{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T22:50:00Z","timestamp":1781995800402,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.82062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T09:48:41Z","timestamp":1744364921000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Decoding Autoimmunity: Insights Into Neuromyelitis Optica and Its Relationship With Other Autoimmune Neurological Disorders"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Tabish  W","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raqshan W","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiza W","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohaila","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiba R","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uvashree","family":"Shrinivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah L","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefina","family":"Olive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2022.06.002","article-title":"The prevalence, incidence, and clinical assessment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in patients with demyelinating diseases","volume":"39","author":"Mireles-Ram\u00edrez MA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mireles-Ram\u00edrez MA, Vel\u00e1zquez-Brizuela IE, S\u00e1nchez-Rosales N, M\u00e1rquez-Pedroza Y, Hernandez-Preciado MR, Gabriel Ortiz G. The prevalence, incidence, and clinical assessment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in patients with demyelinating diseases. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2024, 39:743-8. 10.1016\/j.nrleng.2022.06.002","journal-title":"Neurologia (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2035117","article-title":"Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their therapeutic potential against autoimmune disorders - advances and challenges","volume":"18","author":"Goswami TK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goswami TK, Singh M, Dhawan M, et al.. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their therapeutic potential against autoimmune disorders - advances and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022, 18:2035117. 10.1080\/21645515.2022.2035117","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.12.014","article-title":"Neuromyelitis spectrum disorders","volume":"92","author":"Weinshenker BG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM. Neuromyelitis spectrum disorders. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017, 92:663-79. 10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.12.014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis - a review","volume":"26","author":"Dobson R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobson R, Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis - a review. Eur J Neurol. 2019, 26:27-40. 10.1111\/ene.13819","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X-ANP-2022-S122","article-title":"A critical review and update on autoimmune encephalitis: understanding the alphabet soup","volume":"80","author":"Simabukuro MM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simabukuro MM, Silva GD, Castro LH, Lucato LT. A critical review and update on autoimmune encephalitis: understanding the alphabet soup. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2022, 80:143-58. 10.1590\/0004-282X-ANP-2022-S122","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1665","article-title":"Neuro-Sj\u00f6gren: uncommon or underestimated problem?","volume":"10","author":"Jask\u00f3lska M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jask\u00f3lska M, Chyli\u0144ska M, Masiak A, et al.. Neuro-Sj\u00f6gren: uncommon or underestimated problem?. Brain Behav. 2020, 10:e01665. 10.1002\/brb3.1665","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17969","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a 2021 update on diagnosis, management, and current challenges","volume":"13","author":"Sarwar S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarwar S, Mohamed AS, Rogers S, et al.. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a 2021 update on diagnosis, management, and current challenges. Cureus. 2021, 13:e17969. 10.7759\/cureus.17969","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3731","article-title":"The multiple pathways to autoimmunity","volume":"18","author":"Theofilopoulos AN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Theofilopoulos AN, Kono DH, Baccala R. The multiple pathways to autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2017, 18:716-24. 10.1038\/ni.3731","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0214-9","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica","volume":"6","author":"Jarius S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jarius S, Paul F, Weinshenker BG, Levy M, Kim HJ, Wildemann B. Neuromyelitis optica. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020, 6:85. 10.1038\/s41572-020-0214-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312601","article-title":"Multicentre comparison of a diagnostic assay: aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"87","author":"Waters P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waters P, Reindl M, Saiz A, et al.. Multicentre comparison of a diagnostic assay: aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016, 87:1005-15. 10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312601","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000317","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 antibody titration in NMO patients treated with rituximab: a retrospective study","volume":"4","author":"Valentino P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valentino P, Marnetto F, Granieri L, Capobianco M, Bertolotto A. Aquaporin-4 antibody titration in NMO patients treated with rituximab: a retrospective study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017, 4:e317. 10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000317","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.08.005","article-title":"Anti-aquaporin-4 titer is not predictive of disease course in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Kessler RA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kessler RA, Mealy MA, Jimenez-Arango JA, et al.. Anti-aquaporin-4 titer is not predictive of disease course in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a multicenter cohort study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017, 17:198-201. 10.1016\/j.msard.2017.08.005","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.533388","article-title":"The role of antibodies in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Yu X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu X, Graner M, Kennedy PG, Liu Y. The role of antibodies in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol. 2020, 11:533388. 10.3389\/fneur.2020.533388","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.07.030","article-title":"Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis; functional significance and therapeutic implications. Does the specificity matter?","volume":"25","author":"Pryce G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pryce G, Baker D. Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis; functional significance and therapeutic implications. Does the specificity matter?. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018, 25:131-7. 10.1016\/j.msard.2018.07.030","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2024-000912","article-title":"CSF oligoclonal bands in neurological diseases besides CNS inflammatory demyelinating disorders","volume":"7","author":"Ren J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ren J, Wang J, Liu R, Guo J, Yao Y, Hao H, Gao F. CSF oligoclonal bands in neurological diseases besides CNS inflammatory demyelinating disorders. BMJ Neurol Open. 2025, 7:e000912. 10.1136\/bmjno-2024-000912","journal-title":"BMJ Neurol Open"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13152589","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis with antibodies: anti-NMDAR, anti-AMPAR, anti-GQ1b, anti-DPPX, anti-CASPR2, anti-LGI1, anti-RI, anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti-CV2 and anti-GABAAR, in the course of psychoses, neoplastic diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes","volume":"13","author":"Braczkowski M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Braczkowski M, Soszy\u0144ski D, Sierakowska A, Braczkowski R, Kufel K, \u0141abuz-Roszak B. Autoimmune encephalitis with antibodies: anti-NMDAR, anti-AMPAR, anti-GQ1b, anti-DPPX, anti-CASPR2, anti-LGI1, anti-RI, anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti-CV2 and anti-GABAAR, in the course of psychoses, neoplastic diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023, 13:10.3390\/diagnostics13152589","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.1.1","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"12","author":"Lancaster E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lancaster E. The diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis. J Clin Neurol. 2016, 12:1-13. 10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.1.1","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2016.03.002","article-title":"Autoantibodies in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Fayyaz A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fayyaz A, Kurien BT, Scofield RH. Autoantibodies in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016, 42:419-34. 10.1016\/j.rdc.2016.03.002","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08865-2","article-title":"Autoantibodies in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE): can they be used as biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of this disease?","volume":"63","author":"Manca E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manca E. Autoantibodies in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE): can they be used as biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of this disease?. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2022, 63:194-209. 10.1007\/s12016-021-08865-2","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001128","article-title":"Neurological involvement in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Fan G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan G, Dai F, Chen S, et al.. Neurological involvement in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. J Clin Rheumatol. 2021, 27:50-5. 10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001128","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15555","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome-related peripheral neuropathy: a\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Liampas A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liampas A, Parperis K, Erotocritou MF, et al.. Primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome-related peripheral neuropathy: a\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2023, 30:255-65. 10.1111\/ene.15555","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.75011","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and autoantibodies. in: autoantibodies and cytokines","author":"Ma\u015bli\u0144ska M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma\u015bli\u0144ska M, Kwiatkowska B. Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and autoantibodies. in: autoantibodies and cytokines. IntechOpen. 2019, 10.5772\/intechopen.75011","journal-title":"IntechOpen"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296221088576","article-title":"The pathophysiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome: a perspective from the blood coagulation system","volume":"28","author":"Arreola-Diaz R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arreola-Diaz R, Majluf-Cruz A, Sanchez-Torres LE, Hernandez-Juarez J. The pathophysiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome: a perspective from the blood coagulation system. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2022, 28:10760296221088576. 10.1177\/10760296221088576","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2020-000423","article-title":"Loss of antiphospholipid antibody positivity post-thrombosis in SLE","volume":"7","author":"Khawaja M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khawaja M, Magder L, Goldman D, Petri MA. Loss of antiphospholipid antibody positivity post-thrombosis in SLE. Lupus Sci Med. 2020, 7:10.1136\/lupus-2020-000423","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OARRR.S387650","article-title":"Anti-ribosomal-P antibody association with neuropsychiatric lupus in Sudanese patients attending rheumatology clinic in Omdurman Military Hospital","volume":"14","author":"Taha ZI","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taha ZI, Awad Ibrahim IA, Hamza SB, et al.. Anti-ribosomal-P antibody association with neuropsychiatric lupus in Sudanese patients attending rheumatology clinic in Omdurman Military Hospital. Open Access Rheumatol. 2022, 14:281-9. 10.2147\/OARRR.S387650","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15224-w","article-title":"Lupus autoantibodies act as positive allosteric modulators at GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors and impair spatial memory","volume":"11","author":"Chan K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan K, Nestor J, Huerta TS, et al.. Lupus autoantibodies act as positive allosteric modulators at GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors and impair spatial memory. Nat Commun. 2020, 11:1403. 10.1038\/s41467-020-15224-w","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00005","article-title":"Antiglutamate receptor antibodies and cognitive impairment in primary antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"7","author":"Gerosa M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gerosa M, Poletti B, Pregnolato F, et al.. Antiglutamate receptor antibodies and cognitive impairment in primary antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol. 2016, 7:5. 