{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:07:41Z","timestamp":1791914861914,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.72577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:57:11Z","timestamp":1730163431000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy of Electroacupuncture Compared to Standard and Manual Needling Therapy for Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueh-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Chin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Chung","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Hsien","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990-2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","year":"2023","unstructured":"Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990-2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050. a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023, 5:e316-29. 10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12018","article-title":"Epidemiology of low back pain in adults","volume":"17 Suppl 2","author":"Manchikanti L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJ, Benyamin RM, Hirsch JA. Epidemiology of low back pain in adults. Neuromodulation. 2014, 17 Suppl 2:3-10. 10.1111\/ner.12018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2007.01.004","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for spine pain","volume":"25","author":"Rubin DI","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rubin DI. Epidemiology and risk factors for spine pain. Neurol Clin. 2007, 25:353-71. 10.1016\/j.ncl.2007.01.004","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13730-8","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors analysis for low back pain among occupational groups in key industries of China","volume":"22","author":"Jia N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia N, Zhang M, Zhang H, et al.. Prevalence and risk factors analysis for low back pain among occupational groups in key industries of China. BMC Public Health. 2022, 22:1493. 10.1186\/s12889-022-13730-8","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1488","article-title":"Predictive factors of high societal costs among chronic low back pain patients","volume":"24","author":"Mutubuki EN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mutubuki EN, Luitjens MA, Maas ET, Huygen FJ, Ostelo RW, van Tulder MW, van Dongen JM. Predictive factors of high societal costs among chronic low back pain patients. Eur J Pain. 2020, 24:325-37. 10.1002\/ejp.1488","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.05.018","article-title":"Risk factors for low back pain and sciatica: an umbrella review","volume":"18","author":"Parreira P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parreira P, Maher CG, Steffens D, Hancock MJ, Ferreira ML. Risk factors for low back pain and sciatica: an umbrella review. Spine J. 2018, 18:1715-21. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.05.018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23710","article-title":"Risk factors for low back pain: a population-based longitudinal study","volume":"71","author":"Shiri R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shiri R, Falah-Hassani K, Heli\u00f6vaara M, et al.. Risk factors for low back pain: a population-based longitudinal study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019, 71:290-9. 10.1002\/acr.23710","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1098100","article-title":"Global and regional estimates of clinical and economic burden of low back pain in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Fatoye F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fatoye F, Gebrye T, Ryan CG, Useh U, Mbada C. Global and regional estimates of clinical and economic burden of low back pain in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2023, 11:1098100. 10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1098100","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064119","article-title":"Clinical and economic burden of low back pain in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Fatoye F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fatoye F, Gebrye T, Mbada CE, Useh U. Clinical and economic burden of low back pain in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2023, 13:e064119. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064119","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-50","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-synthesis of the impact of low back pain on people's lives","volume":"15","author":"Froud R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Froud R, Patterson S, Eldridge S, et al.. A systematic review and meta-synthesis of the impact of low back pain on people's lives. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014, 15:50. 10.1186\/1471-2474-15-50","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"WHO guideline for non-surgical management of chronic primary low back pain in adults in primary and community care settings. https.\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240081789https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240081789."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afj055","article-title":"Does back pain prevalence really decrease with increasing age? A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Dionne CE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dionne CE, Dunn KM, Croft PR. Does back pain prevalence really decrease with increasing age? A systematic review. Age Ageing. 2006, 35:229-34. 10.1093\/ageing\/afj055","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Low back pain clinical care standard. https.\/\/www.safetyandquality.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-08\/low_back_pain_clinical_care_standard.pdf."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.6803179","article-title":"PEER simplified chronic pain guideline: management of chronic low back, osteoarthritic, and neuropathic pain in primary care","volume":"68","author":"Korownyk CS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Korownyk CS, Montgomery L, Young J, et al.. PEER simplified chronic pain guideline: management of chronic low back, osteoarthritic, and neuropathic pain in primary care. Can Fam Physician. 2022, 68:179-90. 10.46747\/cfp.6803179","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s. https.\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/qs155\/resources\/low-back-pain-and-sciatica-in-over-16s-pdf-75545541654469."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2367","article-title":"Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians","volume":"166","author":"Qaseem A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, et al.. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017, 166:514-30. 10.7326\/M16-2367","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000101","article-title":"Mechanisms of acupuncture-electroacupuncture on persistent pain","volume":"120","author":"Zhang R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang R, Lao L, Ren K, Berman BM. Mechanisms of acupuncture-electroacupuncture on persistent pain. Anesthesiology. 2014, 120:482-503. 10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000101","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Evidence-based clinical guidelines for multidisciplinary spine care. diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. https:\/\/www.spine.org\/Portals\/0\/assets\/downloads\/ResearchClinicalCare\/Guidelines\/LowBackPain.pdf."