{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:19:41Z","timestamp":1777367981823,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.78837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T08:46:34Z","timestamp":1739263594000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gemella sanguinis: A Rare Cause of Endocarditis in a Bicuspid Aortic Valve"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Emily L","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashton R","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Muhsen Z","family":"Abdeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Gilkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.774224","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden and trends of infective endocarditis from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"9","author":"Chen H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen H, Zhan Y, Zhang K, et al.. The global, regional, and national burden and trends of infective endocarditis from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022, 9:774224. 10.3389\/fmed.2022.774224","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13193086","article-title":"Contemporary features and management of endocarditis","volume":"13","author":"Comeaux S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Comeaux S, Jamison K, Voeltz M. Contemporary features and management of endocarditis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023, 13:3086. 10.3390\/diagnostics13193086","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2016.08.09","article-title":"Epidemiological and mortality trends in infective endocarditis, a 17-year population-based prospective study","volume":"7","author":"Cresti A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cresti A, Chiavarelli M, Scalese M, et al.. Epidemiological and mortality trends in infective endocarditis, a 17-year population-based prospective study. Cardiovasc Diag Ther. 2017, 7:27-35. 10.21037\/cdt.2016.08.09","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diag Ther"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Infectious endocarditis","author":"Yallowitz AW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yallowitz AW, Decker LC. Infectious endocarditis. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2024."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.01.001","article-title":"Bicuspid aortic valve endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis: case report and literature review","volume":"12","author":"Maraki S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maraki S, Plevritaki A, Kofteridis D, Scoulica E, Eskitzis A, Gikas A, Panagiotakis SH. Bicuspid aortic valve endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis: case report and literature review. J Infect Public Health. 2019, 12:304-8. 10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.01.001","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2020.03.001","article-title":"A rare case of isolated mitral valve endocarditis by Gemella sanguinis: case report and review of the literature","volume":"69","author":"Sideris AC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sideris AC, Zimmermann E, Ogami T, Avgerinos DV. A rare case of isolated mitral valve endocarditis by Gemella sanguinis: case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2020, 69:51-4. 10.1016\/j.ijscr.2020.03.001","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28099","article-title":"Aortic and mitral valve infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis","volume":"14","author":"Shah N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shah N, SInnatamby Moon D, Wehman B. Aortic and mitral valve infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis. Cureus. 2022, 14:e28099. 10.7759\/cureus.28099","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040706","article-title":"Gemella sanguinis infective endocarditis\u2014challenging management of an 8-year-old with Duchenne dystrophy and undiagnosed congenital heart disease: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Filip C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Filip C, Vasile CM, Nicolae G, et al.. Gemella sanguinis infective endocarditis\u2014challenging management of an 8-year-old with Duchenne dystrophy and undiagnosed congenital heart disease: a case report. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023, 12:706. 10.3390\/antibiotics12040706","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.36.10.3090-3093.1998","article-title":"Description of Gemella sanguinis sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens","volume":"36","author":"Collins MD","year":"1998","unstructured":"Collins MD, Hutson RA, Falsen E, Sj\u00f6den B, Facklam RR. Description of Gemella sanguinis sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1998, 36:3090-3. 10.1128\/jcm.36.10.3090-3093.1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Second case of infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis","volume":"101","author":"Shukla SK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shukla SK, Tak T, Haselby RC, McCauley CS Jr, Reed KD. Second case of infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis. WMJ. 2002, 101:37-9.","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis in a hemodialysis patient","volume":"77","author":"Lee SH","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee SH, Cho DK, Lee HK. Infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis in a hemodialysis patient. Korean J Med. 2009, 77:899.","journal-title":"Korean J Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(09)70132-3","article-title":"Infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis","volume":"33","author":"Almaghrabi R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Almaghrabi R, Halim M, Kherallah M, Sheikh A. Infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009, 33:S44. 10.1016\/S0924-8579(09)70132-3","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ipc.0b013e31821d317d","article-title":"Aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by an unusual microorganism, Gemella sanguinis","volume":"20","author":"Tiu CT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tiu CT, Lin YS, Speciale P, Shetty V, Ghitan M, Chapnick EK. Aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by an unusual microorganism, Gemella sanguinis. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2012, 20:85-7. 10.1097\/ipc.0b013e31821d317d","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2012.02.012","article-title":"Gemella sanguinis endocarditis: first case report in Taiwan and review of the literature","volume":"113","author":"Yang CH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang CH, Tsai KT. Gemella sanguinis endocarditis: first case report in Taiwan and review of the literature. J Formos Med Assoc. 2012, 113:562-5. 10.1016\/j.jfma.2012.02.012","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31827de7ba","article-title":"\"Kissing\" vegetation in a rare case of infective endocarditis by Gemella sanguinis","volume":"345","author":"Chadha S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chadha S, Chen O, Shetty V, Sadiq A, Hollander G, Frankel R, Shani J. \"Kissing\" vegetation in a rare case of infective endocarditis by Gemella sanguinis. Am J Med Sci. 2013, 345:507-8. 