{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T10:42:09Z","timestamp":1759228929939,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.77892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T04:44:56Z","timestamp":1737693896000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Options of Monkeypox: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Priyavardhan","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ratnav","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anant","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1360586","article-title":"A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics","volume":"14","author":"Alakunle E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alakunle E, Kolawole D, Diaz-C\u00e1nova D, Alele F, Adegboye O, Moens U, Okeke MI. A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024, 14:1360586. 10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1360586","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001769","article-title":"Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus","volume":"20","author":"Happi C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Happi C, Adetifa I, Mbala P, et al.. Urgent need for a non-discriminatory and non-stigmatizing nomenclature for monkeypox virus. PLoS Biol. 2022, 20:e3001769. 10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001769","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111257","article-title":"Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution","volume":"12","author":"Alakunle E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution. Viruses. 2020, 12:10.3390\/v12111257","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","article-title":"A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys","author":"Magnus P","year":"1959","unstructured":"Magnus P, Andersen E, Petersen K, et al.. A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1959, 10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Human monkeypox","volume":"46","author":"Foster SO","year":"1972","unstructured":"Foster SO, Brink EW, Hutchins DL, et al.. Human monkeypox. Bull World Health Organ. 1972, 46:569-76.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/iht029","article-title":"Enhancing health care worker ability to detect and care for patients with monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"5","author":"Bass J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bass J, Tack DM, McCollum AM, et al.. Enhancing health care worker ability to detect and care for patients with monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int Health. 2013, 5:237-43. 10.1093\/inthealth\/iht029","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"World Health Organization | Disease outbreak news. multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries. (2022). Accessed: September 17, 2024: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON385."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000101821.61387.a5","article-title":"A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values","volume":"22","author":"Anderson MG","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anderson MG, Frenkel LD, Homann S, Guffey J. A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003, 22:1093-6; discussion 1096-8. 10.1097\/01.inf.0000101821.61387.a5","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Update. multistate outbreak of monkeypox. (2003). Accessed: September 17, 2024: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm5227a5.htm."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061283","article-title":"Travel-related monkeypox outbreaks in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: are we prepared?","volume":"14","author":"Adegboye OA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adegboye OA, Eugenia Castellanos M, Alele FO, Pak A, Ezechukwu HC, Hou K, Emeto TI. Travel-related monkeypox outbreaks in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: are we prepared?. Viruses. 2022, 14:10.3390\/v14061283","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"World Health Organization | Mpox (monkeypox) outbreak. global trends. (2022). Accessed:  September 17, 2024: https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/mpx_global\/."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease and Prevention | Epidemiological update. Mpox due to monkeypoxvirus clade I. (2024). Accessed: September 17, 2024: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/news-events\/mpox-epidemiological-update-monkeypox-2-september-2024#:~:text=3%5D%20and%2...."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"World Health Organisation | Multi-country outbreak of mpox, External situation report#36- 14 . (2024). Accessed. September 17, 2024: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--external-situation-report-36--14-september-2024."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_156_23","article-title":"Monkeypox: a re-emerging disease","volume":"56","author":"Kaur N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaur N, Dabar J, Bassi P. Monkeypox: a re-emerging disease. Indian J Pharmacol. 2024, 56:129-35. 10.4103\/ijp.ijp_156_23","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Press Information Bureau, Government of India. India against mpox. (2024). Accessed: September 17, 2024: https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=152119&ModuleId=3."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01215-4","article-title":"Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention","volume":"7","author":"Huang Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Y, Mu L, Wang W. Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022, 7:373. 10.1038\/s41392-022-01215-4","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix342","article-title":"Toward understanding the outcomes of monkeypox infection in human pregnancy","volume":"216","author":"Kisalu NK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kisalu NK, Mokili JL. Toward understanding the outcomes of monkeypox infection in human pregnancy. J Infect Dis. 2017, 216:795-7. 10.1093\/infdis\/jix342","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106832","article-title":"Possibility of vertical transmission of the human monkeypox virus","volume":"105","author":"Fahrni ML","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fahrni ML, Priyanka, Choudhary OP. Possibility of vertical transmission of the human monkeypox virus. Int J Surg. 2022, 105:106832. 10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106832","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00092-22","article-title":"Monkeypox virus infections in humans","volume":"35","author":"Elsayed S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elsayed S, Bondy L, Hanage WP. Monkeypox virus infections in humans. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2022, 35:e0009222. 10.1128\/cmr.00092-22","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.03.001","article-title":"Human monkeypox: epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention","volume":"33","author":"Petersen E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, Zumla A. Human monkeypox: epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019, 33:1027-43. 