{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T05:15:55Z","timestamp":1737436555341,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.77710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T15:14:03Z","timestamp":1737386043000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nosocomial Pneumonia in Georgia: A Focus on Gram-Positive Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Giorgi","family":"Mgeladze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgi","family":"Akhvlediani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shorena","family":"Khetsuriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgi","family":"Maisuradze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vakhtang","family":"Robakidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Mrelashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ani","family":"Papiashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Nosocomial Pneumonia","author":"Shebl E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shebl E, Gulick PG. Nosocomial Pneumonia. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Medscape. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial Pneumonia) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. (2024). Accessed: January 19, 2024: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/234753-overview."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/661788","article-title":"Nosocomial infections in Tbilisi, Georgia: a retrospective study of microbiological data from 4 major tertiary care hospitals","volume":"32","author":"Kandelaki G","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kandelaki G, Butsashvili M, Geleishvili M, et al.. Nosocomial infections in Tbilisi, Georgia: a retrospective study of microbiological data from 4 major tertiary care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011, 32:933-4. 10.1086\/661788","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-2162-7","article-title":"Community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"14 Suppl 3","author":"Herold CJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herold CJ, Sailer JG. Community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia. Eur Radiol. 2004, 14 Suppl 3:E2-20. 10.1007\/s00330-003-2162-7","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189621","article-title":"Clinical and economic impact of antibiotic resistance in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Founou RC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Founou RC, Founou LL, Essack SY. Clinical and economic impact of antibiotic resistance in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017, 12:e0189621. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0189621","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.3970-3975.2002","article-title":"mecA gene is widely disseminated in Staphylococcus aureus population","volume":"40","author":"Wielders CL","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wielders CL, Fluit AC, Brisse S, Verhoef J, Schmitz FJ. mecA gene is widely disseminated in Staphylococcus aureus population. J Clin Microbiol. 2002, 40:3970-5. 10.1128\/JCM.40.11.3970-3975.2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000091276","article-title":"High prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae with mutations in pbp1a, pbp2x, and pbp2b genes of penicillin-binding proteins in the nasopharynx in children in Japan","volume":"68","author":"Hotomi M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hotomi M, Billal DS, Shimada J, Suzumoto M, Yamauchi K, Fujihara K, Yamanaka N. High prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae with mutations in pbp1a, pbp2x, and pbp2b genes of penicillin-binding proteins in the nasopharynx in children in Japan. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2006, 68:139-45. 10.1159\/000091276","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24655","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: the challenges and some emerging strategies for tackling a global menace","volume":"36","author":"Chinemerem Nwobodo D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chinemerem Nwobodo D, Ugwu MC, Oliseloke Anie C, Al-Ouqaili MT, Chinedu Ikem J, Victor Chigozie U, Saki M. Antibiotic resistance: the challenges and some emerging strategies for tackling a global menace. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022, 36:e24655. 10.1002\/jcla.24655","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11131946","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a growing serious threat for global public health","volume":"11","author":"Salam MA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salam MA, Al-Amin MY, Salam MT, Pawar JS, Akhter N, Rabaan AA, Alqumber MA. Antimicrobial resistance: a growing serious threat for global public health. Healthcare (Basel). 2023, 11:10.3390\/healthcare11131946","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113204","article-title":"An overview of healthcare associated infections and their detection methods caused by pathogen bacteria in Romania and Europe","volume":"11","author":"Szab\u00f3 S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3 S, Feier B, Capatina D, Tertis M, Cristea C, Popa A. An overview of healthcare associated infections and their detection methods caused by pathogen bacteria in Romania and Europe. J Clin Med. 2022, 11:1946. 10.3390\/jcm11113204","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071536","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms: a review","volume":"9","author":"Chen XF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen XF, Hou X, Xiao M, et al.. Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms: a review. Microorganisms. 2021, 9:10.3390\/microorganisms9071536","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"bioM\u00e9rieux API FEATURES & SPECS. (2024). Accessed. January 19, 2024: https:\/\/www.biomerieux-usa.com\/clinical\/api."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"EUCAST. Breakpoint table 14.0. (2024). Accessed: January 19, 2024: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/eucast_news\/news_singleview?cHash=db55f3a8829726044512a1fe74cce41b&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=566&...."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.52989","article-title":"Inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: reason for treatment failure","volume":"1","author":"Vandana K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vandana K, Singh J, Chiranjay M, Bairy I. Inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: reason for treatment failure. J Glob Infect Dis. 2009, 1:76-7. 