{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:02:47Z","timestamp":1783008167453,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.82413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T08:34:11Z","timestamp":1744878851000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Restless Legs and Iron Deficiency: Unraveling the Hidden Link and Unlocking Relief"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Fatema M","family":"Alzaabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana  J","family":"Al Tarawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf  J","family":"Al Tarawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Abdul Muqsit","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tabish  W","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raqshan W","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Muhammad Hayyan","family":"Nishat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma A","family":"Alzaabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiza W","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1389-9457(03)00010-8","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health","volume":"4","author":"Allen RP","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, et al.. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med. 2003, 4:101-19. 10.1016\/s1389-9457(03)00010-8","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5644-y","article-title":"Impairment of sensory-motor integration in patients affected by RLS","volume":"257","author":"Rizzo V","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rizzo V, Aric\u00f2 I, Liotta G, et al.. Impairment of sensory-motor integration in patients affected by RLS. J Neurol. 2010, 257:1979-85. 10.1007\/s00415-010-5644-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Normal regional brain iron concentration in restless legs syndrome measured by MRI","volume":"2","author":"Knake S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Knake S, Heverhagen JT, Menzler K, Keil B, Oertel WH, Stiasny-Kolster K. Normal regional brain iron concentration in restless legs syndrome measured by MRI. Nat Sci Sleep. 2009, 2:19-22.","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.55.9.1404","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome in monozygotic twins: clinical correlates","volume":"55","author":"Ondo WG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ondo WG, Vuong KD, Wang Q. Restless legs syndrome in monozygotic twins: clinical correlates. Neurology. 2000, 55:1404-6. 10.1212\/wnl.55.9.1404","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10282","article-title":"Complex segregation analysis of restless legs syndrome provides evidence for an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance in early age at onset families","volume":"52","author":"Winkelmann J","year":"2002","unstructured":"Winkelmann J, Muller-Myhsok B, Wittchen HU, et al.. Complex segregation analysis of restless legs syndrome provides evidence for an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance in early age at onset families. Ann Neurol. 2002, 52:297-302. 10.1002\/ana.10282","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.08.002","article-title":"Genetics of restless legs syndrome: an update","volume":"39","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Jim\u00e9nez FJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Jim\u00e9nez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn E, Ag\u00fandez JA. Genetics of restless legs syndrome: an update. Sleep Med Rev. 2018, 39:108-21. 10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.08.002","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.035","article-title":"Emerging concepts of the pathophysiology and adverse outcomes of restless legs syndrome","volume":"158","author":"Romero-Peralta S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Romero-Peralta S, Cano-Pumarega I, Garc\u00eda-Borreguero D. Emerging concepts of the pathophysiology and adverse outcomes of restless legs syndrome. Chest. 2020, 158:1218-29. 10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.035","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.10.9.868","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Ekbom KA","year":"1960","unstructured":"Ekbom KA. Restless legs syndrome. Neurology. 1960, 10:868-73. 10.1212\/wnl.10.9.868","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/23.3.200","article-title":"Iron status and restless legs syndrome in the elderly","volume":"23","author":"O'Keeffe ST","year":"1994","unstructured":"O'Keeffe ST, Gavin K, Lavan JN. Iron status and restless legs syndrome in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1994, 23:200-3. 10.1093\/ageing\/23.3.200","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/21.4.381","article-title":"Iron and the restless legs syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Sun ER","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sun ER, Chen CA, Ho G, Earley CJ, Allen RP. Iron and the restless legs syndrome. Sleep. 1998, 21:381-7. 10.1093\/sleep\/21.4.381","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.54.8.1698","article-title":"Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Earley CJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, Malecki EA, Epstein DK, Allen RP. Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome. Neurology. 2000, 54:1698-700. 10.1212\/wnl.54.8.1698","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.11.1126","article-title":"Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults and children: an IRLSSG task force report","volume":"41","author":"Allen RP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allen RP, Picchietti DL, Auerbach M, et al.. Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults and children: an IRLSSG task force report. Sleep Med. 2018, 41:27-44.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510x(95)00206-h","article-title":"Cellular management of iron in the brain","volume":"134","author":"Connor JR","year":"1995","unstructured":"Connor JR, Menzies SL. Cellular management of iron in the brain. J Neurol Sci. 1995, 134:33-44. 10.1016\/0022-510x(95)00206-h","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.2.196","article-title":"Sex and the risk of restless legs syndrome in the general population","volume":"164","author":"Berger K","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berger K, Luedemann J, Trenkwalder C, John U, Kessler C. Sex and the risk of restless legs syndrome in the general population. Arch Intern Med. 2004, 164:196-202. 