{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T02:06:26Z","timestamp":1783821986498,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.79683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T13:18:17Z","timestamp":1740575897000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of Accommodative Insufficiency in Children With Normal Accommodative-Convergence\/Accommodation Ratio and Its Association With Refractive Error: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Shoubhik","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrutakirty","family":"Parida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumya  k","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matuli","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shovna","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohc.2005.09.004","article-title":"Accommodation: mechanism and measurement","volume":"19","author":"Glasser A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Glasser A. Accommodation: mechanism and measurement. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2006, 19:1-12, v. 10.1016\/j.ohc.2005.09.004","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/aveh.v74i1.28","article-title":"Mechanism of accommodation: a review of theoretical propositions","volume":"74","author":"Ovenseri-Ogbomo GO","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ovenseri-Ogbomo GO, Oduntan OA. Mechanism of accommodation: a review of theoretical propositions. Afr Vision Eye Health. 2015, 74:a28. 10.4102\/aveh.v74i1.28","journal-title":"Afr Vision Eye Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4591-10.2011","article-title":"Reaction time correlations during eye-hand coordination: behavior and modeling","volume":"31","author":"Dean HL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dean HL, Mart\u00ed D, Tsui E, Rinzel J, Pesaran B. Reaction time correlations during eye-hand coordination: behavior and modeling. J Neurosci. 2011, 31:2399-412. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4591-10.2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2023.109053","article-title":"A multi-scale simulation of retinal physiology","volume":"363","author":"Abuelnasr B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abuelnasr B, Stinchcombe AR. A multi-scale simulation of retinal physiology. Math Biosci. 2023, 363:109053. 10.1016\/j.mbs.2023.109053","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vision6010006","article-title":"Ocular autonomic nervous system: an update from anatomy to physiological functions","volume":"6","author":"Wu F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu F, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Ocular autonomic nervous system: an update from anatomy to physiological functions. Vision (Basel). 2022, 6:6. 10.3390\/vision6010006","journal-title":"Vision (Basel)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2019.05.002","article-title":"Sources of error in clinical measurement of the amplitude of accommodation","volume":"13","author":"Burns DH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burns DH, Allen PM, Edgar DF, Evans BJ. Sources of error in clinical measurement of the amplitude of accommodation. J Optom. 2020, 13:3-14. 10.1016\/j.optom.2019.05.002","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000757","article-title":"The effect of age, accommodation, and refractive error on the adult human eye","volume":"93","author":"Richdale K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richdale K, Bullimore MA, Sinnott LT, Zadnik K. The effect of age, accommodation, and refractive error on the adult human eye. Optom Vis Sci. 2016, 93:3-11. 10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000757","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0292","article-title":"Eye shape in emmetropia and myopia","volume":"45","author":"Atchison DA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Atchison DA, Jones CE, Schmid KL, Pritchard N, Pope JM, Strugnell WE, Riley RA. Eye shape in emmetropia and myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004, 45:3380-6. 10.1167\/iovs.04-0292","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"The near vision complex","author":"von Noorden GK","year":"2002","unstructured":"von Noorden GK, Campos EC. The near vision complex. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996; 2002. 85-100."},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Dynamic population coding in primary visual cortex","author":"Gutnisky DA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gutnisky DA. Dynamic population coding in primary visual cortex. Texas Medical Center Dissertations (via ProQuest). 2009, AAI3383831.","journal-title":"Texas Medical Center Dissertations (via ProQuest)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13492","article-title":"Influences of luminance and accommodation stimuli on pupil size and pupil center location","volume":"55","author":"Mathur A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathur A, Gehrmann J, Atchison DA. Influences of luminance and accommodation stimuli on pupil size and pupil center location. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014, 55:2166-72. 10.1167\/iovs.13-13492","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000365","article-title":"Depth-of-field of the accommodating eye","volume":"91","author":"Bernal-Molina P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bernal-Molina P, Mont\u00e9s-Mic\u00f3 R, Legras R, L\u00f3pez-Gil N. Depth-of-field of the accommodating eye. Optom Vis Sci. 2014, 91:1208-14. 