{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T15:33:39Z","timestamp":1759160019488,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.77133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T12:27:37Z","timestamp":1736339257000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Epidemiology, Etiology, and Outcomes of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding at a Tertiary Center in Bahrain: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Yousif F","family":"Yousif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmood B","family":"Dhaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali A","family":"Alaysreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saad I","family":"Mallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moosa","family":"AlHoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Husain A","family":"Alrahma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A","family":"Alekri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tahera H","family":"Qaroof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alsaegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i4.514","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiome and metabolome in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Zhong W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhong W, Zhou Z. Alterations of the gut microbiome and metabolome in alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014, 5:514-22. 10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i4.514","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-121665","article-title":"Early esophagogastroduodenoscopy is associated with better outcomes in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a nationwide study","volume":"5","author":"Garg SK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garg SK, Anugwom C, Campbell J, et al.. Early esophagogastroduodenoscopy is associated with better outcomes in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a nationwide study. Endosc Int Open. 2017, 5:E376-86. 10.1055\/s-0042-121665","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14659","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Egyptian patients with cirrhosis: post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators","volume":"34","author":"Fouad TR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fouad TR, Abdelsameea E, Abdel-Razek W, et al.. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Egyptian patients with cirrhosis: post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019, 34:1604-10. 10.1111\/jgh.14659","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10873","article-title":"Causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding among pilgrims during the Hajj period in the Islamic years 1437-1439 (2016-2018)","volume":"12","author":"Youssouf BM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Youssouf BM, Alfalati B, Alqthmi R, Alqthmi R, Alsehly LM. Causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding among pilgrims during the Hajj period in the Islamic years 1437-1439 (2016-2018). Cureus. 2020, 12:e10873. 10.7759\/cureus.10873","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2021.1998600","article-title":"Causes of gastrointestinal bleeding in oral anticoagulant users compared to non-users in a population-based study","volume":"57","author":"\u00c1g\u00fastsson AS","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c1g\u00fastsson AS, Ingason AB, Rumba E, P\u00e1lsson D, Reynisson IE, Hreinsson JP, Bj\u00f6rnsson ES. Causes of gastrointestinal bleeding in oral anticoagulant users compared to non-users in a population-based study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2022, 57:239-45. 10.1080\/00365521.2021.1998600","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v89i8-S.7861","article-title":"Clinical approach to the patient with acute gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"89","author":"Gaiani F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaiani F, De'Angelis N, Kayali S, et al.. Clinical approach to the patient with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Acta Biomed. 2018, 89:12-9. 10.23750\/abm.v89i8-S.7861","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Construction of a risk prediction model for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and rebleeding based on multi-dimensional indicators and its application research","volume":"15","author":"Li X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li X, Zheng X, Wang Y, Shao L, Xiao Y, Lv X. Construction of a risk prediction model for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and rebleeding based on multi-dimensional indicators and its application research. Am J Transl Res. 2023, 15:3697-704.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1795","article-title":"Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: guideline recommendations from the International Consensus Group","volume":"171","author":"Barkun AN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barkun AN, Almadi M, Kuipers EJ, et al.. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: guideline recommendations from the International Consensus Group. Ann Intern Med. 2019, 171:1795. 10.7326\/M19-1795","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i4.467","article-title":"Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding: a practical guide for clinicians","volume":"5","author":"Kim BS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim BS, Li BT, Engel A, Samra JS, Clarke S, Norton ID, Li AE. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding: a practical guide for clinicians. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014, 5:467-78. 10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i4.467","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.01.022","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: etiologies and management","volume":"94","author":"Kamboj AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kamboj AK, Hoversten P, Leggett CL. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: etiologies and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019, 94:697-703. 10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.01.022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000152","article-title":"Timing of endoscopy for acute variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis (CHESS1905): a nationwide cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Zhang W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang W, Huang Y, Xiang H, et al.. Timing of endoscopy for acute variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis (CHESS1905): a nationwide cohort study. Hepatol Commun. 2023, 7:e0152. 10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000152","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.02.023","article-title":"New developments in managing variceal bleeding","volume":"154","author":"Ibrahim M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ibrahim M, Mostafa I, Devi\u00e8re J. New developments in managing variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology. 2018, 154:1964-9. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.02.023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2022.122332","article-title":"Characteristics and predictors of short-term mortality in decompensated cirrhotic patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"8","author":"Abudeif A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abudeif A, Sayed EK, Galal GM. Characteristics and predictors of short-term mortality in decompensated cirrhotic patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022, 8:300-8. 10.5114\/ceh.2022.122332","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.SJG_378_20","article-title":"Time trends of causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and endoscopic findings","volume":"27","author":"Alruzug IM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alruzug IM, Aldarsouny TA, Semaan T, et al.. Time trends of causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and endoscopic findings. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2021, 27:28-34. 10.4103\/sjg.SJG_378_20","journal-title":"Saudi J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Outcome of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage according to the BLEED risk classification: a two-year prospective survey","volume":"29","author":"Salimi J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salimi J, Salimzadeh A, Yazdani V, et al.. Outcome of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage according to the BLEED risk classification: a two-year prospective survey. Bahrain Medical Bulletin. 2007, 29:12-6.","journal-title":"Bahrain Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-018-0163-1","article-title":"Emergency medicine in the Kingdom of Bahrain","volume":"11","author":"Abuzeyad F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abuzeyad F, Alqasem L, Al Farras MI, Al Jawder SS, Al Qasim G, Alghanem S. Emergency medicine in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Int J Emerg Med. 2018, 11:4. 10.1186\/s12245-018-0163-1","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S433068","article-title":"Clinical pathway for enhanced recovery in the management of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Zhang YY","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang YY, Zhang QX, Li JT, Wang Y, Zhuang ZH, Zhuang JY. Clinical pathway for enhanced recovery in the management of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2023, 16:2579-91. 10.2147\/RMHP.S433068","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02563-1","article-title":"Optimal timing of endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Merola E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Merola E, Michielan A, de Pretis G. Optimal timing of endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2021, 16:1331-40. 10.1007\/s11739-020-02563-1","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000513689","article-title":"Bleeding duodenal ulcer: strategies in high-risk ulcers","volume":"37","author":"Mille M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mille M, Engelhardt T, Stier A. Bleeding duodenal ulcer: strategies in high-risk ulcers. Visc Med. 2021, 37:52-62. 10.1159\/000513689","journal-title":"Visc Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1393172","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline","volume":"47","author":"Gralnek IM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gralnek IM, Dumonceau JM, Kuipers EJ, et al.. Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy. 2015, 47:a1-46. 10.1055\/s-0034-1393172","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.480","article-title":"Management of patients with ulcer bleeding","volume":"107","author":"Laine L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012, 107:345-60. 10.1038\/ajg.2011.480","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v15.i4.723","article-title":"The global epidemiology of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in general population: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Saydam \u015eS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saydam \u015eS, Molnar M, Vora P. The global epidemiology of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in general population: a systematic review. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2023, 15:723-39. 10.4240\/wjgs.v15.i4.723","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113678","article-title":"A review of risk scores within upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"12","author":"Orpen-Palmer J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orpen-Palmer J, Stanley AJ. A review of risk scores within upper gastrointestinal bleeding. J Clin Med. 2023, 12:3678. 10.3390\/jcm12113678","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1605","article-title":"A comparative analysis of bleeding peptic ulcers in hospitalizations with and without end-stage renal disease","volume":"16","author":"Dahiya DS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dahiya DS, Mandoorah S, Gangwani MK, et al.. A comparative analysis of bleeding peptic ulcers in hospitalizations with and without end-stage renal disease. Gastroenterology Res. 2023, 16:17-24. 10.14740\/gr1605","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.430","article-title":"\u201cWeekend effect\u201d in patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Gupta A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta A, Agarwal R, Ananthakrishnan AN. \u201cWeekend effect\u201d in patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018, 113:13-21. 10.1038\/ajg.2017.430","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1208-6","article-title":"36th International Symposium on intensive care and emergency medicine","volume":"20","author":"Bateman RM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bateman RM, Sharpe MD, Jagger JE, et al.. 36th International Symposium on intensive care and emergency medicine. Crit Care. 2016, 20:94. 10.1186\/s13054-016-1208-6","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0269216304pm894fd","article-title":"NSAIDs: gastroprotection or selective COX-2 inhibitor?","volume":"18","author":"Dickman A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dickman A, Ellershaw J. NSAIDs: gastroprotection or selective COX-2 inhibitor?. Palliat Med. 2004, 18:275-86. 10.1191\/0269216304pm894fd","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.228437","article-title":"Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit","volume":"60","author":"Hearnshaw SA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hearnshaw SA, Logan RF, Lowe D, Travis SP, Murphy MF, Palmer KR. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit. Gut. 2011, 60:1327-35. 10.1136\/gut.2010.228437","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/1747-0862.S1-019","article-title":"A review on underlying differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Middle East, Europe, and North America","volume":"8","author":"Nematy M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nematy M, Ahmadpour F, Behnam Rassouli Z, et al.. A review on underlying differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Middle East, Europe, and North America. J Mol Genet Med. 2014, 8:19. 