{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T01:08:25Z","timestamp":1771636105940,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.82103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T19:26:31Z","timestamp":1744399591000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance and Surgical Site Infections in Free Flap Reconstruction for Head and Neck Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis From a Lower-Middle-Income Country"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Fizzah","family":"Arif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safdar A","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hibbah E","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haleema","family":"Sadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alizah Pervaiz","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Fazlur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021, 71:209-49. 10.3322\/caac.21660","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.5688","article-title":"Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"3","author":"Fitzmaurice C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, et al.. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. JAMA Oncol. 2017, 3:524-48. 10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.5688","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13502","article-title":"Lessons learned from the INHANCE consortium: an overview of recent results on head and neck cancer","volume":"27","author":"Bravi F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bravi F, Lee YA, Hashibe M, et al.. Lessons learned from the INHANCE consortium: an overview of recent results on head and neck cancer. Oral Dis. 2021, 27:73-93. 10.1111\/odi.13502","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e3283440ee3","article-title":"Minimizing complications in salvage head and neck oncological surgery following radiotherapy and chemo-radiotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Pang L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pang L, Jeannon JP, Simo R. Minimizing complications in salvage head and neck oncological surgery following radiotherapy and chemo-radiotherapy. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011, 19:125-31. 10.1097\/MOO.0b013e3283440ee3","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24988","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in clean-contaminated head and neck cases with microvascular free flap reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Haidar YM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haidar YM, Tripathi PB, Tjoa T, et al.. Antibiotic prophylaxis in clean-contaminated head and neck cases with microvascular free flap reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck. 2018, 40:417-27. 10.1002\/hed.24988","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000384","article-title":"Perioperative care of head and neck free flap patients","volume":"25","author":"Kinzinger MR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kinzinger MR, Bewley AF. Perioperative care of head and neck free flap patients. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017, 25:405-10. 10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000384","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2013.9999","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery","volume":"14","author":"Bratzler DW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al.. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2013, 14:73-156. 10.1089\/sur.2013.9999","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2015.131","article-title":"Antibiotic use after free tissue reconstruction of head and neck defects: short course vs long course","volume":"17","author":"Khariwala SS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khariwala SS, Le B, Pierce BH, Vogel RI, Chipman JG. Antibiotic use after free tissue reconstruction of head and neck defects: short course vs long course. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2016, 17:100-5. 10.1089\/sur.2015.131","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-020-01963-1","article-title":"Pattern of post-operative infections among oral cavity cancer patients in a tertiary care cancer Centre: a prospective study","volume":"74","author":"Balagopal PG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balagopal PG, Suresh S, Nath SR, Sagila SG, George NA. Pattern of post-operative infections among oral cavity cancer patients in a tertiary care cancer Centre: a prospective study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022, 74:2002-7. 10.1007\/s12070-020-01963-1","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13037-019-0190-8","article-title":"Incidence, root causes, and outcomes of surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital in Rwanda: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Mukagendaneza MJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mukagendaneza MJ, Munyaneza E, Muhawenayo E, et al.. Incidence, root causes, and outcomes of surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital in Rwanda: a prospective observational cohort study. Patient Saf Surg. 2019, 13:10. 10.1186\/s13037-019-0190-8","journal-title":"Patient Saf Surg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2023.1080143","article-title":"Predictors of surgical site infection following reconstructive flap surgery: a multi-institutional analysis of 37,177 patients","volume":"10","author":"Hassan B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hassan B, Abou Koura A, Makarem A, Abi Mosleh K, Dimassi H, Tamim H, Ibrahim A. Predictors of surgical site infection following reconstructive flap surgery: a multi-institutional analysis of 37,177 patients. Front Surg. 2023, 10:1080143. 10.3389\/fsurg.2023.1080143","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-022-03030-2","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative complications following aesthetic breast surgery: a retrospective cohort study of 4973 patients in China","volume":"46","author":"Zhang L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zheng J, Mu J, Gao Y, Li G. Risk factors for postoperative complications following aesthetic breast surgery: a retrospective cohort study of 4973 patients in China. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2022, 46:2629-39. 10.1007\/s00266-022-03030-2","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab590","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis prescribing practice in head and neck tumor resection and free flap reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Daly JF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daly JF, Gearing PF, Tang NS, Ramakrishnan A, Singh KP. Antibiotic prophylaxis prescribing practice in head and neck tumor resection and free flap reconstruction. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022, 9:ofab590. 10.1093\/ofid\/ofab590","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.39465","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of surgical site infections in a teaching Medical College in the Trichy district of India","volume":"15","author":"Mohan N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohan N, Gnanasekar D, Tk S, Ignatious A. Prevalence and risk factors of surgical site infections in a teaching Medical College in the Trichy district of India. Cureus. 2023, 15:e39465. 10.7759\/cureus.39465","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26837","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection in free-flap reconstructive surgery for head and neck cancer: retrospective Australian cohort study","volume":"43","author":"Gearing PF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gearing PF, Daly JF, Tang NS, Singh K, Ramakrishnan A. Risk factors for surgical site infection in free-flap reconstructive surgery for head and neck cancer: retrospective Australian cohort study. Head Neck. 2021, 43:3417-28. 