10.1016\/j.idc.2019.03.001","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2186357","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of monkeypox at the human-animal-ecology interface","volume":"14","author":"Islam MM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Islam MM, Dutta P, Rashid R, et al.. Pathogenicity and virulence of monkeypox at the human-animal-ecology interface. Virulence. 2023, 14:2186357. 10.1080\/21505594.2023.2186357","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02075-X","article-title":"Monkeypox","volume":"401","author":"Mitj\u00e0 O","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitj\u00e0 O, Ogoina D, Titanji BK, Galvan C, Muyembe JJ, Marks M, Orkin CM. Monkeypox. Lancet. 2023, 401:60-74. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02075-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04295","article-title":"Antiviral treatment is more effective than smallpox vaccination upon lethal monkeypox virus infection","volume":"439","author":"Stittelaar KJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stittelaar KJ, Neyts J, Naesens L, et al.. Antiviral treatment is more effective than smallpox vaccination upon lethal monkeypox virus infection. Nature. 2006, 439:745-8. 10.1038\/nature04295","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01767-3","article-title":"Correction to: prevention and treatment of monkeypox","volume":"82","author":"Rizk JG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rizk JG, Lippi G, Henry BM, Forthal DN, Rizk Y. Correction to: prevention and treatment of monkeypox. Drugs. 2022, 82:1343. 10.1007\/s40265-022-01767-3","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-110","article-title":"Comparative whole genome sequence analysis of wild-type and cidofovir-resistant monkeypoxvirus","volume":"7","author":"Farlow J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Farlow J, Ichou MA, Huggins J, Ibrahim S. Comparative whole genome sequence analysis of wild-type and cidofovir-resistant monkeypoxvirus. Virol J. 2010, 7:110. 10.1186\/1743-422X-7-110","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm061484y","article-title":"N-(3,3a,4,4a,5,5a,6,6a-Octahydro-1,3-dioxo-4,6- ethenocycloprop[f]isoindol-2-(1H)-yl)carboxamides: Identification of novel orthopoxvirus egress inhibitors","volume":"50","author":"Bailey TR","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bailey TR, Rippin SR, Opsitnick E, et al.. N-(3,3a,4,4a,5,5a,6,6a-Octahydro-1,3-dioxo-4,6- ethenocycloprop[f]isoindol-2-(1H)-yl)carboxamides: Identification of novel orthopoxvirus egress inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2007, 50:1442-4. 10.1021\/jm061484y","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9593-6_9","article-title":"Preliminary screening and in vitro confirmation of orthopoxvirus antivirals","volume":"2023","author":"Grosenbach DW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grosenbach DW, Hruby DE. Preliminary screening and in vitro confirmation of orthopoxvirus antivirals. Methods Mol Biol. 2019, 2023:143-55. 10.1007\/978-1-4939-9593-6_9","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.11.27","article-title":"Development of the small-molecule antiviral ST-246 as a smallpox therapeutic","volume":"6","author":"Grosenbach DW","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grosenbach DW, Jordan R, Hruby DE. Development of the small-molecule antiviral ST-246 as a smallpox therapeutic. Future Virol. 2011, 6:653-71. 10.2217\/fvl.11.27","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"U.S Food and Drug Administration | FDA approves the first drug with an indication for treatment of smallpox . (2018). Accessed. September 18, 2024: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-drug-indication-treatment-smallpox."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku545","article-title":"ST-246 is a key antiviral to inhibit the viral F13L phospholipase, one of the essential proteins for orthopoxvirus wrapping","volume":"70","author":"Duraffour S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duraffour S, Lorenzo MM, Z\u00f6ller G, et al.. ST-246 is a key antiviral to inhibit the viral F13L phospholipase, one of the essential proteins for orthopoxvirus wrapping. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015, 70:1367-80. 10.1093\/jac\/dku545","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705688","article-title":"Oral tecovirimat for the treatment of smallpox","volume":"379","author":"Grosenbach DW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grosenbach DW, Honeychurch K, Rose EA, et al.. Oral tecovirimat for the treatment of smallpox. N Engl J Med. 2018, 379:44-53. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1705688","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1164","article-title":"Clinical considerations on monkeypox antiviral medications: an overview","volume":"12","author":"Pourkarim F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pourkarim F, Entezari-Maleki T. Clinical considerations on monkeypox antiviral medications: an overview. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2024, 12:e01164. 10.1002\/prp2.1164","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00021-09","article-title":"Nonhuman primates are protected from smallpox virus or monkeypox virus challenges by the antiviral drug ST-246","volume":"53","author":"Huggins J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huggins J, Goff A, Hensley L, et al.. Nonhuman primates are protected from smallpox virus or monkeypox virus challenges by the antiviral drug ST-246. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009, 53:2620-5. 10.1128\/AAC.00021-09","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00208-15","article-title":"Treatment with the smallpox antiviral tecovirimat (ST-246) alone or in combination with ACAM2000 vaccination is effective as a postsymptomatic therapy for monkeypox virus infection","volume":"59","author":"Berhanu A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berhanu A, Prigge JT, Silvera PM, Honeychurch KM, Hruby DE, Grosenbach DW. Treatment with the smallpox antiviral tecovirimat (ST-246) alone or in combination with ACAM2000 vaccination is effective as a postsymptomatic therapy for monkeypox virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015, 59:4296-300. 10.1128\/AAC.00208-15","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration | TPOXX capsules and injections prescribing information. (2024). Accessed. September 18, 2024: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/214518s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"European Medicine Agency | Tecovirimat SIGA . (2024). Accessed. September 18, 2024: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/t...."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/327230-epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-treatment-options-of-monkeypox-a-narrative-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T04:45:05Z","timestamp":1737693905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/327230-epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-treatment-options-of-monkeypox-a-narrative-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.77892","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]}}}