10.1001\/archinte.164.2.196","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2006.04.005","article-title":"Periodic leg movements in sleep and restless legs syndrome: considerations in geriatrics","volume":"1","author":"Bliwise DL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bliwise DL. Periodic leg movements in sleep and restless legs syndrome: considerations in geriatrics. Sleep Med Clin. 2006, 1:263-71. 10.1016\/j.jsmc.2006.04.005","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072743","article-title":"A genetic risk factor for periodic limb movements in sleep","volume":"357","author":"Stefansson H","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stefansson H, Rye DB, Hicks A, et al.. A genetic risk factor for periodic limb movements in sleep. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357:639-47. 10.1056\/NEJMoa072743","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.07.007","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome: understanding its consequences and the need for better treatment","volume":"11","author":"Earley CJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Silber MH. Restless legs syndrome: understanding its consequences and the need for better treatment. Sleep Med. 2010, 11:807-15. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.07.007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-008-0044-8","article-title":"An update on the pathophysiology and genetics of restless legs syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Trotti LM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Trotti LM, Bhadriraju S, Rye DB. An update on the pathophysiology and genetics of restless legs syndrome. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2008, 8:281-7. 10.1007\/s11910-008-0044-8","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2099","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions","volume":"39","author":"Winkelmann J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Winkelmann J, Schormair B, Lichtner P, et al.. Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nat Genet. 2007, 39:1000-6. 10.1038\/ng2099","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.03.025","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria--history, rationale, description, and significance","volume":"15","author":"Allen RP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allen RP, Picchietti DL, Garcia-Borreguero D, et al.. Restless legs syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria--history, rationale, description, and significance. Sleep Med. 2014, 15:860-73. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.03.025","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01862.x","article-title":"A single question for the rapid screening of restless legs syndrome in the neurological clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"Ferri R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferri R, Lanuzza B, Cosentino FI, et al.. A single question for the rapid screening of restless legs syndrome in the neurological clinical practice. Eur J Neurol. 2007, 14:1016-21. 10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01862.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-4-379","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Klingelhoefer L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klingelhoefer L, Bhattacharya K, Reichmann H. Restless legs syndrome. Clin Med (Lond). 2016, 16:379-82. 10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-4-379","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.011","article-title":"The reliability, validity and responsiveness of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale and subscales in a clinical-trial setting","volume":"7","author":"Abetz L","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abetz L, Arbuckle R, Allen RP, et al.. The reliability, validity and responsiveness of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale and subscales in a clinical-trial setting. Sleep Med. 2006, 7:340-9. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.12.011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1357-2725(01)00063-2","article-title":"Chemistry and biology of eukaryotic iron metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Aisen P","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aisen P, Enns C, Wessling-Resnick M. Chemistry and biology of eukaryotic iron metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2001, 33:940-59. 10.1016\/s1357-2725(01)00063-2","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi300752r","article-title":"Mechanisms of mammalian iron homeostasis","volume":"51","author":"Pantopoulos K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pantopoulos K, Porwal SK, Tartakoff A, Devireddy L. Mechanisms of mammalian iron homeostasis. Biochemistry. 2012, 51:5705-24. 10.1021\/bi300752r","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.01.014","article-title":"Hepcidin and iron homeostasis","volume":"1823","author":"Ganz T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ganz T, Nemeth E. Hepcidin and iron homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012, 1823:1434-43. 10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.01.014","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27040","article-title":"Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with restless legs syndrome and nonanemic iron deficiency: a randomized trial","volume":"32","author":"Trenkwalder C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trenkwalder C, Winkelmann J, Oertel W, et al.. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with restless legs syndrome and nonanemic iron deficiency: a randomized trial. Mov Disord. 2017, 32:1478-82.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103024","article-title":"Revisiting brain iron deficiency in restless legs syndrome using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"34","author":"Beliveau V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beliveau V, Stefani A, Birkl C, Kremser C, Gizewski ER, H\u00f6gl B, Scherfler C. Revisiting brain iron deficiency in restless legs syndrome using magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage Clin. 2022, 34:103024. 