{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:05:35Z","timestamp":1790352335089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.76615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T07:30:56Z","timestamp":1735543856000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Rates and Predictors of Malignancy in Bethesda III and IV Thyroid Nodules: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Eman Z","family":"Azzam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa A","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed A","family":"Aboelwafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan M","family":"Essam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha E","family":"Bondok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2205-0140.2010.tb00177.x","article-title":"Thyroid nodules and evaluation of thyroid cancer risk","volume":"13","author":"Hoang J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoang J. Thyroid nodules and evaluation of thyroid cancer risk. Australas J Ultrasound Med. 2010, 13:33-6. 10.1002\/j.2205-0140.2010.tb00177.x","journal-title":"Australas J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","article-title":"2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association guidelines Task Force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"26","author":"Haugen BR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al.. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association guidelines Task Force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016, 26:1-133. 10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2011.0030","article-title":"Thyroid nodules: risk stratification for malignancy with ultrasound and guided biopsy","volume":"11","author":"Anil G","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anil G, Hegde A, Chong FH. Thyroid nodules: risk stratification for malignancy with ultrasound and guided biopsy. Cancer Imaging. 2011, 11:209-23. 10.1102\/1470-7330.2011.0030","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2018-0369","article-title":"A direct comparison of the ATA and TI-RADS ultrasound scoring systems","volume":"25","author":"Ahmadi S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmadi S, Oyekunle T, Scheri R, et al.. A direct comparison of the ATA and TI-RADS ultrasound scoring systems. Endocr Pract. 2019, 25:413-22. 10.4158\/EP-2018-0369","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2009.0274","article-title":"The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology","volume":"19","author":"Cibas ES","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid. 2009, 19:1159-65. 10.1089\/thy.2009.0274","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22955","article-title":"Fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: a study of 4703 patients with histologic and clinical correlations","volume":"111","author":"Yang J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang J, Schnadig V, Logrono R, Wasserman PG. Fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: a study of 4703 patients with histologic and clinical correlations. Cancer. 2007, 111:306-15. 10.1002\/cncr.22955","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153996","article-title":"Surgical management of indeterminate thyroid nodules across different world regions: results from a retrospective multicentric (the MAIN-NODE) study","volume":"15","author":"Canu GL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Canu GL, Cappellacci F, Abdallah A, et al.. Surgical management of indeterminate thyroid nodules across different world regions: results from a retrospective multicentric (the MAIN-NODE) study. Cancers (Basel). 2023, 15:3996. 10.3390\/cancers15153996","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid gland","author":"Jasim S","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jasim S, Dean DS, Gharib H. Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid gland. Endotext [Internet]. Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al. (ed): MDText.com, Inc., South Dartmouth; 2000."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13081197","article-title":"Comparison between fine needle aspiration cytology with histopathology in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules","volume":"13","author":"Osseis M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osseis M, Jammal G, Kazan D, Noun R. Comparison between fine needle aspiration cytology with histopathology in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. J Pers Med. 2023, 13:1197. 10.3390\/jpm13081197","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.01.046","article-title":"ACR thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): white paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee","volume":"14","author":"Tessler FN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tessler FN, Middleton WD, Grant EG, et al.. ACR thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): white paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017, 14:587-95. 10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.01.046","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0141","article-title":"The 2023 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology","volume":"33","author":"Ali SZ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali SZ, Baloch ZW, Cochand-Priollet B, Schmitt FC, Vielh P, VanderLaan PA. The 2023 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid. 2023, 33:1039-44. 10.1089\/thy.2023.0141","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-0530-9","article-title":"Malignancy rates for Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules: a retrospective study of the correlation between fine-needle aspiration cytology and histopathology","volume":"20","author":"Yaprak Bayrak B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yaprak Bayrak B, Eruyar AT. Malignancy rates for Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules: a retrospective study of the correlation between fine-needle aspiration cytology and histopathology. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020, 20:48. 