10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00005","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000768","article-title":"Optic neuritis","volume":"25","author":"Bennett JL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bennett JL. Optic neuritis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019, 25:1236-64. 10.1212\/CON.0000000000000768","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.865032","article-title":"Pain symptoms in optic neuritis","volume":"3","author":"Yang X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang X, Li X, Lai M, Wang J, Tan S, Chan HH. Pain symptoms in optic neuritis. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022, 3:865032. 10.3389\/fpain.2022.865032","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1209323","article-title":"Visual disability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: prognostic prediction models","volume":"14","author":"Luo W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo W, Kong L, Chen H, Wang X, Du Q, Shi Z, Zhou H. Visual disability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: prognostic prediction models. Front Immunol. 2023, 14:1209323. 10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1209323","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2016.05.004","article-title":"Transverse myelitis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"37","author":"Young V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Young V, Quaghebeur G. Transverse myelitis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2016, 37:384-95. 10.1053\/j.sult.2016.05.004","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.06.004","article-title":"Sudden hearing loss as the initial symptom in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis and seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"298","author":"Tanaka M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanaka M, Tanaka K. Sudden hearing loss as the initial symptom in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis and seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Neuroimmunol. 2016, 298:16-8. 10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.06.004","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217316675634","article-title":"Relapsing optic neuritis and isolated transverse myelitis are the predominant clinical phenotypes for patients with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in India","volume":"2","author":"Pandit L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pandit L, Sato DK, Mustafa S, et al.. Relapsing optic neuritis and isolated transverse myelitis are the predominant clinical phenotypes for patients with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in India. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2016, 2:2055217316675634. 10.1177\/2055217316675634","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2016.1269090","article-title":"Clinical analysis of neuromyelitis optica presenting as intractable nausea, vomiting and hiccups","volume":"127","author":"Jin X","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jin X, Pei S, Liu Y, Li X. Clinical analysis of neuromyelitis optica presenting as intractable nausea, vomiting and hiccups. Int J Neurosci. 2017, 127:854-8. 10.1080\/00207454.2016.1269090","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.5644","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a rare case of isolated brainstem syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Bui ML","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bui ML, Gould JK, Mentreddy A, Sigsbee E, Lalama H. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a rare case of isolated brainstem syndrome. Cureus. 2019, 11:e5644. 10.7759\/cureus.5644","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515569100","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder presenting with repeated hypersomnia due to involvement of the hypothalamus and hypothalamus-amygdala linkage","volume":"21","author":"Kume K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kume K, Deguchi K, Ikeda K, et al.. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder presenting with repeated hypersomnia due to involvement of the hypothalamus and hypothalamus-amygdala linkage. Mult Scler. 2015, 21:960-2. 10.1177\/1352458515569100","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S54131","article-title":"Optic neuritis as an early sign of multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Kale N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kale N. Optic neuritis as an early sign of multiple sclerosis. Eye Brain. 2016, 8:195-202. 10.2147\/EB.S54131","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2021-000227","article-title":"Sensory nerve conduction studies in probable painful neuropathy: comparing surface and near-nerve nerve conduction techniques","volume":"4","author":"Bille MB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bille MB, Ballegaard M. Sensory nerve conduction studies in probable painful neuropathy: comparing surface and near-nerve nerve conduction techniques. BMJ Neurol Open. 2022, 4:e000227. 10.1136\/bmjno-2021-000227","journal-title":"BMJ Neurol Open"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.005","article-title":"The cerebellum and cognition","volume":"688","author":"Schmahmann JD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmahmann JD. The cerebellum and cognition. Neurosci Lett. 2019, 688:62-75. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.005","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.11.005","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and fatigue: a review on the contribution of inflammation and immune-mediated neurodegeneration","volume":"15","author":"Patejdl R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patejdl R, Penner IK, Noack TK, Zettl UK. Multiple sclerosis and fatigue: a review on the contribution of inflammation and immune-mediated neurodegeneration. Autoimmun Rev. 2016, 15:210-20. 10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.11.005","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617715001034","article-title":"Altered effective connectivity during a processing speed task in individuals with multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Dobryakova E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dobryakova E, Costa SL, Wylie GR, DeLuca J, Genova HM. Altered effective connectivity during a processing speed task in individuals with multiple sclerosis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2016, 22:216-24. 10.1017\/S1355617715001034","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.117","article-title":"Fatigue as a symptom or comorbidity of neurological diseases","volume":"13","author":"Penner IK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Penner IK, Paul F. Fatigue as a symptom or comorbidity of neurological diseases. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017, 13:662-75. 