{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T18:10:22Z","timestamp":1740766222923,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.79829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T16:58:28Z","timestamp":1740761908000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Historical Review and Clinical Uses of Skin Indentation to Assess Limb Lymphedema"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Harvey N","family":"Mayrovitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3400\/avd.ra.24-00011","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatments of limb lymphedema: review","volume":"17","author":"Kitayama S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kitayama S. Diagnosis and treatments of limb lymphedema: review. Ann Vasc Dis. 2024, 17:114-9. 10.3400\/avd.ra.24-00011","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.55906","article-title":"Assessment modalities for lower extremity edema, lymphedema, and lipedema: a scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Markarian B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Markarian B, Toro C, Moreira K, Polam S, Mathew N, Mayrovitz HN. Assessment modalities for lower extremity edema, lymphedema, and lipedema: a scoping review. Cureus. 2024, 16:e55906. 10.7759\/cureus.55906","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-024-02472-9","article-title":"Current diagnostic and quantitative techniques in the field of lymphedema management: a critical review","volume":"41","author":"Vargo M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vargo M, Aldrich M, Donahue P, Iker E, Koelmeyer L, Crescenzi R, Cheville A. Current diagnostic and quantitative techniques in the field of lymphedema management: a critical review. Med Oncol. 2024, 41:241. 10.1007\/s12032-024-02472-9","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2009.0006","article-title":"The standard of care for lymphedema: current concepts and physiological considerations","volume":"7","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN. The standard of care for lymphedema: current concepts and physiological considerations. Lymphat Res Biol. 2009, 7:101-8. 10.1089\/lrb.2009.0006","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2008.1026","article-title":"Recent advances in breast cancer-related lymphedema of the arm: lymphatic pump failure and predisposing factors","volume":"7","author":"Stanton AW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stanton AW, Modi S, Mellor RH, Levick JR, Mortimer PS. Recent advances in breast cancer-related lymphedema of the arm: lymphatic pump failure and predisposing factors. Lymphat Res Biol. 2009, 7:29-45. 10.1089\/lrb.2008.1026","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153968503321642615","article-title":"Impairment of lymph drainage in subfascial compartment of forearm in breast cancer-related lymphedema","volume":"1","author":"Stanton AW","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stanton AW, Mellor RH, Cook GJ, Svensson WE, Peters AM, Levick JR, Mortimer PS. Impairment of lymph drainage in subfascial compartment of forearm in breast cancer-related lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2003, 1:121-32. 10.1089\/153968503321642615","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-023-07161-1","article-title":"Breast lymphedema following breast-conserving treatment for breast cancer: current status and future directions","volume":"204","author":"Brunelle CL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brunelle CL, Boyages J, Jung AW, et al.. Breast lymphedema following breast-conserving treatment for breast cancer: current status and future directions. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2024, 204:193-222. 10.1007\/s10549-023-07161-1","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2024.102124","article-title":"Breast cancer-related lymphedema: a critical review on recent progress","volume":"56","author":"Sharifi N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharifi N, Ahmad S. Breast cancer-related lymphedema: a critical review on recent progress. Surg Oncol. 2024, 56:102124. 10.1016\/j.suronc.2024.102124","journal-title":"Surg Oncol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59261","article-title":"Breast cancer-related lymphedema assessed via tissue dielectric constant measurements","volume":"16","author":"Toro C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toro C, Markarian B, Mayrovitz HN. Breast cancer-related lymphedema assessed via tissue dielectric constant measurements. Cureus. 2024, 16:e59261. 10.7759\/cureus.59261","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2021.0035","article-title":"Current status and progress in the treatment of lower limb lymphedema after treatment of gynecological oncology","volume":"20","author":"Zhang H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang H, Kong W, Han C, Liu T, Li J, Song D. Current status and progress in the treatment of lower limb lymphedema after treatment of gynecological oncology. Lymphat Res Biol. 2022, 20:308-14. 10.1089\/lrb.2021.0035","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2021.12.464","article-title":"The prevalence of undiagnosed postoperative lower limb lymphedema among gynecological oncology patients","volume":"48","author":"Wong M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wong M, Eaton PK, Zanichelli C, Moore C, Hegarty C, MacDonald N. The prevalence of undiagnosed postoperative lower limb lymphedema among gynecological oncology patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2022, 48:1167-72. 