10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103024","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.11.009","article-title":"MRI-determined regional brain iron concentrations in early- and late-onset restless legs syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Earley CJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Earley CJ, B Barker P, Horsk\u00e1 A, Allen RP. MRI-determined regional brain iron concentrations in early- and late-onset restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2006, 7:458-61.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2015.05.022","article-title":"Restless leg syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease pathophysiology","volume":"10","author":"Allen RP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allen RP. Restless leg syndrome\/Willis-Ekbom disease pathophysiology. Sleep Med Clin. 2015, 10:207-14, xi. 10.1016\/j.jsmc.2015.05.022","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05514.x","article-title":"Effect of iron chelators on dopamine D2 receptors","volume":"45","author":"Ben-Shachar D","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ben-Shachar D, Finberg JP, Youdim MB. Effect of iron chelators on dopamine D2 receptors. J Neurochem. 1985, 45:999-1005. 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05514.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(82)90509-3","article-title":"Nutritional iron and dopamine binding sites in the rat brain","volume":"17","author":"Ashkenazi R","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ashkenazi R, Ben-Shachar D, Youdim MB. Nutritional iron and dopamine binding sites in the rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1982, 17:43-7. 10.1016\/0091-3057(82)90509-3","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540050026010","article-title":"Effect of age on D2 dopamine receptors in normal human brain measured by positron emission tomography and 11C-raclopride","volume":"50","author":"Antonini A","year":"1993","unstructured":"Antonini A, Leenders KL, Reist H, Thomann R, Beer HF, Locher J. Effect of age on D2 dopamine receptors in normal human brain measured by positron emission tomography and 11C-raclopride. Arch Neurol. 1993, 50:474-80. 10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540050026010","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.07.028","article-title":"Iron and restless legs syndrome: treatment, genetics and pathophysiology","volume":"31","author":"Connor JR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Connor JR, Patton SM, Oexle K, Allen RP. Iron and restless legs syndrome: treatment, genetics and pathophysiology. Sleep Med. 2017, 31:61-70. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.07.028","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03397.x","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor pathway activation in restless legs syndrome patients","volume":"18","author":"Patton SM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patton SM, Ponnuru P, Snyder AM, Podskalny GD, Connor JR. Hypoxia-inducible factor pathway activation in restless legs syndrome patients. Eur J Neurol. 2011, 18:1329-35. 10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03397.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30311-9","article-title":"Comorbidities, treatment, and pathophysiology in restless legs syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Trenkwalder C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trenkwalder C, Allen R, H\u00f6gl B, et al.. Comorbidities, treatment, and pathophysiology in restless legs syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2018, 17:994-1005. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30311-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000454","article-title":"Peripheral hypoxia in restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease)","volume":"82","author":"Salminen AV","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salminen AV, Rimpil\u00e4 V, Polo O. Peripheral hypoxia in restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease). Neurology. 2014, 82:1856-61. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000454","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418791763","article-title":"New insights into the neurobiology of restless legs syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Ferr\u00e9 S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9 S, Garc\u00eda-Borreguero D, Allen RP, Earley CJ. New insights into the neurobiology of restless legs syndrome. Neuroscientist. 2019, 25:113-25. 10.1177\/1073858418791763","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.06.003","article-title":"Connectome and molecular pharmacological differences in the dopaminergic system in restless legs syndrome (RLS): plastic changes and neuroadaptations that may contribute to augmentation","volume":"31","author":"Earley CJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Uhl GR, Clemens S, Ferr\u00e9 S. Connectome and molecular pharmacological differences in the dopaminergic system in restless legs syndrome (RLS): plastic changes and neuroadaptations that may contribute to augmentation. Sleep Med. 2017, 31:71-7. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.06.003","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bcmd.2002.0603","article-title":"Perspectives on iron absorption","volume":"29","author":"Hallberg L","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hallberg L, Hulth\u00e9n L. Perspectives on iron absorption. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2002, 29:562-73. 10.1006\/bcmd.2002.0603","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Iron metabolism: clinical chronobiological aspects","volume":"5","author":"Tarquini B","year":"1978","unstructured":"Tarquini B. Iron metabolism: clinical chronobiological aspects. Chronobiologia. 1978, 5:315-36.","journal-title":"Chronobiologia"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.02.009","article-title":"Periodic limb movements and restless legs syndrome in children with a history of prematurity","volume":"30","author":"Cielo CM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cielo CM, DelRosso LM, Tapia IE, et al.. Periodic limb movements and restless legs syndrome in children with a history of prematurity. Sleep Med. 2017, 30:77-81.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia in late-preterm infants","volume":"55","author":"Ozdemir H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ozdemir H, Akman I, Demirel U, Co\u015fkun S, Bilgen H, Ozek E. Iron deficiency anemia in late-preterm infants. Turk J Pediatr. 