10.4172\/1747-0862.S1-019","journal-title":"J Mol Genet Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/109037","article-title":"Diet, genetics, and disease: a focus on the Middle East and North Africa region","volume":"2012","author":"Fahed AC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fahed AC, El-Hage-Sleiman AK, Farhat TI, Nemer GM. Diet, genetics, and disease: a focus on the Middle East and North Africa region. J Nutr Metab. 2012, 2012:109037. 10.1155\/2012\/109037","journal-title":"J Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"The association of dietary inflammatory index with the risk of peptic ulcer: a case-control study","volume":"30","author":"Fouladvand F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fouladvand F, Birjandi M, Amiri Kia S, et al.. The association of dietary inflammatory index with the risk of peptic ulcer: a case-control study. J Nutr Food Secur. 2023, 30:412-23.","journal-title":"J Nutr Food Secur"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.13.162","article-title":"Effect of diet and Helicobacter pylori infection to the risk of early gastric cancer","volume":"13","author":"Lee SA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee SA, Kang D, Shim KN, Choe JW, Hong WS, Choi H. Effect of diet and Helicobacter pylori infection to the risk of early gastric cancer. J Epidemiol. 2003, 13:162-8. 10.2188\/jea.13.162","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180510092303","article-title":"Lifestyle and peptic ulcer disease","volume":"24","author":"Yegen BC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yegen BC. Lifestyle and peptic ulcer disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2018, 24:2034-40. 10.2174\/1381612824666180510092303","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2017.04.005","article-title":"Response of wild Avena species to fungal infection of grain","volume":"1","author":"Gagkaeva TY","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gagkaeva TY, Gavrilova OP, Orina AS, et al.. Response of wild Avena species to fungal infection of grain. Crop J. 2017, 1:499-508. 10.1016\/j.cj.2017.04.005","journal-title":"Crop J"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.08.029","article-title":"Causes of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"145","author":"Gerson LB","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gerson LB. Causes of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with chronic renal failure. Gastroenterology. 2013, 145:895-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i47.8415","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease severely deteriorates the outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"H\u00e1gendorn R","year":"2017","unstructured":"H\u00e1gendorn R, Farkas N, Vincze \u00c1, et al.. Chronic kidney disease severely deteriorates the outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2017, 23:8415-25. 10.3748\/wjg.v23.i47.8415","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2005.03.032","article-title":"Uremic bleeding: pathophysiology and clinical risk factors","volume":"118","author":"Sohal AS","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sohal AS, Gangji AS, Crowther MA, Treleaven D. Uremic bleeding: pathophysiology and clinical risk factors. Thromb Res. 2006, 118:417-22. 10.1016\/j.thromres.2005.03.032","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v11.i10.504","article-title":"Secondary angiodysplasia-associated gastrointestinal bleeding in end-stage renal disease: results from the nationwide inpatient sample","volume":"11","author":"Tariq T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tariq T, Karabon P, Irfan FB, et al.. Secondary angiodysplasia-associated gastrointestinal bleeding in end-stage renal disease: results from the nationwide inpatient sample. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2019, 11:504-14. 10.4253\/wjge.v11.i10.504","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2010.00643.x","article-title":"Reduced platelet function and role of drugs in acute gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"108","author":"Kringen MK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kringen MK, Narum S, Lygren I, et al.. Reduced platelet function and role of drugs in acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011, 108:194-201. 10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2010.00643.x","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12780","article-title":"Effect of low-dose proton pump inhibitor on preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in chronic kidney disease patients receiving aspirin","volume":"30","author":"Lim H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lim H, Kim JH, Baik GH, Park JW, Kang HS, Moon SH, Park CK. Effect of low-dose proton pump inhibitor on preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in chronic kidney disease patients receiving aspirin. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015, 30:478-84. 10.1111\/jgh.12780","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i16.4919","article-title":"Proton-pump inhibitors for prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients undergoing dialysis","volume":"21","author":"Song YR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song YR, Kim HJ, Kim JK, Kim SG, Kim SE. Proton-pump inhibitors for prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients undergoing dialysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015, 21:4919-24. 10.3748\/wjg.v21.i16.4919","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(00)02270-X","article-title":"Managing patients with acute, nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage: development and effectiveness of a clinical care pathway","volume":"96","author":"Podila P","year":"2001","unstructured":"Podila P, Ben-Menachem T, Batra S, et al.. Managing patients with acute, nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage: development and effectiveness of a clinical care pathway. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001, 96:208-19. 10.1016\/S0002-9270(00)02270-X","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04090.x","article-title":"Success and shortcomings of a clinical care pathway in the management of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"99","author":"Pfau PR","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pfau PR, Cooper GS, Carlson MD, et al.. Success and shortcomings of a clinical care pathway in the management of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004, 99:425-31. 10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04090.x","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Hematemesis, melena, and hematochezia","author":"Wilson ID","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wilson ID. Hematemesis, melena, and hematochezia. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (ed): Butterworths, Boston; 1990."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194215","article-title":"Association between dietary habits and Helicobacter pylori infection among Bahraini adults","volume":"14","author":"Habbash F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Habbash F, Alalwan TA, Perna S, et al.. Association between dietary habits and Helicobacter pylori infection among Bahraini adults. Nutrients. 2022, 14:4215. 