10.1016\/j.ejso.2021.12.464","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2018.0039","article-title":"Assessing lower extremity lymphedema using upper and lower extremity tissue dielectric constant ratios: method and normal reference values","volume":"17","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN. Assessing lower extremity lymphedema using upper and lower extremity tissue dielectric constant ratios: method and normal reference values. Lymphat Res Biol. 2019, 17:457-64. 10.1089\/lrb.2018.0039","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14225667","article-title":"The prevalence of lower limb and genital lymphedema after prostate cancer treatment: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Clinckaert A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clinckaert A, Callens K, Cooreman A, et al.. The prevalence of lower limb and genital lymphedema after prostate cancer treatment: a systematic review. Cancers (Basel). 2022, 14:5667. 10.3390\/cancers14225667","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2024.0008","article-title":"The comparative frequency of breast cancer-related lymphedema determined by perometer and circumferential measurements: relationship with functional status and quality of life [Online ahead of print]","author":"Mete Civelek G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mete Civelek G, Borman P, Sahbaz Pirincci C, et al.. The comparative frequency of breast cancer-related lymphedema determined by perometer and circumferential measurements: relationship with functional status and quality of life [Online ahead of print]. Lymphat Res Biol. 2025, 10.1089\/lrb.2024.0008","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Assessment of limb volume by manual and automated methods in patients with limb edema or lymphedema","volume":"13","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, Sims N, Macdonald J. Assessment of limb volume by manual and automated methods in patients with limb edema or lymphedema. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2000, 13:272-6.","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Validation of an optoelectronic limb volumeter (Perometer)","volume":"30","author":"Stanton AW","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stanton AW, Northfield JW, Holroyd B, Mortimer PS, Levick JR. Validation of an optoelectronic limb volumeter (Perometer). Lymphology. 1997, 30:77-97.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-013-2655-2","article-title":"Defining a threshold for intervention in breast cancer-related lymphedema: what level of arm volume increase predicts progression?","volume":"140","author":"Specht MC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Specht MC, Miller CL, Russell TA, et al.. Defining a threshold for intervention in breast cancer-related lymphedema: what level of arm volume increase predicts progression?. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013, 140:485-94. 10.1007\/s10549-013-2655-2","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4741.2012.01229.x","article-title":"Time-course of arm lymphedema and potential risk factors for progression of lymphedema after breast conservation treatment for early stage breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Bar Ad V","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bar Ad V, Dutta PR, Solin LJ, et al.. Time-course of arm lymphedema and potential risk factors for progression of lymphedema after breast conservation treatment for early stage breast cancer. Breast J. 2012, 18:219-25. 10.1111\/j.1524-4741.2012.01229.x","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Alterations of untreated lymphedema and it's grades over time","volume":"28","author":"Casley-Smith JR","year":"1995","unstructured":"Casley-Smith JR. Alterations of untreated lymphedema and it's grades over time. Lymphology. 1995, 28:174-85.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.08.014","article-title":"Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic zippering in skin associated with the progression of lymphedema","volume":"144","author":"Itai N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Itai N, Gantumur E, Tsujita-Inoue K, Mitsukawa N, Akita S, Kajiya K. Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic zippering in skin associated with the progression of lymphedema. J Invest Dermatol. 2024, 144:659-668.e7. 10.1016\/j.jid.2023.08.014","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2020.0133","article-title":"Hardness sensed by skin palpation in legs with lymphedema is predominantly correlated with dermal thickening","volume":"20","author":"Suehiro K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suehiro K, Mizumoto Y, Morikage N, et al.. Hardness sensed by skin palpation in legs with lymphedema is predominantly correlated with dermal thickening. Lymphat Res Biol. 2022, 20:368-75. 10.1089\/lrb.2020.0133","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3400\/avd.oa.16-00086","article-title":"Skin and subcutaneous tissue ultrasonography features in breast cancer-related lymphedema","volume":"9","author":"Suehiro K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suehiro K, Morikage N, Yamashita O, et al.. Skin and subcutaneous tissue ultrasonography features in breast cancer-related lymphedema. Ann Vasc Dis. 2016, 9:312-6. 