10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000365","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199707000-00019","article-title":"Subjective depth-of-focus of the eye","volume":"74","author":"Atchison DA","year":"1997","unstructured":"Atchison DA, Charman WN, Woods RL. Subjective depth-of-focus of the eye. Optom Vis Sci. 1997, 74:511-20. 10.1097\/00006324-199707000-00019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.16173","article-title":"Amplitude of accommodation and its relation to refractive errors","volume":"53","author":"Abraham LM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abraham LM, Kuriakose T, Sivanandam V, Venkatesan N, Thomas R, Muliyil J. Amplitude of accommodation and its relation to refractive errors. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2005, 53:105-8. 10.4103\/0301-4738.16173","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1202469","article-title":"Effect of vision therapy on accommodation in myopic Chinese children","volume":"2016","author":"Ma MM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma MM, Scheiman M, Su C, Chen X. Effect of vision therapy on accommodation in myopic Chinese children. J Ophthalmol. 2016, 2016:1202469. 10.1155\/2016\/1202469","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2017.02.002","article-title":"Efficacy of vision therapy in children with learning disability and associated binocular vision anomalies","volume":"11","author":"Hussaindeen JR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hussaindeen JR, Shah P, Ramani KK, Ramanujan L. Efficacy of vision therapy in children with learning disability and associated binocular vision anomalies. J Optom. 2018, 11:40-8. 10.1016\/j.optom.2017.02.002","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"","author":"Scheiman M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scheiman M, Wick B. Clinical Management of Binocular Vision: Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders. 4th ed. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA; 2014. http:\/\/courseware.cutm.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Mitchell-Scheiman-OD-Bruce-Wick-OD-PhD-Clinical-Management-of...."},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Association of symptoms and convergence and accommodative insufficiency in school-age children","volume":"74","author":"Borsting E","year":"2003","unstructured":"Borsting E, Rouse MW, Deland PN, Hovett S, Kimura D, Park M, Stephens B. Association of symptoms and convergence and accommodative insufficiency in school-age children. Optometry. 2003, 74:25-34.","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.05.007","article-title":"Accommodation functions: co-dependency and relationship to refractive error","volume":"46","author":"Allen PM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Allen PM, O'Leary DJ. Accommodation functions: co-dependency and relationship to refractive error. Vision Res. 2006, 46:491-505. 10.1016\/j.visres.2005.05.007","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijovs.20220701.16","article-title":"Comparison of the amplitude of accommodation measured using push-up, minus lens-to-blur methods and Hofstetter's equations in Saudi university students","volume":"7","author":"Altoaimi BH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Altoaimi BH. Comparison of the amplitude of accommodation measured using push-up, minus lens-to-blur methods and Hofstetter's equations in Saudi university students. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2022, 7:33-9. 10.11648\/j.ijovs.20220701.16","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Difference of accommodative response between binocular and monocular viewing condition measured by binocular wavefront sensor","volume":"60","author":"Fujikado T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fujikado T, Kanda H, Morimoto T, Hirota M. Difference of accommodative response between binocular and monocular viewing condition measured by binocular wavefront sensor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019, 60:1790.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1061-x","article-title":"Convergence insufficiency and accommodative insufficiency in children","volume":"19","author":"Nunes AF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nunes AF, Monteiro PM, Ferreira FB, Nunes AS. Convergence insufficiency and accommodative insufficiency in children. BMC Ophthalmol. 2019, 19:58. 10.1186\/s12886-019-1061-x","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.736617","article-title":"Contribution of total screen\/online-course time to asthenopia in children during COVID-19 pandemic via influencing psychological stress","volume":"9","author":"Li L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li L, Zhang J, Chen M, et al.. Contribution of total screen\/online-course time to asthenopia in children during COVID-19 pandemic via influencing psychological stress. Front Public Health. 2021, 9:736617. 10.3389\/fpubh.2021.736617","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Clinical profile of non strabismic binocular vision anomalies in MBBS and nursing students in a teaching hospital: a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Tiwari RP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tiwari RP, Barot RK, Sawant V, Wagh U, Makarnikar B, Kanetkar M. Clinical profile of non strabismic binocular vision anomalies in MBBS and nursing students in a teaching hospital: a cross-sectional study\r\n. J Clin Diagn Res. 2022, 16:19-23.