10.1002\/hed.26837","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520944072","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection after major oral oncological surgery: the experience of a tertiary referral hospital in China","volume":"48","author":"Shi M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi M, Han Z, Qin L, et al.. Risk factors for surgical site infection after major oral oncological surgery: the experience of a tertiary referral hospital in China. Int Med Res. 2020, 48:0300060520944072. 10.1177\/0300060520944072","journal-title":"Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7010219","article-title":"Impact of preoperative quality of life and related factors on the development of surgical site infections following primary total joint arthroplasty: a prospective case-control study with a five-year follow-up","volume":"2023","author":"Iliopoulou-Kosmadaki S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iliopoulou-Kosmadaki S, Hadjimichael AC, Kaspiris A, et al.. Impact of preoperative quality of life and related factors on the development of surgical site infections following primary total joint arthroplasty: a prospective case-control study with a five-year follow-up. Adv Orthop. 2023, 2023:7010219. 10.1155\/2023\/7010219","journal-title":"Adv Orthop"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.0684","article-title":"Perioperative topical antisepsis and surgical site infection in patients undergoing upper aerodigestive tract reconstruction","volume":"148","author":"Beydoun AS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beydoun AS, Koss K, Nielsen T, et al.. Perioperative topical antisepsis and surgical site infection in patients undergoing upper aerodigestive tract reconstruction. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022, 148:547-54. 10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.0684","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Infective complications after free flaps reconstruction in patients affected by head and neck cancer: our experience on 77 cases","volume":"89","author":"Orabona GD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Orabona GD, Corvino R, Maglitto F, et al.. Infective complications after free flaps reconstruction in patients affected by head and neck cancer: our experience on 77 cases. Annali Italiani Di Chirurgia. 2018, 89:62-5.","journal-title":"Annali Italiani Di Chirurgia"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01269-2","article-title":"Perioperative antibiotics in clean-contaminated head and neck surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Vander Poorten V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vander Poorten V, Uyttebroek S, Robbins KT, et al.. Perioperative antibiotics in clean-contaminated head and neck surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Ther. 2020, 37:1360-80. 10.1007\/s12325-020-01269-2","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21767\/2572-2107.100008","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis and postoperative wound infection rates in salvage surgery for head and neck cancer","volume":"1","author":"Yang S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang S, Nadimi S, Eggerstedt M, Thorpe E, Pittman AJHNCR. Antibiotic prophylaxis and postoperative wound infection rates in salvage surgery for head and neck cancer. Head Neck Cancer Res. 2016, 1:2. 10.21767\/2572-2107.100008","journal-title":"Head Neck Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29268","article-title":"Prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms in patients undergoing free flap reconstruction","volume":"131","author":"Hamill CS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamill CS, Snyder V, Sykes KJ, O'Toole T. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms in patients undergoing free flap reconstruction. Laryngoscope. 2021, 131:E1881-7. 10.1002\/lary.29268","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24178","article-title":"Surgical prophylaxis with gram-negative activity for reduction of surgical site infections after microvascular reconstruction for head and neck cancer","volume":"38","author":"Wagner JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wagner JL, Kenney RM, Vazquez JA, Ghanem TA, Davis SL. Surgical prophylaxis with gram-negative activity for reduction of surgical site infections after microvascular reconstruction for head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 2016, 38:1449-54. 10.1002\/hed.24178","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.04.001","article-title":"Prospective comparison of perioperative antibiotic management protocols in oncological head and neck surgery","volume":"45","author":"Bartella AK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bartella AK, Kamal M, Teichmann J, Kloss-Brandst\u00e4tter A, Steiner T, H\u00f6lzle F, Lethaus B. Prospective comparison of perioperative antibiotic management protocols in oncological head and neck surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017, 45:1078-82. 10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.04.001","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198808000-00001","article-title":"Wound prophylaxis with metronidazole in head and neck surgical oncology","volume":"98","author":"Robbins KT","year":"1988","unstructured":"Robbins KT, Byers RM, Cole R, et al.. Wound prophylaxis with metronidazole in head and neck surgical oncology. Laryngoscope. 1988, 98:803-6. 10.1288\/00005537-198808000-00001","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2017.09.011","article-title":"Considerations for antibiotic prophylaxis in head and neck cancer surgery","volume":"74","author":"Veve MP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Veve MP, Davis SL, Williams AM, McKinnon JE, Ghanem TA. Considerations for antibiotic prophylaxis in head and neck cancer surgery. Oral Oncol. 2017, 74:181-7. 10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2017.09.011","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818756299","article-title":"Multicenter assessment of antibiotic prophylaxis spectrum on surgical infections in head and neck cancer microvascular reconstruction","volume":"159","author":"Veve MP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Veve MP, Greene JB, Williams AM, et al.. Multicenter assessment of antibiotic prophylaxis spectrum on surgical infections in head and neck cancer microvascular reconstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018, 159:59-67. 10.1177\/0194599818756299","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(99)00088-6","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in head and neck oncologic surgery: the role of Gram-negative coverage","volume":"12","author":"Callender DL","year":"1999","unstructured":"Callender DL. Antibiotic prophylaxis in head and neck oncologic surgery: the role of Gram-negative coverage. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1999, 12:21-7.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2019.102276","article-title":"Prophylactic antibiotics in head and neck free flap surgery: a novel protocol put to the test","volume":"40","author":"Balamohan SM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balamohan SM, Sawhney R, Lang DM, et al.. Prophylactic antibiotics in head and neck free flap surgery: a novel protocol put to the test. Am J Otolaryngol. 2019, 40:102276. 10.1016\/j.amjoto.2019.102276","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/337591-antibiotic-resistance-and-surgical-site-infections-in-free-flap-reconstruction-for-head-and-neck-cancer-a-retrospective-analysis-from-a-lower-middle-income-country","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T19:26:31Z","timestamp":1744399591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/337591-antibiotic-resistance-and-surgical-site-infections-in-free-flap-reconstruction-for-head-and-neck-cancer-a-retrospective-analysis-from-a-lower-middle-income-country"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.82103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]}}}