{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:16:35Z","timestamp":1776870995286,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.74656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T12:43:46Z","timestamp":1732797826000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Invasive Procedures to the Neck and Chest and Hemidiaphragmatic Paralysis: Are They Always Causally Associated?"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Darmanin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanika","family":"Gatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Miruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin V","family":"Balzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/shc-2019-amp-01","article-title":"Iatrogenic phrenic nerve palsy","volume":"5","author":"Whiteley J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whiteley J, Shoeib M, Bilancia R. Iatrogenic phrenic nerve palsy. Shanghai Chest. 2020, 5:10.21037\/shc-2019-amp-01","journal-title":"Shanghai Chest"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/66.4.237","article-title":"Three types of nerve injury","volume":"66","author":"Seddon HJ","year":"1943","unstructured":"Seddon HJ. Three types of nerve injury. Brain. 1943, 66:237-88. 10.1093\/brain\/66.4.237","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.18322","article-title":"The phrenic nerve; the forgotten nerve in head and neck surgery","volume":"93","author":"Lee MF","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee MF, Gan JY, Zhang M, Stokan MJ, Palme CE. The phrenic nerve; the forgotten nerve in head and neck surgery. ANZ J Surg. 2023, 93:500-5. 10.1111\/ans.18322","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1983.127.4.431","article-title":"Diaphragm function after upper abdominal surgery in humans","volume":"127","author":"Ford GT","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ford GT, Whitelaw WA, Rosenal TW, Cruse PJ, Guenter CA. Diaphragm function after upper abdominal surgery in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983, 127:431-6. 10.1164\/arrd.1983.127.4.431","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2013.06.010","article-title":"Phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery: mechanisms, management and prevention","volume":"22","author":"Aguirre VJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aguirre VJ, Sinha P, Zimmet A, Lee GA, Kwa L, Rosenfeldt F. Phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery: mechanisms, management and prevention. Heart Lung Circ. 2013, 22:895-902. 10.1016\/j.hlc.2013.06.010","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.17.6.419","article-title":"Phrenic nerve injury following blunt trauma","volume":"17","author":"Bell D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bell D, Siriwardena A. Phrenic nerve injury following blunt trauma. J Accid Emerg Med. 2000, 17:419-20. 10.1136\/emj.17.6.419","journal-title":"J Accid Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)38936-6","article-title":"Unexplained diaphragmatic paralysis: a harbinger of malignant disease?","volume":"84","author":"Piehler JM","year":"1982","unstructured":"Piehler JM, Pairolero PC, Gracey DR, Bernatz PE. Unexplained diaphragmatic paralysis: a harbinger of malignant disease?. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982, 84:861-4. 10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)38936-6","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.2.5.0604","article-title":"Diaphragmatic paralysis caused by cervical spondylosis. Case report","volume":"2","author":"Hayashi H","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hayashi H, Kihara S, Hoshimaru M, Hashimoto N. Diaphragmatic paralysis caused by cervical spondylosis. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005, 2:604-7. 10.3171\/spi.2005.2.5.0604","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90105-9","article-title":"Respiratory muscle weakness and respiratory muscle training in severely disabled multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"81","author":"Gosselink R","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gosselink R, Kovacs L, Ketelaer P, Carton H, Decramer M. Respiratory muscle weakness and respiratory muscle training in severely disabled multiple sclerosis patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000, 81:747-51. 10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90105-9","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70215-1","article-title":"Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome","volume":"7","author":"van Doorn PA","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Doorn PA, Ruts L, Jacobs BC. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2008, 7:939-50. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70215-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1007236","article-title":"Dysfunction of the diaphragm","volume":"366","author":"McCool FD","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCool FD, Tzelepis GE. Dysfunction of the diaphragm. N Engl J Med. 2012, 366:932-42. 10.1056\/NEJMra1007236","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0165-2021","article-title":"Type 2 respiratory failure secondary to left hemidiaphragmatic paralysis","volume":"18","author":"Fiott DL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fiott DL, Gauci J, Pace Bardon M, Balzan M. Type 2 respiratory failure secondary to left hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. Breathe (Sheff). 2022, 18:210165. 10.1183\/20734735.0165-2021","journal-title":"Breathe (Sheff)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198209233071304","article-title":"The respiratory muscles","volume":"307","author":"Roussos C","year":"1982","unstructured":"Roussos C, Macklem PT. The respiratory muscles. N Engl J Med. 1982, 307:786-97. 10.1056\/NEJM198209233071304","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases6010016","article-title":"Diaphragmatic palsy","volume":"6","author":"Kokatnur L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kokatnur L, Rudrappa M. Diaphragmatic palsy. Diseases. 2018, 6:16. 10.3390\/diseases6010016","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Gray\u2019s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice","author":"Standring S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Standring S. Gray\u2019s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London; 2016."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.1.8","article-title":"Phrenic nerve dysfunction after cardiac operations: electrophysiologic evaluation of risk factors","volume":"113","author":"Dimopoulou I","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dimopoulou I, Daganou M, Dafni U, Karakatsani A, Khoury M, Geroulanos S, Jordanoglou J. Phrenic nerve dysfunction after cardiac operations: electrophysiologic evaluation of risk factors. Chest. 1998, 113:8-14. 