10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.117","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004977","article-title":"Cognition in multiple sclerosis: state of the field and priorities for the future","volume":"90","author":"Sumowski JF","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sumowski JF, Benedict R, Enzinger C, et al.. Cognition in multiple sclerosis: state of the field and priorities for the future. Neurology. 2018, 90:278-88. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004977","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv011","article-title":"A gradient in cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis by in vivo quantitative 7 T imaging","volume":"138","author":"Mainero C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mainero C, Louapre C, Govindarajan ST, et al.. A gradient in cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis by in vivo quantitative 7 T imaging. Brain. 2015, 138:932-45. 10.1093\/brain\/awv011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3900","article-title":"Exploring the origins of grey matter damage in multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Calabrese M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calabrese M, Magliozzi R, Ciccarelli O, Geurts JJ, Reynolds R, Martin R. Exploring the origins of grey matter damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015, 16:147-58. 10.1038\/nrn3900","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_124_19","article-title":"Evaluation of cognitive rehabilitation on the cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Shahpouri MM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shahpouri MM, Barekatain M, Tavakoli M, Sanaei S, Shaygannejad V. Evaluation of cognitive rehabilitation on the cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Res Med Sci. 2019, 24:110. 10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_124_19","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.10.023","article-title":"Practice-dependent motor cortex plasticity is reduced in non-disabled multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"131","author":"Stampanoni Bassi M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stampanoni Bassi M, Buttari F, Maffei P, et al.. Practice-dependent motor cortex plasticity is reduced in non-disabled multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020, 131:566-73. 10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.10.023","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040282","article-title":"Muscle tone physiology and abnormalities","volume":"13","author":"Ganguly J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ganguly J, Kulshreshtha D, Almotiri M, Jog M. Muscle tone physiology and abnormalities. Toxins (Basel). 2021, 13:10.3390\/toxins13040282","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2040028.014","article-title":"Managing urological disorders in multiple sclerosis patients: a review of available and emerging therapies","volume":"24","author":"Bientinesi R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bientinesi R, Gandi C, Bassi P. Managing urological disorders in multiple sclerosis patients: a review of available and emerging therapies. Int Neurourol J. 2020, 24:118-26. 10.5213\/inj.2040028.014","journal-title":"Int Neurourol J"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63247-0.00021-3","article-title":"Lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"130","author":"Panicker JN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panicker JN, Fowler CJ. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015, 130:371-81. 10.1016\/B978-0-444-63247-0.00021-3","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11884-019-00503-0","article-title":"Functional brain imaging in voiding dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Khavari R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khavari R, Boone TB. Functional brain imaging in voiding dysfunction. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2019, 14:24-30. 10.1007\/s11884-019-00503-0","journal-title":"Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25008","article-title":"Altered bladder-related brain network in multiple sclerosis women with voiding dysfunction","volume":"41","author":"Shi Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi Z, Karmonik C, Soltes A, Tran K, Lincoln JA, Boone T, Khavari R. Altered bladder-related brain network in multiple sclerosis women with voiding dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2022, 41:1612-9. 10.1002\/nau.25008","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DNND.S138835","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies","volume":"8","author":"Preziosi G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Preziosi G, Gordon-Dixon A, Emmanuel A. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. 2018, 8:79-90. 10.2147\/DNND.S138835","journal-title":"Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2021-007","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction over the course of multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"24","author":"Gulick EE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gulick EE. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction over the course of multiple sclerosis: a review. Int J MS Care. 2022, 24:209-17. 10.7224\/1537-2073.2021-007","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822290-4.00009-8","article-title":"The emotional disorders associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"183","author":"Raimo S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raimo S, Santangelo G, Trojano L. The emotional disorders associated with multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2021, 183:197-220. 10.1016\/B978-0-12-822290-4.00009-8","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320050","article-title":"Pathophysiological and cognitive mechanisms of fatigue in multiple sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Manjaly ZM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manjaly ZM, Harrison NA, Critchley HD, et al.. Pathophysiological and cognitive mechanisms of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019, 90:642-51. 10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320050","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-024-02792-0","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis. Review of a fatal combination","volume":"131","author":"Jellinger KA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jellinger KA. Depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis. Review of a fatal combination. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2024, 131:847-69. 10.1007\/s00702-024-02792-0","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","article-title":"A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Graus F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, et al.. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2016, 15:391-404. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1405337","article-title":"Cognitive impairments in autoimmune encephalitis: the role of autoimmune antibodies and oligoclonal bands","volume":"15","author":"Rozenberg A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rozenberg A, Shelly S, Vaknin-Dembinsky A, et al.. Cognitive impairments in autoimmune encephalitis: the role of autoimmune antibodies and oligoclonal bands. Front Immunol. 