10.1186\/s12902-020-0530-9","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.12871","article-title":"Malignancy rates in thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda categories III and IV: retrospective data from a tertiary center","volume":"16","author":"Godoi Cavalheiro B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Godoi Cavalheiro B, Kober Nogueira Leite A, Luongo de Matos L, Palermo Miazaki A, Marcel Ientile J, Aurelio V Kulcsar M, Roberto Cernea C. Malignancy rates in thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda categories III and IV: retrospective data from a tertiary center. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2018, 16:e12871. 10.5812\/ijem.12871","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_635_18","article-title":"Prospective study of Bethesda categories III and IV thyroid nodules: outcomes and predictive value of BRAF(V600E) mutation","volume":"23","author":"Chirayath SR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chirayath SR, Pavithran PV, Abraham N, et al.. Prospective study of Bethesda categories III and IV thyroid nodules: outcomes and predictive value of BRAF(V600E) mutation. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2019, 23:278-81. 10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_635_18","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcte.2021.100250","article-title":"Malignancy rates in thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda categories III and IV; a subcontinent perspective","volume":"23","author":"Zahid A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zahid A, Shafiq W, Nasir KS, Loya A, Abbas Raza S, Sohail S, Azmat U. Malignancy rates in thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda categories III and IV; a subcontinent perspective. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2021, 23:100250. 10.1016\/j.jcte.2021.100250","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2473974X211015937","article-title":"Treatment choices in managing Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules: a Canadian multi-institutional study","volume":"5","author":"Kuta V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuta V, Forner D, Azzi J, et al.. Treatment choices in managing Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules: a Canadian multi-institutional study. OTO Open. 2021, 5:2473974X211015937. 10.1177\/2473974X211015937","journal-title":"OTO Open"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0317","article-title":"Malignancy rate in thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda category III (AUS\/FLUS)","volume":"24","author":"Ho AS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ho AS, Sarti EE, Jain KS, et al.. Malignancy rate in thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda category III (AUS\/FLUS). Thyroid. 2014, 24:832-9. 10.1089\/thy.2013.0317","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.21790","article-title":"Thyroid follicular lesion of undetermined significance: Evaluation of the risk of malignancy using the two-tier sub-classification","volume":"40","author":"Horne MJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horne MJ, Chhieng DC, Theoharis C, et al.. Thyroid follicular lesion of undetermined significance: Evaluation of the risk of malignancy using the two-tier sub-classification. Diagn Cytopathol. 2012, 40:410-5. 10.1002\/dc.21790","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2014.08.026","article-title":"Malignancy risk and reproducibility associated with atypia of undetermined significance on thyroid cytology","volume":"156","author":"Mathur A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathur A, Najafian A, Schneider EB, Zeiger MA, Olson MT. Malignancy risk and reproducibility associated with atypia of undetermined significance on thyroid cytology. Surgery. 2014, 156:1471-6; discussion1476. 10.1016\/j.surg.2014.08.026","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e370","article-title":"Malignancy rates for Bethesda III subcategories in thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)","volume":"73","author":"Mosca L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mosca L, Silva LF, Carneiro PC, Chacon DA, Araujo-Neto VJ, Araujo-Filho VJ, Cernea CR. Malignancy rates for Bethesda III subcategories in thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2018, 73:e370. 10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e370","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0650","article-title":"Thyroid nodules with atypia or follicular lesions of undetermined significance (Bethesda Category III): importance of ultrasonography and cytological subcategory","volume":"24","author":"Rosario PW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosario PW. Thyroid nodules with atypia or follicular lesions of undetermined significance (Bethesda Category III): importance of ultrasonography and cytological subcategory. Thyroid. 2014, 24:1115-20. 10.1089\/thy.2013.0650","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15605\/jafes.038.02.19","article-title":"Malignancy in thyroid nodules with Bethesda III category on repeat fine needle aspiration biopsy","volume":"38","author":"Lourdes Ng J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lourdes Ng J, Escueta LM, Dampil OA. Malignancy in thyroid nodules with Bethesda III category on repeat fine needle aspiration biopsy. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2023, 38:86-93. 10.15605\/jafes.038.02.19","journal-title":"J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-22-491","article-title":"Malignancy risk in Bethesda class IV thyroid nodules in an iodine deficient region","volume":"12","author":"Loderer T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loderer T, Bonati E, Donato V, Viani L, Cozzani F, Del Rio P. Malignancy risk in Bethesda class IV thyroid nodules in an iodine deficient region. Gland Surg. 2023, 12:884-93. 10.21037\/gs-22-491","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1724","article-title":"An ultrasonogram reporting system for thyroid nodules stratifying cancer risk for clinical management","volume":"94","author":"Horvath E","year":"2009","unstructured":"Horvath E, Majlis S, Rossi R, Franco C, Niedmann JP, Castro A, Dominguez M. An ultrasonogram reporting system for thyroid nodules stratifying cancer risk for clinical management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009, 94:1748-51. 