10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31827de7ba","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sft030","article-title":"Gemella sanguinis endocarditis with c-ANCA\/anti-PR-3-associated immune complex necrotizing glomerulonephritis with a 'full-house' pattern on immunofluorescence microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Rousseau-Gagnon M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rousseau-Gagnon M, Riopel J, Desjardins A, Garceau D, Agharazii M, Desmeules S. Gemella sanguinis endocarditis with c-ANCA\/anti-PR-3-associated immune complex necrotizing glomerulonephritis with a 'full-house' pattern on immunofluorescence microscopy. Clin Kidney J. 2013, 6:300-4. 10.1093\/ckj\/sft030","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"First case report in Japan of infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis","volume":"64","author":"Tsumita N","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsumita N, Ohyanagi T, Kurosawa M, Takagi T, Yamazaki T, Kunishima H. First case report in Japan of infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis. Japanese J Med Tech. 2015, 64:433-40.","journal-title":"Japanese J Med Tech"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2015.08.008","article-title":"Gemella sanguinis: a rare cause of native valve endocarditis in a child","volume":"72","author":"Mugunthan M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mugunthan M, Bhalla S, Shete V, Grover N. Gemella sanguinis: a rare cause of native valve endocarditis in a child. Med J Armed Forces India. 2016, 72:S84-6. 10.1016\/j.mjafi.2015.08.008","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9382395","article-title":"A case report of successful conservative treatment for infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis","volume":"2019","author":"Emmanouilidou G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Emmanouilidou G, Voukelatou P, Vrettos I, et al.. A case report of successful conservative treatment for infective endocarditis caused by Gemella sanguinis. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2019, 2019:9382395. 10.1155\/2019\/9382395","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53150\/msj.v1i1.35","article-title":"Gemella sanguinis: endocarditis, hypercoagulability, and stroke. First case report in Italy","volume":"1","author":"Amendolagine L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amendolagine L, Colombo T, Comolli F, Gagliardone MP, Milazzo F, Rezoagli E. Gemella sanguinis: endocarditis, hypercoagulability, and stroke. First case report in Italy. Med Sci J. 2023, 1:e202335. 10.53150\/msj.v1i1.35","journal-title":"Med Sci J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjon.2021.09.007","article-title":"Aortic valve endocarditis in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves","volume":"8","author":"Le T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Le T, Graham NJ, Naeem A, et al.. Aortic valve endocarditis in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves. JTCVS Open. 2021, 8:228-36. 10.1016\/j.xjon.2021.09.007","journal-title":"JTCVS Open"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2023.101249","article-title":"Infective endocarditis risk in patients with bicuspid aortic valve: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Pereira SC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pereira SC, Abrantes AL, Ant\u00f3nio PS, et al.. Infective endocarditis risk in patients with bicuspid aortic valve: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2023, 47:101249. 10.1016\/j.ijcha.2023.101249","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00524","article-title":"The versatility of opportunistic infections caused by Gemella isolates is supported by the carriage of virulence factors from multiple origins","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda L\u00f3pez E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda L\u00f3pez E, Mart\u00edn-Galiano AJ. The versatility of opportunistic infections caused by Gemella isolates is supported by the carriage of virulence factors from multiple origins. Front Microbiol. 2020, 11:524. 10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00524","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-247033","article-title":"Gemella morbillorum mitral valve endocarditis in a patient with a history of mitral valve annuloplasty","volume":"15","author":"Liu CR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu CR, Heid CA, Chandra R, Hauptmann E, Brickner ME, Hwang M, Wait MA. Gemella morbillorum mitral valve endocarditis in a patient with a history of mitral valve annuloplasty. BMJ Case Rep. 2022, 15:e247033. 10.1136\/bcr-2021-247033","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad510","article-title":"Correction to: the 2023 Duke-International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: updating the modified Duke criteria","volume":"77","author":"Vance GF","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vance GF, Durack DT, Selton-Suty C, et al.. Correction to: the 2023 Duke-International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: updating the modified Duke criteria. Clinical Inf Dis. 2023, 77:1222. 10.1093\/cid\/ciad510","journal-title":"Clinical Inf Dis"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Endocarditis antibiotic regimens","author":"Tackling G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tackling G, Lala V. Endocarditis antibiotic regimens. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2024."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2019.10.05","article-title":"Current AATS guidelines on surgical treatment of infective endocarditis","volume":"8","author":"Pettersson GB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pettersson GB, Hussain ST. Current AATS guidelines on surgical treatment of infective endocarditis. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2019, 8:630-44. 10.21037\/acs.2019.10.05","journal-title":"Ann Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.6186-20","article-title":"Hemolytic anemia in a patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis by Cardiobacterium hominis","volume":"60","author":"Shingu M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shingu M, Ishimaru N, Ohnishi J, et al.. Hemolytic anemia in a patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis by Cardiobacterium hominis. Intern Med. 2021, 60:3489-95. 10.2169\/internalmedicine.6186-20","journal-title":"Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/326393-gemella-sanguinis-a-rare-cause-of-endocarditis-in-a-bicuspid-aortic-valve","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T08:46:37Z","timestamp":1739263597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/326393-gemella-sanguinis-a-rare-cause-of-endocarditis-in-a-bicuspid-aortic-valve"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.78837","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]}}}