2024, 15:1405337. 10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1405337","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712","article-title":"Antibody-mediated encephalitis","volume":"378","author":"Dalmau J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dalmau J, Graus F. Antibody-mediated encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 2018, 378:840-51. 10.1056\/NEJMra1708712","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-019-0047-8","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis in children and adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Bien CG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bien CG, Bien CI. Autoimmune encephalitis in children and adolescents. Neurol Res Pract. 2020, 2:4. 10.1186\/s42466-019-0047-8","journal-title":"Neurol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab185","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis and proposed clinical score for identifying Kelch-like protein-11 encephalitis","volume":"3","author":"Vogrig A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vogrig A, P\u00e9ricart S, Pinto AL, et al.. Immunopathogenesis and proposed clinical score for identifying Kelch-like protein-11 encephalitis. Brain Commun. 2021, 3:fcab185. 10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab185","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.21077","article-title":"Diagnosis and clinical features in autoimmune-mediated movement disorders","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh PC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsieh PC, Wu YR. Diagnosis and clinical features in autoimmune-mediated movement disorders. J Mov Disord. 2022, 15:95-105. 10.14802\/jmd.21077","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1225523","article-title":"Movement disorders in cell surface antibody mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Siriratnam P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siriratnam P, McArthur L, Chen Z, Kempster P, Monif M. Movement disorders in cell surface antibody mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2023, 14:1225523. 10.3389\/fneur.2023.1225523","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.858450","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in anti-NMDAR encephalitis","volume":"13","author":"Chen Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Z, Zhang Y, Wu X, Huang H, Chen W, Su Y. Characteristics and outcomes of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Front Immunol. 2022, 13:858450. 10.3389\/fimmu.2022.858450","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30290-1","article-title":"Autoimmune psychosis: an international consensus on an approach to the diagnosis and management of psychosis of suspected autoimmune origin","volume":"7","author":"Pollak TA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pollak TA, Lennox BR, M\u00fcller S, et al.. Autoimmune psychosis: an international consensus on an approach to the diagnosis and management of psychosis of suspected autoimmune origin. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020, 7:93-108. 10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30290-1","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02258-z","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis with psychiatric features in adults: historical evolution and prospective challenge","volume":"128","author":"Hansen N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hansen N, Tim\u00e4us C. Autoimmune encephalitis with psychiatric features in adults: historical evolution and prospective challenge. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2021, 128:1-14. 10.1007\/s00702-020-02258-z","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2018.75521","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Perzy\u0144ska-Mazan J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perzy\u0144ska-Mazan J, Ma\u015bli\u0144ska M, Gasik R. Neurological manifestations of primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Reumatologia. 2018, 56:99-105. 10.5114\/reum.2018.75521","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.615656","article-title":"Peripheral nervous system involvement in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: analysis of a cohort from the Italian Research Group on Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Cafaro G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cafaro G, Perricone C, Carubbi F, et al.. Peripheral nervous system involvement in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: analysis of a cohort from the Italian Research Group on Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome. Front Immunol. 2021, 12:615656. 10.3389\/fimmu.2021.615656","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9040085","article-title":"Cognitive function in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Manzo C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manzo C, Martinez-Suarez E, Kechida M, Isetta M, Serra-Mestres J. Cognitive function in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: a systematic review. Brain Sci. 2019, 9:10.3390\/brainsci9040085","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010014","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: narrative review of MRI findings","volume":"13","author":"M\u00f3dis LV","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00f3dis LV, Aradi Z, Horv\u00e1th IF, et al.. Central nervous system involvement in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: narrative review of MRI findings. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022, 13:10.3390\/diagnostics13010014","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-022-00704-9","article-title":"Headache as a neurologic manifestation of systemic disease","volume":"24","author":"Cocores AN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cocores AN, Monteith TS. Headache as a neurologic manifestation of systemic disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2022, 24:17-40. 10.1007\/s11940-022-00704-9","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210466","article-title":"Personality, depression and anxiety in primary sjogren's syndrome - association with sociodemographic factors and comorbidity","volume":"14","author":"Milic V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Milic V, Grujic M, Barisic J, Marinkovic-Eric J, Duisin D, Cirkovic A, Damjanov N. Personality, depression and anxiety in primary sjogren's syndrome - association with sociodemographic factors and comorbidity. PLoS One. 2019, 14:e0210466. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0210466","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172981","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders: an introductory primer","volume":"196","author":"Dunn GA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dunn GA, Loftis JM, Sullivan EL. Neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders: an introductory primer. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2020, 196:172981. 10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172981","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-021-00312-0","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus: immunopathology, clinical manifestations, neuroimaging and management","volume":"8","author":"Seet D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seet D, Allameen NA, Tay SH, Cho J, Mak A. Cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus: immunopathology, clinical manifestations, neuroimaging and management. Rheumatol Ther. 2021, 8:651-79. 10.1007\/s40744-021-00312-0","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/23773.9280","article-title":"Neurological manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: a single centre study from North East India","volume":"11","author":"Kakati S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kakati S, Barman B, Ahmed SU, Hussain M. Neurological manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: a single centre study from North East India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017, 11:OC05-9. 10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/23773.9280","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.30.1.7","article-title":"Cerebrovascular events in systemic lupus erythematosus: diagnosis and management","volume":"30","author":"Nikolopoulos D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nikolopoulos D, Fanouriakis A, Boumpas DT. Cerebrovascular events in systemic lupus erythematosus: diagnosis and management. Mediterr J Rheumatol. 2019, 30:7-15. 10.31138\/mjr.30.1.7","journal-title":"Mediterr J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.02.021","article-title":"Seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus: a scoping review","volume":"86","author":"Rodriguez-Hernandez A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Ortiz-Orendain J, Alvarez-Palazuelos LE, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Gamez-Nava JI, Zavala-Cerna MG. Seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus: a scoping review. Seizure. 2021, 86:161-7. 10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.02.021","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000625","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathies due to systemic lupus erythematosus in China","volume":"94","author":"Xianbin W","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xianbin W, Mingyu W, Dong X, Huiying L, Yan X, Fengchun Z, Xiaofeng Z. Peripheral neuropathies due to systemic lupus erythematosus in China. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015, 94:e625. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000000625","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.42053","article-title":"Extensive longitudinal transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: presentation of a case and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Sierra-Merlano RM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sierra-Merlano RM, Iglesias-Jim\u00e9nez \u00d3, Blanco-Pertuz PM, P\u00e9rez-Mingan GC, Sanjuanelo-Fontalvo AJ. Extensive longitudinal transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: presentation of a case and literature review. Cureus. 2023, 15:e42053. 10.7759\/cureus.42053","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319886103","article-title":"Spinal cord syndromes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: differentiating lupus myelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Williams JN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams JN, Speyer CB, Kreps DJ, Kimbrough DJ, Costenbader K, Bhattacharyya S. Spinal cord syndromes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: differentiating lupus myelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis. Lupus. 2019, 28:1656-62. 10.1177\/0961203319886103","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306629","article-title":"Ocular manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"100","author":"Silpa-archa S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silpa-archa S, Lee JJ, Foster CS. Ocular manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016, 100:135-41. 10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306629","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14501","article-title":"Headache and systemic lupus erythematosus: a narrative review","volume":"63","author":"de Oliveira I","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Oliveira I, Sampaio Rocha-Filho PA. Headache and systemic lupus erythematosus: a narrative review. Headache. 2023, 63:461-71. 10.1111\/head.14501","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum\/168396","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"61","author":"Dehghan A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dehghan A, Soltani H, Faezi ST, et al.. Depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Reumatologia. 2023, 61:368-74. 10.5114\/reum\/168396","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29040747","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: molecules involved in its imunopathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment","volume":"29","author":"Justiz-Vaillant AA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Justiz-Vaillant AA, Gopaul D, Soodeen S, et al.. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: molecules involved in its imunopathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment. Molecules. 2024, 29:10.3390\/molecules29040747","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk DM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al.. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015, 85:177-89. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101452","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory CNS diseases","volume":"37","author":"Wildner P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wildner P, Stasio\u0142ek M, Matysiak M. Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory CNS diseases. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020, 37:101452. 10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101452","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.722237","article-title":"MRI patterns distinguish AQP4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Clarke L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clarke L, Arnett S, Bukhari W, et al.. MRI patterns distinguish AQP4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol. 2021, 12:722237. 10.3389\/fneur.2021.722237","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00697-w","article-title":"Overlapping anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a case report","volume":"27","author":"Pan J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan J, Ovlyakulov B, Zhou L. Overlapping anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a case report. Eur J Med Res. 2022, 27:66. 