10.3390\/nu14194215","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"153","author":"Hooi JK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hooi JK, Lai WY, Ng WK, et al.. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017, 153:420-9. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12190","article-title":"Diabetes is an independent risk factor for peptic ulcer bleeding: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Peng YL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peng YL, Leu HB, Luo JC, Huang CC, Hou MC, Lin HC, Lee FY. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for peptic ulcer bleeding: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013, 28:1295-9. 10.1111\/jgh.12190","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gox006","article-title":"Predictors of acute gastrointestinal bleeding in diabetic ketoacidosis: a retrospective observational study in minority population","volume":"5","author":"Badipatla KR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Badipatla KR, Jadhav P, Vaddigiri S, et al.. Predictors of acute gastrointestinal bleeding in diabetic ketoacidosis: a retrospective observational study in minority population. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2017, 5:293-7. 10.1093\/gastro\/gox006","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v4.i9.268","article-title":"Variceal hemorrhage: Saudi tertiary center experience of clinical presentations, complications and mortality","volume":"4","author":"Fallatah HI","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fallatah HI, Al Nahdi H, Al Khatabi M, Akbar HO, Qari YA, Sibiani AR, Bazaraa S. Variceal hemorrhage: Saudi tertiary center experience of clinical presentations, complications and mortality. World J Hepatol. 2012, 4:268-73. 10.4254\/wjh.v4.i9.268","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001249","article-title":"Thirty-day readmission after esophageal variceal hemorrhage and its impact on outcomes in the United States","volume":"54","author":"Bilal M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bilal M, Abougergi MS, Tayyem O, Parupudi S, Rockey DC. Thirty-day readmission after esophageal variceal hemorrhage and its impact on outcomes in the United States. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2020, 54:477-83. 10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001249","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.684162","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of NSAID-induced upper gastrointestinal toxicity","volume":"12","author":"McEvoy L","year":"2021","unstructured":"McEvoy L, Carr DF, Pirmohamed M. Pharmacogenomics of NSAID-induced upper gastrointestinal toxicity. Front Pharmacol. 2021, 12:684162. 10.3389\/fphar.2021.684162","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-07-0498","article-title":"Optimal timing of vitamin K antagonist resumption after upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A risk modelling analysis","volume":"117","author":"Majeed A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Majeed A, Wallvik N, Eriksson J, H\u00f6ijer J, Bottai M, Holmstr\u00f6m M, Schulman S. Optimal timing of vitamin K antagonist resumption after upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A risk modelling analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2017, 117:491-9. 10.1160\/TH16-07-0498","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02145-9","article-title":"Development and validation of a model to predict rebleeding within three days after endoscopic hemostasis for high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding","volume":"22","author":"Lai Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lai Y, Xu Y, Zhu Z, et al.. Development and validation of a model to predict rebleeding within three days after endoscopic hemostasis for high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022, 22:64. 10.1186\/s12876-022-02145-9","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.09.009","article-title":"Second look endoscopy in acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"27","author":"Chiu PW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chiu PW. Second look endoscopy in acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013, 27:905-11. 10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.09.009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.12.039","article-title":"Role of routine second-look endoscopy in patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"93","author":"Kamal F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamal F, Khan MA, Lee-Smith W, et al.. Role of routine second-look endoscopy in patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc. 2021, 93:1228-37. 10.1016\/j.gie.2020.12.039","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12509","article-title":"Nurse practitioner-led transitional care interventions: an integrative review","volume":"29","author":"Mora K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mora K, Dorrejo XM, Carreon KM, Butt S. Nurse practitioner-led transitional care interventions: an integrative review. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017, 29:773-90. 10.1002\/2327-6924.12509","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Nurse Pract"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.06.053","article-title":"Scoring systems used to predict mortality in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the ED","volume":"36","author":"Tang Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tang Y, Shen J, Zhang F, Zhou X, Tang Z, You T. Scoring systems used to predict mortality in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2018, 36:27-32. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.06.053","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912484","article-title":"Timing of endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"382","author":"Lau JY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lau JY, Yu Y, Tang RS, et al.. Timing of endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382:1299-308. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1912484","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15313","article-title":"Early identification of patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding in the emergency department using electronic health record phenotyping","volume":"36","author":"Shung D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shung D, Tsay C, Laine L, et al.. Early identification of patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding in the emergency department using electronic health record phenotyping. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020, 36:1590-7. 10.1111\/jgh.15313","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/332423-clinical-epidemiology-etiology-and-outcomes-of-upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding-at-a-tertiary-center-in-bahrain-a-retrospective-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T12:27:40Z","timestamp":1736339260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/332423-clinical-epidemiology-etiology-and-outcomes-of-upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding-at-a-tertiary-center-in-bahrain-a-retrospective-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.77133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]}}}