10.3400\/avd.oa.16-00086","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009866","article-title":"The vicious circle of stasis, inflammation, and fibrosis in lymphedema","volume":"151","author":"Brown S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brown S, Dayan JH, Kataru RP, Mehrara BJ. The vicious circle of stasis, inflammation, and fibrosis in lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2023, 151:330e-41e. 10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009866","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12081949","article-title":"Temporal changes in subcutaneous fibrosis in patients with lower extremity lymphedema following surgery for gynecologic cancer: a computed tomography-based quantitative analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lee S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee S, Lee DG, Kim KT. Temporal changes in subcutaneous fibrosis in patients with lower extremity lymphedema following surgery for gynecologic cancer: a computed tomography-based quantitative analysis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022, 12:1949. 10.3390\/diagnostics12081949","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.04.001","article-title":"Fibrosis and secondary lymphedema: chicken or egg?","volume":"209","author":"Kataru RP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kataru RP, Wiser I, Baik JE, Park HJ, Rehal S, Shin JY, Mehrara BJ. Fibrosis and secondary lymphedema: chicken or egg?. Transl Res. 2019, 209:68-76. 10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.04.001","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12310","article-title":"Skin indentation firmness and tissue dielectric constant assessed in face, neck, and arm skin of young healthy women","volume":"23","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, Corbitt K, Grammenos A, Abello A, Mammino J. Skin indentation firmness and tissue dielectric constant assessed in face, neck, and arm skin of young healthy women. Skin Res Technol. 2017, 23:112-20. 10.1111\/srt.12310","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Quantification of rate and depth of pitting in human edema using an electronic tonometer","volume":"27","author":"Bates DO","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bates DO, Levick JR, Mortimer PS. Quantification of rate and depth of pitting in human edema using an electronic tonometer. Lymphology. 1994, 27:159-72.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"A tissue tonometer for use in the field","volume":"18","author":"Casley-Smith JR","year":"1985","unstructured":"Casley-Smith JR. A tissue tonometer for use in the field. Lymphology. 1985, 18:192-4.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(72)90010-3","article-title":"A mathematical analysis for indentation tests of articular cartilage","volume":"5","author":"Hayes WC","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hayes WC, Keer LM, Herrmann G, Mockros LF. A mathematical analysis for indentation tests of articular cartilage. J Biomech. 1972, 5:541-51. 10.1016\/0021-9290(72)90010-3","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1350-4533(97)00017-9","article-title":"Estimating the effective Young's modulus of soft tissues from indentation tests--nonlinear finite element analysis of effects of friction and large deformation","volume":"19","author":"Zhang M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zhang M, Zheng YP, Mak AF. Estimating the effective Young's modulus of soft tissues from indentation tests--nonlinear finite element analysis of effects of friction and large deformation. Med Eng Phys. 1997, 19:512-7. 10.1016\/s1350-4533(97)00017-9","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.788463","article-title":"Effective elastic properties for lower limb soft tissues from manual indentation experiment","volume":"7","author":"Zheng Y","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Mak AF. Effective elastic properties for lower limb soft tissues from manual indentation experiment. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1999, 7:257-67. 10.1109\/86.788463","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.1985.07.0001","article-title":"Skin blood flow changes and tissue deformations produced by cylindrical indentors","volume":"22","author":"Sacks AH","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sacks AH, O'Neill H, Perkash I. Skin blood flow changes and tissue deformations produced by cylindrical indentors. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1985, 22:1-6. 10.1682\/jrrd.1985.07.0001","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"A new instrument for the evaluation of tissue tonicity in lymphoedema","volume":"9","author":"Clodius L","year":"1976","unstructured":"Clodius L, Deak L, Piller NB. A new instrument for the evaluation of tissue tonicity in lymphoedema. Lymphology. 1976, 9:1-5.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"A new instrument for the evaluation fo tissue tonicity in lymphoedema","volume":"9","author":"Clodius L","year":"1976","unstructured":"Clodius L, Deak L, Piller NB. A new instrument for the evaluation fo tissue tonicity in lymphoedema. Lymphology. 1976, 9:1-5.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(88)90081-1","article-title":"The use of tonometry in the assessment of upper extremity lymphoedema","volume":"41","author":"Chen HC","year":"1988","unstructured":"Chen HC, O'Brien BM, Pribaz JJ, Roberts AH. The use of tonometry in the assessment of upper extremity lymphoedema. Br J Plast Surg. 1988, 41:399-402. 10.1016\/0007-1226(88)90081-1","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(88)90139-7","article-title":"A double-blind, cross-over trial of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (benzo-pyrones) in the treatment of lymphoedema of the arms and legs","volume":"41","author":"Piller NB","year":"1988","unstructured":"Piller NB, Morgan RG, Casley-Smith JR. A double-blind, cross-over trial of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (benzo-pyrones) in the treatment of lymphoedema of the arms and legs. Br J Plast Surg. 1988, 41:20-7. 