10.1186\/s40001-022-00697-w","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082176","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis-a multifaceted pathology","volume":"11","author":"Nea\u021bu M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nea\u021bu M, Jugurt A, Covaliu A, Davidescu EI, Popescu BO. Autoimmune encephalitis-a multifaceted pathology. Biomedicines. 2023, 11:10.3390\/biomedicines11082176","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.11.020","article-title":"Presence of anti-Ro\/SSA antibody may be associated with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positivity in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"348","author":"Park JH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park JH, Hwang J, Min JH, Kim BJ, Kang ES, Lee KH. Presence of anti-Ro\/SSA antibody may be associated with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positivity in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neurol Sci. 2015, 348:132-5. 10.1016\/j.jns.2014.11.020","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030273","article-title":"The immunology of neuromyelitis optica-current knowledge, clinical implications, controversies and future perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Jasiak-Zatonska M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jasiak-Zatonska M, Kalinowska-Lyszczarz A, Michalak S, Kozubski W. The immunology of neuromyelitis optica-current knowledge, clinical implications, controversies and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2016, 17:273. 10.3390\/ijms17030273","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517699791","article-title":"Aquaporin-4-autoimmunity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a predominantly population-based study","volume":"24","author":"Asgari N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asgari N, Jarius S, Laustrup H, Skejoe HP, Lillevang ST, Weinshenker BG, Voss A. Aquaporin-4-autoimmunity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a predominantly population-based study. Mult Scler. 2018, 24:331-9. 10.1177\/1352458517699791","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1127704","article-title":"Immunomodulation-a general review of the current state-of-the-art and new therapeutic strategies for targeting the immune system","volume":"14","author":"Strzelec M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Strzelec M, Detka J, Mieszczak P, Soboci\u0144ska MK, Majka M. Immunomodulation-a general review of the current state-of-the-art and new therapeutic strategies for targeting the immune system. Front Immunol. 2023, 14:1127704. 10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1127704","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_499_16","article-title":"Rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: our experience","volume":"20","author":"Jade JD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jade JD, Bansi S, Singhal B. Rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: our experience. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2017, 20:229-32. 10.4103\/aian.AIAN_499_16","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_102_18","article-title":"Treatment strategies for neuromyelitis optica","volume":"30","author":"Huang TL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang TL, Lin KH, Wang JK, Tsai RK. Treatment strategies for neuromyelitis optica. Tzu Chi Med J. 2018, 30:204-8. 10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_102_18","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med J"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.951423","article-title":"Eculizumab for acute relapse of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Case report","volume":"13","author":"Chatterton S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chatterton S, Parratt JD, Ng K. Eculizumab for acute relapse of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Case report. Front Neurol. 2022, 13:951423. 10.3389\/fneur.2022.951423","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/cjn.v22i2.13342","article-title":"Eculizumab in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"22","author":"Nabizadeh F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nabizadeh F, Moghadasi AN. Eculizumab in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Curr J Neurol. 2023, 22:140-3. 10.18502\/cjn.v22i2.13342","journal-title":"Curr J Neurol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2024.2410393","article-title":"An overview on disease modifying and symptomatic drug treatments for multiple sclerosis","author":"Dalla Costa G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dalla Costa G, Leocani L, Rodegher M, Chiveri L, Gradassi A, Comi G. An overview on disease modifying and symptomatic drug treatments for multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2024, 1-21. 10.1080\/17512433.2024.2410393","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i7.545","article-title":"Treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis: When to start, when to change, when to stop?","volume":"3","author":"Gajofatto A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gajofatto A, Benedetti MD. Treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis: When to start, when to change, when to stop?. World J Clin Cases. 2015, 3:545-55. 10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i7.545","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012732.pub2","article-title":"Rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: an overview of Cochrane Reviews","volume":"1","author":"Amatya B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amatya B, Khan F, Galea M. Rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019, 1:CD012732. 10.1002\/14651858.CD012732.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285617722347","article-title":"Treatment strategies for autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"11","author":"Shin YW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shin YW, Lee ST, Park KI, Jung KH, Jung KY, Lee SK, Chu K. Treatment strategies for autoimmune encephalitis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2018, 11:1756285617722347. 10.1177\/1756285617722347","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antib12010020","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulins as immunomodulators in autoimmune diseases and reproductive medicine","volume":"12","author":"Velikova T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Velikova T, Sekulovski M, Bogdanova S, Vasilev G, Peshevska-Sekulovska M, Miteva D, Georgiev T. Intravenous immunoglobulins as immunomodulators in autoimmune diseases and reproductive medicine. Antibodies (Basel). 2023, 12:10.3390\/antib12010020","journal-title":"Antibodies (Basel)"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-021-10004-9","article-title":"The role of plasma exchange in the treatment of refractory autoimmune neurological diseases: a narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Jacob S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jacob S, Mazibrada G, Irani SR, Jacob A, Yudina A. The role of plasma exchange in the treatment of refractory autoimmune neurological diseases: a narrative review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2021, 16:806-17. 