{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T18:08:11Z","timestamp":1781201291930,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.80957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T15:38:55Z","timestamp":1742571535000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimising Care for Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in District General Hospitals: Best Practice Insights and Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Aadithiyavikram","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahim","family":"Nadeem Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Vidgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sundar","family":"Ashok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Kotsiopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04636-y","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a review inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"41","author":"Soy M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soy M, Atag\u00fcnd\u00fcz P, Atag\u00fcnd\u00fcz I, Sucak GT. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a review inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic. Rheumatol Int. 2021, 41:7-18. 10.1007\/s00296-020-04636-y","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066613517076","article-title":"Hemophagocytic syndrome and critical illness: new insights into diagnosis and management","volume":"30","author":"Tothova Z","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tothova Z, Berliner N. Hemophagocytic syndrome and critical illness: new insights into diagnosis and management. J Intensive Care Med. 2015, 30:401-12. 10.1177\/0885066613517076","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.048","article-title":"Genetic predisposition to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: report on 500 patients from the Italian registry","volume":"137","author":"Cetica V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cetica V, Sieni E, Pende D, et al.. Genetic predisposition to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: report on 500 patients from the Italian registry. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016, 137:188-96.e4. 10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.048","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481402100406","article-title":"Hereditary and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"21","author":"Zhang L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhou J, Sokol L. Hereditary and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Cancer Control. 2014, 21:301-12. 10.1177\/107327481402100406","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2021.2020323","article-title":"Current status of the diagnosis and treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults","volume":"56","author":"Kim YR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim YR, Kim DY. Current status of the diagnosis and treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Blood Res. 2021, 56:S17-25. 10.5045\/br.2021.2020323","journal-title":"Blood Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1751143719893865","article-title":"Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adult critical care","volume":"21","author":"Bauchmuller K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bauchmuller K, Manson JJ, Tattersall R, Brown M, McNamara C, Singer M, Brett SJ. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adult critical care. J Intensive Care Soc. 2020, 21:256-68. 10.1177\/1751143719893865","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Soc"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.03.023","article-title":"Similar but not the same: differential diagnosis of HLH and sepsis","volume":"114","author":"Machowicz R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Machowicz R, Janka G, Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W. Similar but not the same: differential diagnosis of HLH and sepsis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2017, 114:1-12. 10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.03.023","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21039","article-title":"HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"48","author":"Henter JI","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henter JI, Horne A, Aric\u00f3 M, et al.. HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007, 48:124-31. 10.1002\/pbc.21039","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102143","article-title":"Epidemiology, characteristics, and outcomes of adult haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the USA, 2006-19: a national, retrospective cohort study","volume":"62","author":"Abdelhay A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelhay A, Mahmoud AA, Al Ali O, Hashem A, Orakzai A, Jamshed S. Epidemiology, characteristics, and outcomes of adult haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the USA, 2006-19: a national, retrospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023, 62:102143. 10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102143","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38690","article-title":"Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Fardet L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fardet L, Galicier L, Lambotte O, et al.. Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014, 66:2613-20. 10.1002\/art.38690","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1369-3","article-title":"Your critical care patient may have HLH (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)","volume":"20","author":"Machowicz R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Machowicz R, Janka G, Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W. Your critical care patient may have HLH (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis). Crit Care. 2016, 20:215. 10.1186\/s13054-016-1369-3","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001048","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: potentially underdiagnosed in intensive care units","volume":"50","author":"Lachmann G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lachmann G, Spies C, Schenk T, Brunkhorst FM, Balzer F, La Ros\u00e9e P. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: potentially underdiagnosed in intensive care units. Shock. 2018, 50:149-55. 10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001048","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0619","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a potentially underrecognized association with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, severe sepsis, and septic shock in adults","volume":"140","author":"Raschke RA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raschke RA, Garcia-Orr R. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a potentially underrecognized association with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, severe sepsis, and septic shock in adults. Chest. 2011, 140:933-8.