10.1016\/0007-1226(88)90139-7","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Tissue tonometry: a useful tool for assessing filarial lymphedema","volume":"25","author":"Kar SK","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kar SK, Kar PK, Mania J. Tissue tonometry: a useful tool for assessing filarial lymphedema. Lymphology. 1992, 25:55-61.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Use of tonometry to assess lower extremity lymphedema","volume":"25","author":"Liu NF","year":"1992","unstructured":"Liu NF, Olszewski W. Use of tonometry to assess lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology. 1992, 25:155-8.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Treatment of chronic postmastectomy lymphedema with low level laser therapy: a 2.5 year follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Piller NB","year":"1998","unstructured":"Piller NB, Thelander A. Treatment of chronic postmastectomy lymphedema with low level laser therapy: a 2.5 year follow-up. Lymphology. 1998, 31:74-86.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10976","article-title":"Decongestive lymphatic therapy for patients with breast carcinoma-associated lymphedema. A randomized, prospective study of a role for adjunctive intermittent pneumatic compression","volume":"95","author":"Szuba A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Szuba A, Achalu R, Rockson SG. Decongestive lymphatic therapy for patients with breast carcinoma-associated lymphedema. A randomized, prospective study of a role for adjunctive intermittent pneumatic compression. Cancer. 2002, 95:2260-7. 10.1002\/cncr.10976","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11641","article-title":"Treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema with low-level laser therapy: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Carati CJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carati CJ, Anderson SN, Gannon BJ, Piller NB. Treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema with low-level laser therapy: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer. 2003, 98:1114-22. 10.1002\/cncr.11641","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Transcutaneous oxygen tension in arms of women with unilateral postmastectomy lymphedema","volume":"38","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, Sims N, Brown-Cross D, Humen S, Cohen P, Kleinman-Barnett C. Transcutaneous oxygen tension in arms of women with unilateral postmastectomy lymphedema. Lymphology. 2005, 38:81-6.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31815b6199","article-title":"Reliability study of measurements for lymphedema in breast cancer patients","volume":"87","author":"Chen YW","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen YW, Tsai HJ, Hung HC, Tsauo JY. Reliability study of measurements for lymphedema in breast cancer patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008, 87:33-8. 10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31815b6199","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Assessing lymphedema by tissue indentation force and local tissue water","volume":"42","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN. Assessing lymphedema by tissue indentation force and local tissue water. Lymphology. 2009, 42:88-98.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001242","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis: a method to identify subclinical lower limb change in PNG adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Gordon S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gordon S, Melrose W, Warner J, Buttner P, Ward L. Lymphatic filariasis: a method to identify subclinical lower limb change in PNG adolescents. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011, 5:e1242. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001242","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Changes in tissue water and indentation resistance of lymphedematous limbs accompanying low level laser therapy (LLLT) of fibrotic skin","volume":"44","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, Davey S. Changes in tissue water and indentation resistance of lymphedematous limbs accompanying low level laser therapy (LLLT) of fibrotic skin. Lymphology. 2011, 44:168-77.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-214","article-title":"Yoga management of breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a randomised controlled pilot-trial","volume":"14","author":"Loudon A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loudon A, Barnett T, Piller N, Immink MA, Williams AD. Yoga management of breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a randomised controlled pilot-trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014, 14:214. 10.1186\/1472-6882-14-214","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Local skin cooling as an aid to the management of patients with breast cancer related lymphedema and fibrosis of the arm or breast","volume":"50","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, Yzer JA. Local skin cooling as an aid to the management of patients with breast cancer related lymphedema and fibrosis of the arm or breast. Lymphology. 2017, 50:56-66.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2016.0029","article-title":"The value of using a SkinFibroMeter for diagnosis and assessment of secondary lymphedema and associated fibrosis of lower limb skin","volume":"15","author":"Sun D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun D, Yu Z, Chen J, Wang L, Han L, Liu N. The value of using a SkinFibroMeter for diagnosis and assessment of secondary lymphedema and associated fibrosis of lower limb skin. Lymphat Res Biol. 2017, 15:70-6. 