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7710\/2168-0620.1114","article-title":"The relationship between attention, dyslexia, and convergence insufficiency","volume":"11","author":"Migrants T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Migrants T, Kiyokawa JM, Island H. The relationship between attention, dyslexia, and convergence insufficiency. Int J Undergrad Res Creative Act. 2023, 11:1. 10.7710\/2168-0620.1114","journal-title":"Int J Undergrad Res Creative Act"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"A comparison of three clinical tests of accommodation to Hofstetter's norms to guide diagnosis and treatment","author":"Taub MB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taub MB. A comparison of three clinical tests of accommodation to Hofstetter's norms to guide diagnosis and treatment. Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry. 2017,","journal-title":"Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000216097.78951.7b","article-title":"Accommodative insufficiency is the primary source of symptoms in children diagnosed with convergence insufficiency","volume":"83","author":"Marran LF","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marran LF, De Land PN, Nguyen AL. Accommodative insufficiency is the primary source of symptoms in children diagnosed with convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci. 2006, 83:281-9. 10.1097\/01.opx.0000216097.78951.7b","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2018.03.006","article-title":"Accommodative insufficiency in a student population in Iran","volume":"12","author":"Hashemi H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Nabovati P, et al.. Accommodative insufficiency in a student population in Iran. J Optom. 2019, 12:161-7. 10.1016\/j.optom.2018.03.006","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/just.v34i2.7","article-title":"Prevalence of accommodative insufficiency and accommodative infacility among junior high school students in a Ghanaian town","volume":"34","author":"Abdul-Kabir M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdul-Kabir M, Abdul-Kabir A, Koomson NY, Afari C. Prevalence of accommodative insufficiency and accommodative infacility among junior high school students in a Ghanaian town. J Sci Technol (Ghana). 2015, 34:7. 10.4314\/just.v34i2.7","journal-title":"J Sci Technol (Ghana)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200209000-00013","article-title":"Diagnostic signs of accommodative insufficiency","volume":"79","author":"Cacho P","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cacho P, Garc\u00eda A, Lara F, Segu\u00ed MM. Diagnostic signs of accommodative insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci. 2002, 79:614-20. 10.1097\/00006324-200209000-00013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1372","article-title":"Effects of orthoptic treatment on the CA\/C and AC\/A ratios in convergence insufficiency","volume":"47","author":"Brautaset RL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brautaset RL, Jennings AJ. Effects of orthoptic treatment on the CA\/C and AC\/A ratios in convergence insufficiency. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006, 47:2876-80. 10.1167\/iovs.04-1372","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.12.1432h","article-title":"An unusual cause of asthenopia: \"pseudo-accommodative insufficiency\" associated with a high AC:A ratio","volume":"84","author":"Houston CA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Houston CA, Jone D, Weir CR. An unusual cause of asthenopia: \"pseudo-accommodative insufficiency\" associated with a high AC:A ratio. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000, 84:1438. 10.1136\/bjo.84.12.1432h","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1973_18","article-title":"Accommodative anomalies in children","volume":"68","author":"Shukla Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shukla Y. Accommodative anomalies in children. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020, 68:1520-5. 10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1973_18","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12475","article-title":"Binocular vision anomalies and normative data (BAND) in Tamil Nadu: report 1","volume":"100","author":"Hussaindeen JR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hussaindeen JR, Rakshit A, Singh NK, et al.. Binocular vision anomalies and normative data (BAND) in Tamil Nadu: report 1. Clin Exp Optom. 2017, 100:278-84. 10.1111\/cxo.12475","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/342600-prevalence-of-accommodative-insufficiency-in-children-with-normal-accommodative-convergenceaccommodation-ratio-and-its-association-with-refractive-error-a-cross-sectional-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T13:18:20Z","timestamp":1740575900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/342600-prevalence-of-accommodative-insufficiency-in-children-with-normal-accommodative-convergenceaccommodation-ratio-and-its-association-with-refractive-error-a-cross-sectional-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.79683","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]}}}