2013, 55:500-5.","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00585","article-title":"Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development","volume":"7","author":"Radlowski EC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Radlowski EC, Johnson RW. Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013, 7:585. 10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00585","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.05.011","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia in infancy exerts long-term effects on the tibialis anterior motor activity during sleep in childhood","volume":"13","author":"Peirano P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peirano P, Algarin C, Chamorro R, Manconi M, Lozoff B, Ferri R. Iron deficiency anemia in infancy exerts long-term effects on the tibialis anterior motor activity during sleep in childhood. Sleep Med. 2012, 13:1006-12. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.05.011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9230","article-title":"The prevalence and clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome in patients with iron deficiency anemia in Korea","volume":"17","author":"Bae H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bae H, Kim KT, Heo MH, Do YR, Cho YW. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome in patients with iron deficiency anemia in Korea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021, 17:1447-52. 10.5664\/jcsm.9230","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21607","article-title":"The role of iron in restless legs syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Allen RP","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allen RP, Earley CJ. The role of iron in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 2007, 22:S440-8. 10.1002\/mds.21607","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051313","article-title":"The effect of parenteral or oral iron supplementation on fatigue, sleep, quality of life and restless legs syndrome in iron-deficient blood donors: a secondary analysis of the IronWoMan RCT","volume":"12","author":"Macher S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Macher S, Herster C, Holter M, et al.. The effect of parenteral or oral iron supplementation on fatigue, sleep, quality of life and restless legs syndrome in iron-deficient blood donors: a secondary analysis of the IronWoMan RCT. Nutrients. 2020, 12:1313.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7810","article-title":"Does improvement of low serum ferritin improve symptoms of restless legs syndrome in a cohort of pediatric patients?","volume":"15","author":"Rosen GM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosen GM, Morrissette S, Larson A, Stading P, Barnes TL. Does improvement of low serum ferritin improve symptoms of restless legs syndrome in a cohort of pediatric patients?. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019, 15:1149-54.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1389-9457(02)00258-7","article-title":"Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Walters AS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Walters AS, LeBrocq C, Dhar A, et al.. Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2003, 4:121-32. 10.1016\/s1389-9457(02)00258-7","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970","article-title":"International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications","volume":"146","author":"Sateia MJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest. 2014, 146:1387-94. 10.1378\/chest.14-0970","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.03.016","article-title":"Development of the Pediatric Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Scale (P-RLS-SS): a patient-reported outcome measure of pediatric RLS symptoms and impact","volume":"11","author":"Arbuckle R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arbuckle R, Abetz L, Durmer JS, et al.. Development of the Pediatric Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Scale (P-RLS-SS): a patient-reported outcome measure of pediatric RLS symptoms and impact. Sleep Med. 2010, 11:897-906. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.03.016","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60865-0","article-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia","volume":"387","author":"Lopez A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lopez A, Cacoub P, Macdougall IC, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Iron deficiency anaemia. Lancet. 2016, 387:907-16. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60865-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1982.198","article-title":"Absorption of controlled-release iron","volume":"32","author":"Cook JD","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cook JD, Lipschitz DA, Skikne BS. Absorption of controlled-release iron. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1982, 32:531-9. 10.1038\/clpt.1982.198","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125272","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of nephrotoxicity and management by macrophages of intravenous pharmaceutical iron formulations","volume":"10","author":"Connor JR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Connor JR, Zhang X, Nixon AM, Webb B, Perno JR. Comparative evaluation of nephrotoxicity and management by macrophages of intravenous pharmaceutical iron formulations. PLoS One. 2015, 10:e0125272. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0125272","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intravenous iron sucrose therapy in a group of children with iron deficiency anemia","volume":"10","author":"Pinsk V","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pinsk V, Levy J, Moser A, Yerushalmi B, Kapelushnik J.. Efficacy and safety of intravenous iron sucrose therapy in a group of children with iron deficiency anemia. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008, 10:335-8.","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.01.008","article-title":"Outcomes of long-term iron supplementation in pediatric restless legs syndrome\/periodic limb movement disorder (RLS\/PLMD)","volume":"32","author":"Dye TJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dye TJ, Jain SV, Simakajornboon N. Outcomes of long-term iron supplementation in pediatric restless legs syndrome\/periodic limb movement disorder (RLS\/PLMD). Sleep Med. 2017, 32:213-9. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.01.008","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1953.tb07042.x","article-title":"Therapy in restless legs","volume":"145","author":"Nordlander NB","year":"1953","unstructured":"Nordlander NB. Therapy in restless legs. Acta Med Scand. 1953, 145:453-7.","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000008138","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of iron in restless legs syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Davis BJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Davis BJ, Rajput A, Rajput ML, Aul EA, Eichhorn GR. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of iron in restless legs syndrome. Eur Neurol. 2000, 43:70-5. 10.1159\/000008138","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12286","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacies of oral iron and pramipexole for the treatment of restless legs syndrome patients with low serum ferritin","volume":"21","author":"Lee CS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee CS, Lee SD, Kang SH, Park HY, Yoon IY. Comparison of the efficacies of oral iron and pramipexole for the treatment of restless legs syndrome patients with low serum ferritin. Eur J Neurol. 2014, 21:260-6. 10.1111\/ene.12286","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.12.006","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron sucrose in restless legs syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Earley CJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Earley CJ, Horsk\u00e1 A, Mohamed MA, Barker PB, Beard JL, Allen RP. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron sucrose in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2009, 10:206-11. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.12.006","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2003.11.021","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron dextran therapy in patients with ESRD and restless legs syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Sloand JA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sloand JA, Shelly MA, Feigin A, Bernstein P, Monk RD. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron dextran therapy in patients with ESRD and restless legs syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004, 43:663-70. 10.1053\/j.ajkd.2003.11.021","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.06.021","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose treatment in patients with restless legs syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Cho YW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cho YW, Allen RP, Earley CJ. Clinical efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose treatment in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2016, 25:16-23. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.06.021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22562","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multi-center study of intravenous iron sucrose and placebo in the treatment of restless legs syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Grote L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grote L, Leissner L, Hedner J, Ulfberg J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multi-center study of intravenous iron sucrose and placebo in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 2009, 24:1445-52. 10.1002\/mds.22562","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.06.009","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of IV ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) treatment of RLS: a multi-centred, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Allen RP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allen RP, Adler CH, Du W, Butcher A, Bregman DB, Earley CJ. Clinical efficacy and safety of IV ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) treatment of RLS: a multi-centred, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical trial. Sleep Med. 2011, 12:906-13. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.06.009","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"Symptom persistence after iron normalization in women with restless legs syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Bang YR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bang YR, Jeon HJ, Park HY, Yoon IY. Symptom persistence after iron normalization in women with restless legs syndrome. Psychiatry Investig. 2018, 15:390-5.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/17.4.193","article-title":"Iron's role in paediatric restless legs syndrome - a review","volume":"17","author":"Dosman C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dosman C, Witmans M, Zwaigenbaum L. Iron's role in paediatric restless legs syndrome - a review. Paediatr Child Health. 2012, 17:193-7. 10.1093\/pch\/17.4.193","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.02.009","article-title":"Iron supplementation for restless legs syndrome - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Avni T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Avni T, Reich S, Lev N, Gafter-Gvili A. Iron supplementation for restless legs syndrome - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2019, 63:34-41. 10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.02.009","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13345","article-title":"The role of iron repletion in adult iron deficiency anemia and other diseases","volume":"104","author":"Elstrott B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elstrott B, Khan L, Olson S, Raghunathan V, DeLoughery T, Shatzel JJ. The role of iron repletion in adult iron deficiency anemia and other diseases. Eur J Haematol. 2020, 104:153-61. 10.1111\/ejh.13345","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/357328-restless-legs-and-iron-deficiency-unraveling-the-hidden-link-and-unlocking-relief","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T08:34:14Z","timestamp":1744878854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/357328-restless-legs-and-iron-deficiency-unraveling-the-hidden-link-and-unlocking-relief"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"references-count":69,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.82413","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]}}}