10.1210\/jc.2008-1724","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_27_18","article-title":"Correlation between ultrasound-based TIRADS and Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid-Cytopathology: 2-year experience at a tertiary care center in India","volume":"22","author":"Periakaruppan G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Periakaruppan G, Seshadri KG, Vignesh Krishna GM, Mandava R, Sai VP, Rajendiran S. Correlation between ultrasound-based TIRADS and Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid-Cytopathology: 2-year experience at a tertiary care center in India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018, 22:651-5. 10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_27_18","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.31612","article-title":"Concordance of the ACR TI-RADS classification with Bethesda scoring and histopathology risk stratification of thyroid nodules","volume":"6","author":"Huang EY","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang EY, Kao NH, Lin SY, et al.. Concordance of the ACR TI-RADS classification with Bethesda scoring and histopathology risk stratification of thyroid nodules. JAMA Netw Open. 2023, 6:e2331612. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.31612","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4174\/astr.2014.86.3.109","article-title":"Atypia of undetermined significance on thyroid fine needle aspiration: surgical outcome and risk factors for malignancy","volume":"86","author":"Ryu YJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ryu YJ, Jung YS, Yoon HC, et al.. Atypia of undetermined significance on thyroid fine needle aspiration: surgical outcome and risk factors for malignancy. Ann Surg Treat Res. 2014, 86:109-14. 10.4174\/astr.2014.86.3.109","journal-title":"Ann Surg Treat Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.10043","article-title":"Diagnosis of \"follicular neoplasm\": a gray zone in thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology","volume":"26","author":"Baloch ZW","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baloch ZW, Fleisher S, LiVolsi VA, Gupta PK. Diagnosis of \"follicular neoplasm\": a gray zone in thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. 2002, 26:41-4. 10.1002\/dc.10043","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-020-00384-4","article-title":"TSH level and risk of malignancy in patients with Bethesda category IV thyroid nodules","volume":"11","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Trujillo C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Trujillo C, P\u00e9rez-Zaballos J, Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez CA, L\u00f3pez-Plasencia Y, Marrero-Arencibia D, Cabrera-Galv\u00e1n JJ, Boronat M. TSH level and risk of malignancy in patients with Bethesda category IV thyroid nodules. Horm Cancer. 2020, 11:200-4. 10.1007\/s12672-020-00384-4","journal-title":"Horm Cancer"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2019.1886","article-title":"Positive thyroid antibodies and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Xiao Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiao Y, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Yuan SL, Liu QA. Positive thyroid antibodies and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Clin Oncol. 2019, 11:234-42. 10.3892\/mco.2019.1886","journal-title":"Mol Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.24248","article-title":"Ultrasound characteristics of thyroid nodules facilitate interpretation of the malignant risk of Bethesda system III\/IV thyroid nodules and inform therapeutic schedule","volume":"47","author":"Li F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li F, Pan D, Wu Y, et al.. Ultrasound characteristics of thyroid nodules facilitate interpretation of the malignant risk of Bethesda system III\/IV thyroid nodules and inform therapeutic schedule. Diagn Cytopathol. 2019, 47:881-9. 10.1002\/dc.24248","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17924","article-title":"The prediction of malignancy risk in thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda system category III (AUS\/FLUS) and the role of ultrasound finding for prediction of malignancy risk","volume":"13","author":"Alshahrani AS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alshahrani AS, Alamri AS, Balkhoyor AH, Mahzari MM, Alshieban SS, Majed PM. The prediction of malignancy risk in thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda system category III (AUS\/FLUS) and the role of ultrasound finding for prediction of malignancy risk. Cureus. 2021, 13:e17924. 10.7759\/cureus.17924","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.16708","article-title":"Impact of ultrasonographic features for thyroid malignancy in patients with Bethesda categories III, IV, and V: A retrospective observational study in a tertiary center","volume":"13","author":"Hacim NA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hacim NA, Akba\u015f A, Ulgen Y, et al.. Impact of ultrasonographic features for thyroid malignancy in patients with Bethesda categories III, IV, and V: A retrospective observational study in a tertiary center. Cureus. 2021, 13:e16708. 10.7759\/cureus.16708","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1326134","article-title":"Ultrasonographic predictors of thyroid cancer in Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules","volume":"15","author":"Alyusuf EY","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alyusuf EY, Alhmayin L, Albasri E, et al.. Ultrasonographic predictors of thyroid cancer in Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024, 15:1326134. 10.3389\/fendo.2024.1326134","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/317013-rates-and-predictors-of-malignancy-in-bethesda-iii-and-iv-thyroid-nodules-a-prospective-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T07:30:58Z","timestamp":1735543858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/317013-rates-and-predictors-of-malignancy-in-bethesda-iii-and-iv-thyroid-nodules-a-prospective-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.76615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]}}}