{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:25:59Z","timestamp":1787905559173,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.73806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T13:32:18Z","timestamp":1731763938000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Frederick G Banting (1891-1941): A Pioneer in Diabetes Treatment"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Yash","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajith","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Coffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"A black and white photo of a man in a suit and tie. (1923). Accessed. October 16 2024 : https:\/\/jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net\/amp\/media\/timemagazine27aug1923-b5930b."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5541808","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus across the Arabo-Islamic world: a revolution","volume":"2023","author":"Fleifel M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fleifel M, Fleifel B, El Alam A. Diabetes mellitus across the Arabo-Islamic world: a revolution. Int J Endocrinol. 2023, 2023:5541808. 10.1155\/2023\/5541808","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab020","article-title":"Insulin: a 100-year-old discovery with a fascinating history","volume":"42","author":"Rost\u00e8ne W","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rost\u00e8ne W, De Meyts P. Insulin: a 100-year-old discovery with a fascinating history. Endocr Rev. 2021, 42:503-27. 10.1210\/endrev\/bnab020","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Historical view of diabetes mellitus: from ancient Egyptian polyuria to discovery of insulin","volume":"2","author":"Mohajan D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohajan D. Historical view of diabetes mellitus: from ancient Egyptian polyuria to discovery of insulin. Stud Soc Sci Human. 2023, 2:26-34.","journal-title":"Stud Soc Sci Human"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"\u201cDiabetes before 1920.\u201d Defining moments Canada. Insulin100. (2020). Accessed: October 16, 2024: https:\/\/definingmomentscanada.ca\/insulin100\/history\/context\/."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-23","article-title":"Why were \"starvation diets\" promoted for diabetes in the pre-insulin period?","volume":"10","author":"Mazur A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mazur A. Why were \"starvation diets\" promoted for diabetes in the pre-insulin period?. Nutr J. 2011, 10:23. 10.1186\/1475-2891-10-23","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401545","article-title":"Aretaeus of Cappadocia and the first description of diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Laios K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laios K, Karamanou M, Saridaki Z, Androutsos G. Aretaeus of Cappadocia and the first description of diabetes. Hormones (Athens). 2012, 11:109-13. 10.1007\/BF03401545","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12816\/0003257","article-title":"The history of diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Lakhtakia R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakhtakia R. The history of diabetes mellitus. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2013, 13:368-70. 10.12816\/0003257","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdt.ijdt_35_24","article-title":"History of diabetes: series 1 diabetes care in antiquity and beyond: the preinsulin era","volume":"3","author":"Johnson B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johnson B, Krishnan G, Kesavadev J. History of diabetes: series 1 diabetes care in antiquity and beyond: the preinsulin era. Int J Diab Tech. 2024, 3:100-06. 10.4103\/ijdt.ijdt_35_24","journal-title":"Int J Diab Tech"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00613","article-title":"The discovery of insulin: an important milestone in the history of medicine","volume":"9","author":"Vecchio I","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vecchio I, Tornali C, Bragazzi NL, Martini M. The discovery of insulin: an important milestone in the history of medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018, 9:613. 10.3389\/fendo.2018.00613","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2017002","article-title":"Frederick Banting (1891-1941): discoverer of insulin","volume":"58","author":"Tan SY","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tan SY, Merchant J. Frederick Banting (1891-1941): discoverer of insulin. Singapore Med J. 2017, 58:2-3. 10.11622\/smedj.2017002","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401345","article-title":"Apollinaire Bouchardat (1806-1886): founder of modern diabetology","volume":"13","author":"Karamanou M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karamanou M, Koutsilieris M, Laios K, Marineli F, Androutsos G. Apollinaire Bouchardat (1806-1886): founder of modern diabetology. Hormones (Athens). 2014, 13:296-300. 10.1007\/BF03401345","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"The discovery of insulin. A story of monstrous egos and toxic rivalries. (2022). Accessed: October 16, 2024: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-discovery-of-insulin-a-story-of-monstrous-egos-and-toxic-rivalries-172820."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.deman.2021.100049","article-title":"The discovery of insulin","volume":"5","author":"Diem P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diem P, Ducluzeau PH, Scheen A. The discovery of insulin. Diab Epidem Managm. 