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-015-1813-1","article-title":"Evaluating the optimal serum ferritin level to identify hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the critical care setting","volume":"102","author":"Saeed H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saeed H, Woods RR, Lester J, Herzig R, Gul Z, Monohan G. Evaluating the optimal serum ferritin level to identify hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the critical care setting. Int J Hematol. 2015, 102:195-9. 10.1007\/s12185-015-1813-1","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-10-602607","article-title":"Marked hyperferritinemia does not predict for HLH in the adult population","volume":"125","author":"Schram AM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schram AM, Campigotto F, Mullally A, Fogerty A, Massarotti E, Neuberg D, Berliner N. Marked hyperferritinemia does not predict for HLH in the adult population. Blood. 2015, 125:1548-52. 10.1182\/blood-2014-10-602607","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017012310","article-title":"Soluble interleukin-2 receptor is a sensitive diagnostic test in adult HLH","volume":"1","author":"Hayden A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayden A, Lin M, Park S, et al.. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor is a sensitive diagnostic test in adult HLH. Blood Adv. 2017, 1:2529-34. 10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017012310","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1751143715584383","article-title":"Haemophagocytic syndrome in intensive care: the great pretender","volume":"16","author":"de Asua I","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Asua I, Ciliberti E. Haemophagocytic syndrome in intensive care: the great pretender. J Intensive Care Soc. 2015, 16:316-9. 10.1177\/1751143715584383","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Soc"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02941-3","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in critically ill patients: diagnostic reliability of HLH-2004 criteria and HScore","volume":"24","author":"Knaak C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Knaak C, Nyvlt P, Schuster FS, et al.. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in critically ill patients: diagnostic reliability of HLH-2004 criteria and HScore. Crit Care. 2020, 24:244. 10.1186\/s13054-020-02941-3","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2015.1.190","article-title":"Treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults","volume":"2015","author":"La Ros\u00e9e P","year":"2015","unstructured":"La Ros\u00e9e P. Treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015, 2015:190-6. 10.1182\/asheducation-2015.1.190","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key006","article-title":"Macrophage activation syndrome in adults: recent advances in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"58","author":"Carter SJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carter SJ, Tattersall RS, Ramanan AV. Macrophage activation syndrome in adults: recent advances in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019, 58:5-17. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/key006","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-014-1461-0","article-title":"Profile of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy","volume":"81","author":"Rajajee S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rajajee S, Ashok I, Manwani N, Rajkumar J, Gowrishankar K, Subbiah E. Profile of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Indian J Pediatr. 2014, 81:1337-41. 10.1007\/s12098-014-1461-0","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.106501","article-title":"Severe hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults-experience from an intensive care unit from North India","volume":"16","author":"Rajagopala S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rajagopala S, Singh N, Agarwal R, Gupta D, Das R. Severe hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults-experience from an intensive care unit from North India. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2012, 16:198-203. 10.4103\/0972-5229.106501","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002318","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in intensive care unit: a 71-case strobe-compliant retrospective study","volume":"94","author":"Barba T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barba T, Maucort-Boulch D, Iwaz J, et al.. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in intensive care unit: a 71-case strobe-compliant retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015, 94:e2318. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000002318","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/ajcr.899460","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"17","author":"Saites VA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saites VA, Hadler R, Gutsche JT, Laudanski K. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Am J Case Rep. 2016, 17:686-9. 10.12659\/ajcr.899460","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066617711386","article-title":"Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist anakinra, intravenous immunoglobulin, and corticosteroids in the management of critically ill adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"34","author":"Wohlfarth P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wohlfarth P, Agis H, Gualdoni GA, Weber J, Staudinger T, Schellongowski P, Robak O. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist anakinra, intravenous immunoglobulin, and corticosteroids in the management of critically ill adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. J Intensive Care Med. 2019, 34:723-31. 10.1177\/0885066617711386","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/ajcr.906590","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis treated with IVIG and steroids","volume":"19","author":"Dumancas CY","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dumancas CY, Reyes HA, Cosico J, Savadkar A, Lah S. Streptococcus pneumoniae-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis treated with IVIG and steroids. Am J Case Rep. 2018, 19:25-8. 10.12659\/ajcr.906590","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-017-0377-7","article-title":"Rescue of cytokine storm due to HLH by hemoadsorption in a CTLA4-deficient patient","volume":"37","author":"Greil C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greil C, Roether F, La Ros\u00e9e P, Grimbacher B, Duerschmied D, Warnatz K. Rescue of cytokine storm due to HLH by hemoadsorption in a CTLA4-deficient patient. J Clin Immunol. 2017, 37:273-6. 10.1007\/s10875-017-0377-7","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/347710-optimising-care-for-haemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis-in-district-general-hospitals-best-practice-insights-and-review-of-literature","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T15:39:06Z","timestamp":1742571546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/347710-optimising-care-for-haemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis-in-district-general-hospitals-best-practice-insights-and-review-of-literature"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.80957","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]}}}