10.1378\/chest.113.1.8","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.88.5.680","article-title":"Etiology and prevention of topical cardiac hypothermia-induced phrenic nerve injury and left lower lobe atelectasis during cardiac surgery","volume":"88","author":"Wheeler WE","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wheeler WE, Rubis LJ, Jones CW, Harrah JD. Etiology and prevention of topical cardiac hypothermia-induced phrenic nerve injury and left lower lobe atelectasis during cardiac surgery. Chest. 1985, 88:680-3. 10.1378\/chest.88.5.680","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000129","article-title":"Interscalene brachial plexus blocks and phrenic nerve palsy","volume":"120","author":"Bellew B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bellew B, Harrop-Griffiths WA, Bedforth N. Interscalene brachial plexus blocks and phrenic nerve palsy. Anesthesiology. 2014, 120:1056-7. 10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000129","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028525","article-title":"Dyspnea induced by hemidiaphragmatic paralysis after ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block in a morbidly obese patient","volume":"101","author":"Lang J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lang J, Cui X, Zhang J, Huang Y. Dyspnea induced by hemidiaphragmatic paralysis after ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block in a morbidly obese patient. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022, 101:e28525. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000028525","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Hemidiaphragmatic paresis following interscalene brachial plexus block with 2-point injection technique","volume":"24","author":"Kim KS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim KS, Ahn JH, Yoon JH, Ji HT, Kim IS. Hemidiaphragmatic paresis following interscalene brachial plexus block with 2-point injection technique. Pain Physician. 2021, 24:507.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03421.x","article-title":"Effect of continuous interscalene brachial plexus block on diaphragm motion and on ventilatory function","volume":"36","author":"Pere P","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pere P, Pitk\u00e4nen M, Rosenberg PH, Bj\u00f6rkenheim JM, Linden H, Salorinne Y, Tuominen M. Effect of continuous interscalene brachial plexus block on diaphragm motion and on ventilatory function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1992, 36:53-7. 10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03421.x","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200112000-00035","article-title":"Persistent phrenic nerve paralysis following interscalene brachial plexus block","volume":"95","author":"Robaux S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Robaux S, Bouaziz H, Boisseau N, Raucoules-Aim\u00e9 M, Laxenaire MC. Persistent phrenic nerve paralysis following interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology. 2001, 95:1519-21. 10.1097\/00000542-200112000-00035","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euv423","article-title":"Phrenic paralysis during cardiac electronic device implantation: incidence, causes and clinical course","volume":"18","author":"L\u00f3pez-Gil M","year":"2016","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Gil M, Fontenla A, Juli\u00e1 J, Parra JJ, Arribas F. Phrenic paralysis during cardiac electronic device implantation: incidence, causes and clinical course. Europace. 2016, 18:1561-4. 10.1093\/europace\/euv423","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.43676","article-title":"Incidence and management of diaphragmatic palsy in patients after cardiac surgery","volume":"12","author":"Mehta Y","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mehta Y, Vats M, Singh A, Trehan N. Incidence and management of diaphragmatic palsy in patients after cardiac surgery. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2008, 12:91-5. 10.4103\/0972-5229.43676","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000225029.88916.2D","article-title":"Diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiac surgery: how to look at it?","volume":"7","author":"Mertens L","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mertens L. Diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiac surgery: how to look at it?. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2006, 7:491-2. 10.1097\/01.PCC.0000225029.88916.2D","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(97)00915-6","article-title":"Phrenic nerve injury after coronary artery bypass grafting: will it go away?","volume":"65","author":"Katz MG","year":"1998","unstructured":"Katz MG, Katz R, Schachner A, Cohen AJ. Phrenic nerve injury after coronary artery bypass grafting: will it go away?. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998, 65:32-5. 10.1016\/S0003-4975(97)00915-6","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01441-6","article-title":"Ultrasound and non-ultrasound imaging techniques in the assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Laghi FA Jr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laghi FA Jr, Saad M, Shaikh H. Ultrasound and non-ultrasound imaging techniques in the assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction. BMC Pulm Med. 2021, 21:85. 10.1186\/s12890-021-01441-6","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2009.9031","article-title":"Thoracic complications and emergencies in oncologic patients","volume":"9","author":"Quint LE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Quint LE. Thoracic complications and emergencies in oncologic patients. Cancer Imaging. 2009, 9:S75-82. 10.1102\/1470-7330.2009.9031","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3507","article-title":"Phrenic nerve injury resulting from percutaneous ablation of lung malignancy","volume":"191","author":"Thornton RH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thornton RH, Solomon SB, Dupuy DE, Bains MS. Phrenic nerve injury resulting from percutaneous ablation of lung malignancy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008, 191:565-8. 10.2214\/AJR.07.3507","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.38.3.175","article-title":"Breast cancer and thoracic metastases: review of 119 patients","volume":"38","author":"Kreisman H","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kreisman H, Wolkove N, Finkelstein HS, Cohen C, Margolese R, Frank H. Breast cancer and thoracic metastases: review of 119 patients. Thorax. 1983, 38:175-9. 10.1136\/thx.38.3.175","journal-title":"Thorax"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/316445-invasive-procedures-to-the-neck-and-chest-and-hemidiaphragmatic-paralysis-are-they-always-causally-associated","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T12:43:47Z","timestamp":1732797827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/316445-invasive-procedures-to-the-neck-and-chest-and-hemidiaphragmatic-paralysis-are-they-always-causally-associated"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.74656","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]}}}