2022, 5:100049. 10.1016\/j.deman.2021.100049","journal-title":"Diab Epidem Managm"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Islet of Langerhans in Human Pancreas by Phase Contrast. (2019). Accessed. August 23 2024 : https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/146824358@N03\/47674614782."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jchimp.v2i2.18701","article-title":"History of insulin","volume":"2","author":"Quianzon CC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Quianzon CC, Cheikh I. History of insulin. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2012, 2:10.3402\/jchimp.v2i2.18701","journal-title":"J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142239","article-title":"The discovery of insulin revisited: lessons for the modern era","volume":"131","author":"Lewis GF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lewis GF, Brubaker PL. The discovery of insulin revisited: lessons for the modern era. J Clin Invest. 2021, 131:10.1172\/JCI142239","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002373","article-title":"100 years on: the impact of the discovery of insulin on clinical outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Buse JB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buse JB, Davies MJ, Frier BM, Philis-Tsimikas A. 100 years on: the impact of the discovery of insulin on clinical outcomes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021, 9: e002373. 10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002373","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154941","article-title":"Insulin discovery: A pivotal point in medical history","volume":"127","author":"Falcetta P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Falcetta P, Aragona M, Bertolotto A, Bianchi C, Campi F, Garofolo M, Del Prato S. Insulin discovery: A pivotal point in medical history. Metabolism. 2022, 127:154941. 10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154941","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022172400012912","article-title":"Diabetes mortality in 1861-1942 and some of the factors affecting it","volume":"43","author":"Stocks P","year":"1944","unstructured":"Stocks P. Diabetes mortality in 1861-1942 and some of the factors affecting it. J Hyg (Lond). 1944, 43:242-7. 10.1017\/s0022172400012912","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"People with type 1 diabetes are living longer. (2015). Accessed. October 16, 2024: https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/blog\/people-type-1-diabetes-living-longer-201501087611."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i1.1","article-title":"Milestones in the history of diabetes mellitus: The main contributors","volume":"7","author":"Karamanou M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karamanou M, Protogerou A, Tsoucalas G, Androutsos G, Poulakou-Rebelakou E. Milestones in the history of diabetes mellitus: The main contributors. World J Diabetes. 2016, 7:1-7. 10.4239\/wjd.v7.i1.1","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"From discovery to lifesaver. The fascinating story of insulin unearthed by Frederick Banting and Charles Best. (2023). Accessed: October 16, 2024: https:\/\/vocal.media\/education\/from-discovery-to-lifesaver-the-fascinating-story-of-insulin-unearthed-by-frederick-ban...."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05371-6","article-title":"The discovery of insulin in Toronto: beginning a 100\u00a0year journey of research and clinical achievement","volume":"64","author":"Fralick M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fralick M, Zinman B. The discovery of insulin in Toronto: beginning a 100\u00a0year journey of research and clinical achievement. Diabetologia. 2021, 64:947-53. 10.1007\/s00125-020-05371-6","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2021.03.002","article-title":"Insulin therapy: the discovery that shaped a century","volume":"45","author":"Gerstein HC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gerstein HC, Rutty CJ. Insulin therapy: the discovery that shaped a century. Can J Diabetes. 2021, 45:798-03. 10.1016\/j.jcjd.2021.03.002","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa029","article-title":"Making, cloning, and the expression of human insulin genes in bacteria: the path to humulin","volume":"42","author":"Riggs AD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riggs AD. Making, cloning, and the expression of human insulin genes in bacteria: the path to humulin. Endocr Rev. 2021, 42:374-80. 10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa029","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01418-2","article-title":"100 years of insulin: celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy","volume":"27","author":"Sims EK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sims EK, Carr AL, Oram RA, DiMeglio LA, Evans-Molina C. 100 years of insulin: celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy. Nat Med. 2021, 27:1154-64. 10.1038\/s41591-021-01418-2","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/290762-frederick-g-banting-1891-1941-a-pioneer-in-diabetes-treatment","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T13:32:21Z","timestamp":1731763941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/290762-frederick-g-banting-1891-1941-a-pioneer-in-diabetes-treatment"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.73806","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]}}}