10.4103\/0974-777X.52989","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki302","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility according to genotype of penicillin-binding protein and macrolide resistance genes, and serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"56","author":"Chiba N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chiba N, Kobayashi R, Hasegawa K, et al.. Antibiotic susceptibility according to genotype of penicillin-binding protein and macrolide resistance genes, and serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from community-acquired pneumonia in children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005, 56:756-60. 10.1093\/jac\/dki302","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki401","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of pbp1a and pbp2b in clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Quebec, Canada","volume":"57","author":"Granger D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Granger D, Boily-Larouche G, Turgeon P, Weiss K, Roger M. Molecular characteristics of pbp1a and pbp2b in clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Quebec, Canada. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006, 57:61-70. 10.1093\/jac\/dki401","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2011.131215","article-title":"Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 8-ST63 multidrug-resistant recombinant Clone, Spain","volume":"20","author":"Ardanuy C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ardanuy C, de la Campa AG, Garc\u00eda E, et al.. Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 8-ST63 multidrug-resistant recombinant Clone, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014, 20:1848-56. 10.3201\/eid2011.131215","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.1.22-32.2001","article-title":"Molecular ecology of tetracycline resistance: development and validation of primers for detection of tetracycline resistance genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins","volume":"67","author":"Aminov RI","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aminov RI, Garrigues-Jeanjean N, Mackie RI. Molecular ecology of tetracycline resistance: development and validation of primers for detection of tetracycline resistance genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001, 67:22-32. 10.1128\/AEM.67.1.22-32.2001","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04317-22","article-title":"Genomic analysis of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the 3rd case identified in the United States reveals chromosomal integration of the Vana locus","volume":"11","author":"Haas W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haas W, Singh N, Lainhart W, et al.. Genomic analysis of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the 3rd case identified in the United States reveals chromosomal integration of the Vana locus. Microbiol Spectr. 2023, 11:e0431722. 10.1128\/spectrum.04317-22","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.7.3.311","article-title":"Vancomycin resistance: occurrence, mechanisms and strategies to combat it","volume":"7","author":"Boneca IG","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boneca IG, Chiosis G. Vancomycin resistance: occurrence, mechanisms and strategies to combat it. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2003, 7:311-28. 10.1517\/14728222.7.3.311","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78538-7_2","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Among Streptococcus pneumoniae","author":"Cill\u00f3niz C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cill\u00f3niz C, Garcia-Vidal C, Ceccato A, Torres A. Antimicrobial Resistance Among Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrobial Resistance in the 21st Century. Springer, Cham; 2018. 13-38. 10.1007\/978-3-319-78538-7_2"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.551","article-title":"Sputum quality assessment regarding sputum culture for diagnosing lower respiratory tract infections in children","volume":"7","author":"Popova G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Popova G, Boskovska K, Arnaudova-Danevska I, Smilevska-Spasova O, Jakovska T. Sputum quality assessment regarding sputum culture for diagnosing lower respiratory tract infections in children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019, 7:1926-30. 10.3889\/oamjms.2019.551","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.020810","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone and macrolide treatment failure in pneumococcal pneumonia and selection of multidrug-resistant isolates","volume":"9","author":"P\u00e9rez-Trallero E","year":"2003","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Trallero E, Marimon JM, Iglesias L, Larruskain J. Fluoroquinolone and macrolide treatment failure in pneumococcal pneumonia and selection of multidrug-resistant isolates. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003, 9:1159-62. 10.3201\/eid0909.020810","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx176","article-title":"Prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections in the United States predominated by Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"4","author":"Cai B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cai B, Echols R, Magee G, et al.. Prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections in the United States predominated by Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017, 4:ofx176. 10.1093\/ofid\/ofx176","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S269315","article-title":"Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections: a narrative overview","volume":"13","author":"Haque M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haque M, McKimm J, Sartelli M, et al.. Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections: a narrative overview. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020, 13:1765-80. 10.2147\/RMHP.S269315","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-13","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing in outbreak analysis","volume":"28","author":"Gilchrist CA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gilchrist CA, Turner SD, Riley MF, Petri WA Jr, Hewlett EL. Whole-genome sequencing in outbreak analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015, 28:541-63. 10.1128\/CMR.00075-13","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/335781-nosocomial-pneumonia-in-georgia-a-focus-on-gram-positive-bacteria-and-antimicrobial-resistance","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T15:14:06Z","timestamp":1737386046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/335781-nosocomial-pneumonia-in-georgia-a-focus-on-gram-positive-bacteria-and-antimicrobial-resistance"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.77710","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]}}}