10.1089\/lrb.2016.0029","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2017.0071","article-title":"Comparison of two methods, the sponge method and young's modulus, for evaluating stiffness of skin or subcutaneous tissues in the extremities of patients with lymphedema: a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Hara H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hara H, Mihara M. Comparison of two methods, the sponge method and young's modulus, for evaluating stiffness of skin or subcutaneous tissues in the extremities of patients with lymphedema: a pilot study. Lymphat Res Biol. 2018, 16:464-70. 10.1089\/lrb.2017.0071","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13212","article-title":"Preventive chemotherapy reverses covert, lymphatic-associated tissue change in young people with lymphatic filariasis in Myanmar","volume":"24","author":"Douglass J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Douglass J, Dykes L, Kelly-Hope L, et al.. Preventive chemotherapy reverses covert, lymphatic-associated tissue change in young people with lymphatic filariasis in Myanmar. Trop Med Int Health. 2019, 24:463-76. 10.1111\/tmi.13212","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2018.0005","article-title":"The effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression in therapy of lymphedema of lower limbs: methods of evaluation and results","volume":"17","author":"Zaleska MT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zaleska MT, Olszewski WL. The effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression in therapy of lymphedema of lower limbs: methods of evaluation and results. Lymphat Res Biol. 2019, 17:60-9. 10.1089\/lrb.2018.0005","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082444","article-title":"Effect of an enhanced self-care protocol on lymphedema status among people affected by moderate to severe lower-limb lymphedema in Bangladesh, a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Douglass J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douglass J, Mableson H, Martindale S, et al.. Effect of an enhanced self-care protocol on lymphedema status among people affected by moderate to severe lower-limb lymphedema in Bangladesh, a cluster randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2020, 9:2444. 10.3390\/jcm9082444","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2018.0089","article-title":"Development of a noninvasive skin evaluation method for lower limb lymphedema","volume":"18","author":"Sano M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sano M, Hirakawa S, Yamanaka Y, et al.. Development of a noninvasive skin evaluation method for lower limb lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2020, 18:7-15. 10.1089\/lrb.2018.0089","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2018.0066","article-title":"Assessment of skin properties in chronic lymphedema: measurement of skin stiffness, percentage water content, and transepidermal water loss","volume":"18","author":"Yu Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu Z, Liu N, Wang L, Chen J, Han L, Sun D. Assessment of skin properties in chronic lymphedema: measurement of skin stiffness, percentage water content, and transepidermal water loss. Lymphat Res Biol. 2020, 18:212-8. 10.1089\/lrb.2018.0066","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2018.0060","article-title":"Tissue structure and edema fluid events during treatment of lymphedema of limbs with a manual pressure-calibrated device, Linforoll","volume":"18","author":"Zaleska MT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaleska MT, Olszewski WL. Tissue structure and edema fluid events during treatment of lymphedema of limbs with a manual pressure-calibrated device, Linforoll. Lymphat Res Biol. 2020, 18:35-41. 10.1089\/lrb.2018.0060","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10090934","article-title":"Pilot study of anti-Th2 immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer-related upper extremity lymphedema","volume":"10","author":"Mehrara BJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehrara BJ, Park HJ, Kataru RP, et al.. Pilot study of anti-Th2 immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer-related upper extremity lymphedema. Biology (Basel). 2021, 10:934. 10.3390\/biology10090934","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2022.0101","article-title":"Tissue dielectric constant and skin stiffness relationships in lower extremity lymphedema","volume":"21","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, Shams E, Astudillo A, Jain A. Tissue dielectric constant and skin stiffness relationships in lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2023, 21:439-46. 10.1089\/lrb.2022.0101","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2023.0064","article-title":"High pressure 3\u2009\u00d7\u200930 minute compression methods for advanced lower limb lymphedema patients","volume":"22","author":"Zaleska MT","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zaleska MT, Krzesniak NE. High pressure 3\u2009\u00d7\u200930 minute compression methods for advanced lower limb lymphedema patients. Lymphat Res Biol. 2024, 22:153-62. 10.1089\/lrb.2023.0064","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/344659-historical-review-and-clinical-uses-of-skin-indentation-to-assess-limb-lymphedema","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T16:58:31Z","timestamp":1740761911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/344659-historical-review-and-clinical-uses-of-skin-indentation-to-assess-limb-lymphedema"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.79829","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2168-8184"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}}}