10.1007\/s11481-021-10004-9","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13291","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rituximab in autoimmune encephalitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"Nepal G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nepal G, Shing YK, Yadav JK, Rehrig JH, Ojha R, Huang DY, Gajurel BP. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in autoimmune encephalitis: a meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2020, 142:449-59. 10.1111\/ane.13291","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2024.105799","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and Sj\u00f6gren's disease: current evidences for its use","volume":"92","author":"Sandino-Berm\u00fadez MJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sandino-Berm\u00fadez MJ, Hern\u00e1ndez-Molina G. Hydroxychloroquine and Sj\u00f6gren's disease: current evidences for its use. Joint Bone Spine. 2025, 92:105799. 10.1016\/j.jbspin.2024.105799","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/jtim-2020-0023","article-title":"Mycophenolate for the treatment of primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Chen W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen W, Lin J. Mycophenolate for the treatment of primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. J Transl Int Med. 2020, 8:146-9. 10.2478\/jtim-2020-0023","journal-title":"J Transl Int Med"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.731122","article-title":"Rituximab therapy for primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Chen YH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen YH, Wang XY, Jin X, Yang Z, Xu J. Rituximab therapy for primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Front Pharmacol. 2021, 12:731122. 10.3389\/fphar.2021.731122","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbr.2015.07.004","article-title":"Recommendations for the treatment of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Valim V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valim V, Trevisani VF, Pasoto SG, et al.. Recommendations for the treatment of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2015, 55:446-57. 10.1016\/j.rbr.2015.07.004","journal-title":"Rev Bras Reumatol"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.13941.1","article-title":"Recent advances in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"7","author":"Sciascia S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sciascia S, Radin M, Roccatello D, Sanna G, Bertolaccini ML. Recent advances in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. F1000Res. 2018, 7:10.12688\/f1000research.13941.1","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S40675","article-title":"Current and emerging treatment options in the management of lupus","volume":"5","author":"Jordan N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jordan N, D'Cruz D. Current and emerging treatment options in the management of lupus. Immunotargets Ther. 2016, 5:9-20. 10.2147\/ITT.S40675","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.539797","article-title":"A comprehensive review of biological agents for lupus: beyond single target","volume":"11","author":"Yang B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang B, Zhao M, Wu H, Lu Q. A comprehensive review of biological agents for lupus: beyond single target. Front Immunol. 2020, 11:539797. 10.3389\/fimmu.2020.539797","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54808","article-title":"Unveiling the intricacies: a comprehensive review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of T2-weighted hyperintensities in the neuroimaging landscape","volume":"16","author":"Dhabalia R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dhabalia R, Kashikar SV, Parihar PS, Mishra GV. Unveiling the intricacies: a comprehensive review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of T2-weighted hyperintensities in the neuroimaging landscape. Cureus. 2024, 16:e54808. 10.7759\/cureus.54808","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153837","article-title":"Precision medicine: disease subtyping and tailored treatment","volume":"15","author":"Wang RC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang RC, Wang Z. Precision medicine: disease subtyping and tailored treatment. Cancers (Basel). 2023, 15:10.3390\/cancers15153837","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1482728","article-title":"Autoimmune disease: a view of epigenetics and therapeutic targeting","volume":"15","author":"Mu S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mu S, Wang W, Liu Q, et al.. Autoimmune disease: a view of epigenetics and therapeutic targeting. Front Immunol. 2024, 15:1482728. 10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1482728","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70016","article-title":"The role of Epstein-Barr virus molecular mimicry in various autoimmune Diseases","volume":"101","author":"Munir A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Munir A, Khan S, Saleem A, et al.. The role of Epstein-Barr virus molecular mimicry in various autoimmune Diseases. Scand J Immunol. 2025, 101:e70016. 10.1111\/sji.70016","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2021-3973","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Kouchaki E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kouchaki E, Dashti F, Mirazimi SM, Alirezaei Z, Jafari SH, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. EXCLI J. 2021, 20:1308-25. 10.17179\/excli2021-3973","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.05.006","article-title":"Personalized medicine: motivation, challenges, and progress","volume":"109","author":"Goetz LH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goetz LH, Schork NJ. Personalized medicine: motivation, challenges, and progress. Fertil Steril. 2018, 109:952-63. 10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.05.006","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43054-022-00135-w","article-title":"Vitamin D, the immune system, and its relationship with diseases","volume":"70","author":"Sanlier N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanlier N, Guney-Coskun M. Vitamin D, the immune system, and its relationship with diseases. 2022, 70:39. 10.1186\/s43054-022-00135-w"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/347573-decoding-autoimmunity-insights-into-neuromyelitis-optica-and-its-relationship-with-other-autoimmune-neurological-disorders","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1744364922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/347573-decoding-autoimmunity-insights-into-neuromyelitis-optica-and-its-relationship-with-other-autoimmune-neurological-disorders"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"references-count":119,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.82062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]}}}