","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]}}}