},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Acupuncture treatment for low back pain in China","volume":"6","author":"Liu BY","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu BY. Acupuncture treatment for low back pain in China. Jpn Acupunct Moxibustion. 2010, 6:61-4.","journal-title":"Jpn Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000435025.65564.b7","article-title":"Effectiveness of acupuncture for nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Lam M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lam M, Galvin R, Curry P. Effectiveness of acupuncture for nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013, 38:2124-38. 10.1097\/01.brs.0000435025.65564.b7","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2021.0057","article-title":"Effectiveness of acupuncture for nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Asano H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asano H, Plonka D, Weeger J. Effectiveness of acupuncture for nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Acupunct. 2022, 34:96-106. 10.1089\/acu.2021.0057","journal-title":"Med Acupunct"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-551","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of acupuncture in treating acute low back pain: a systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wu B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu B, Yang L, Fu C, Jian G, Zhuo Y, Yao M, Xiong H. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture in treating acute low back pain: a systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021, 10:6156-67. 10.21037\/apm-21-551","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013814","article-title":"Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain","volume":"12","author":"Mu J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu J, Furlan AD, Lam WY, Hsu MY, Ning Z, Lao L. Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020, 12:CD013814. 10.1002\/14651858.CD013814","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-03212-3","article-title":"Acupuncture in chronic aspecific low back pain: a Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Baroncini A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baroncini A, Maffulli N, Eschweiler J, Molsberger F, Klimuch A, Migliorini F. Acupuncture in chronic aspecific low back pain: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022, 17:319. 10.1186\/s13018-022-03212-3","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4. https.\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S261043","article-title":"Electroacupuncture: a new approach for improved postoperative sleep quality after general anesthesia","volume":"12","author":"Luo M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo M, Song B, Zhu J. Electroacupuncture: a new approach for improved postoperative sleep quality after general anesthesia. Nat Sci Sleep. 2020, 12:583-92. 10.2147\/NSS.S261043","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X23500131","article-title":"Acupuncture and acupoints for low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Kim G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim G, Kim D, Moon H, et al.. Acupuncture and acupoints for low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Chin Med. 2023, 51:223-47. 10.1142\/S0192415X23500131","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31822ef74d","article-title":"Evaluating common outcomes for measuring treatment success for chronic low back pain","volume":"36","author":"Chapman JR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chapman JR, Norvell DC, Hermsmeyer JT, Bransford RJ, DeVine J, McGirt MJ, Lee MJ. Evaluating common outcomes for measuring treatment success for chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011, 36:S54-68. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31822ef74d","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-1044-x","article-title":"Pain assessment","volume":"15 Suppl 1","author":"Haefeli M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haefeli M, Elfering A. Pain assessment. Eur Spine J. 2006, 15 Suppl 1:S17-24. 10.1007\/s00586-005-1044-x","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01763-x","article-title":"Rescaling pain intensity measures for meta-analyses of analgesic medicines for low back pain appears justified: an empirical examination from randomised trials","volume":"22","author":"Wewege MA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wewege MA, Jones MD, Williams SA, Kamper SJ, McAuley JH. Rescaling pain intensity measures for meta-analyses of analgesic medicines for low back pain appears justified: an empirical examination from randomised trials. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2022, 22:285. 10.1186\/s12874-022-01763-x","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial [last updated October 2019]","author":"Higgins JP","year":"2024","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JA. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial [last updated October 2019]. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5. Cochrane, UK; 2024."},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses","author":"Deeks JJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG. Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. (ed): Cochrane, UK; 2023."},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Chapter 15: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions [last updated August 2023]","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Vist GE, Higgins JP, et al.. Chapter 15: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions [last updated August 2023]. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. (ed): Cochrane, UK; 2024."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000141","article-title":"A new improved graphical and quantitative method for detecting bias in meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Furuya-Kanamori L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Furuya-Kanamori L, Barendregt JJ, Doi SA. A new improved graphical and quantitative method for detecting bias in meta-analysis. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2018, 16:195-203. 10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000141","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Chapter 14: Completing \u2018Summary of findings\u2019 tables and grading the certainty of the evidence [last updated August 2023]","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Higgins JP, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Akl EA, Skoetz N, Guyatt GH. Chapter 14: Completing \u2018Summary of findings\u2019 tables and grading the certainty of the evidence [last updated August 2023]. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. (ed): Cochrane, UK; 2024."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198309000-00008","article-title":"The impact of patients with nonorganic physical findings on a controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and electroacupuncture","volume":"8","author":"Lehmann TR","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lehmann TR, Russell DW, Spratt KF. The impact of patients with nonorganic physical findings on a controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and electroacupuncture. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1983, 8:625-34. 10.1097\/00007632-198309000-00008","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90057-6","article-title":"Efficacy of electroacupuncture and TENS in the rehabilitation of chronic low back pain patients","volume":"26","author":"Lehmann TR","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lehmann TR, Russell DW, Spratt KF, et al.. Efficacy of electroacupuncture and TENS in the rehabilitation of chronic low back pain patients. Pain. 1986, 26:277-90. 10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90057-6","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.945210","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of electroacupuncture VS neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of chronic low back pain in active-duty personals: a single-center, randomized control study","volume":"13","author":"Meng XY","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meng XY, Bu L, Chen JY, Liu QJ, Sun L, Li XL, Wu FX. Comparative effectiveness of electroacupuncture VS neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of chronic low back pain in active-duty personals: a single-center, randomized control study. Front Neurol. 2022, 13:945210. 10.3389\/fneur.2022.945210","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2020.03.064","article-title":"Effectiveness of manual and electrical acupuncture for chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Comachio J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Comachio J, Oliveira CC, Silva IF, Magalh\u00e3es MO, Marques AP. Effectiveness of manual and electrical acupuncture for chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2020, 13:87-93. 10.1016\/j.jams.2020.03.064","journal-title":"J Acupunct Meridian Stud"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018464","article-title":"Electroacupuncture as a complement to usual care for patients with non-acute low back pain after back surgery: a pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Heo I","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heo I, Hwang MS, Hwang EH, et al.. Electroacupuncture as a complement to usual care for patients with non-acute low back pain after back surgery: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2018, 8:e018464. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018464","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.10.038","article-title":"Multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial of electroacupuncture with usual care for patients with non-acute pain after back surgery","volume":"126","author":"Heo I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heo I, Shin BC, Cho JH, et al.. Multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial of electroacupuncture with usual care for patients with non-acute pain after back surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2021, 126:692-9. 10.1016\/j.bja.2020.10.038","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8586746","article-title":"Does electroacupuncture treatment reduce pain and change quantitative sensory testing responses in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain? A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"2018","author":"Leite PM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leite PM, Mendon\u00e7a AR, Maciel LY, et al.. Does electroacupuncture treatment reduce pain and change quantitative sensory testing responses in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain? A randomized controlled clinical trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018, 2018:8586746. 10.1155\/2018\/8586746","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.04.2021.15","article-title":"Electroacupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic nonspecific low back pain: a blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Depaoli VJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Depaoli VJ, Selau RC, Blos C, et al.. Electroacupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic nonspecific low back pain: a blind randomized clinical trial. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2021, 11:719. 10.32098\/mltj.04.2021.15","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjam.2019.08.006","article-title":"Pestle needling at Y\u0101oy\u00e1nggu\u0101n-B\u0101zh\u00e8n points for intractable lumbodynia after lumbar disc herniation surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Zhang J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wu Y, Li S, et al.. Pestle needling at Y\u0101oy\u00e1nggu\u0101n-B\u0101zh\u00e8n points for intractable lumbodynia after lumbar disc herniation surgery: a randomized controlled trial. World J Acupunct Moxibustion. 2019, 29:194-99. 10.1016\/j.wjam.2019.08.006","journal-title":"World J Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Effect of different frequencies of electroacupuncture on chronic low back pain in older adults: a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Torres SF","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torres SF, de Macedo AC, Sakai RY, et al.. Effect of different frequencies of electroacupuncture on chronic low back pain in older adults: a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Pain Physician. 2023, 26:161-73.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2004.10.803","article-title":"The effectiveness of electroacupuncture versus electrical heat acupuncture in the management of chronic low-back pain","volume":"10","author":"Tsui ML","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsui ML, Cheing GL. The effectiveness of electroacupuncture versus electrical heat acupuncture in the management of chronic low-back pain. J Altern Complement Med. 2004, 10:803-9. 10.1089\/acm.2004.10.803","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107555303322284767","article-title":"The use of electro-acupuncture in conjunction with exercise for the treatment of chronic low-back pain","volume":"9","author":"Yeung CK","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yeung CK, Leung MC, Chow DH. The use of electro-acupuncture in conjunction with exercise for the treatment of chronic low-back pain. J Altern Complement Med. 2003, 9:479-90. 10.1089\/107555303322284767","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034407","article-title":"Effects of lumbar-pelvic training combined with electroacupuncture on chronic nonspecific low back pain","volume":"102","author":"Cheng Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng Y, Yu Y, Wang Y, Fan A, Yang H, Wang H, Tang L. Effects of lumbar-pelvic training combined with electroacupuncture on chronic nonspecific low back pain. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023, 102:e34407. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000034407","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/307600-efficacy-of-electroacupuncture-compared-to-standard-and-manual-needling-therapy-for-nonspecific-low-back-pain-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:57:18Z","timestamp":1730163438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/307600-efficacy-of-electroacupuncture-compared-to-standard-and-manual-needling-therapy-for-nonspecific-low-back-pain-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.72577","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]}}}