{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T17:10:45Z","timestamp":1781197845184,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.82875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T05:39:09Z","timestamp":1745473149000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Review of the Advances in the Medical Management of Epilepsy Associated With Myoclonic Epilepsy With Ragged-Red Fibers (MERRF) Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Josef","family":"Finsterer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.126","article-title":"The clinical maze of mitochondrial neurology","volume":"9","author":"DiMauro S","year":"2013","unstructured":"DiMauro S, Schon EA, Carelli V, Hirano M. The clinical maze of mitochondrial neurology. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013, 9:429-44. 10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.126","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"MERRF","author":"Velez-Bartolomei F","year":"2003","unstructured":"Velez-Bartolomei F, Lee C, Enns G. MERRF. GeneReviews. Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al. (ed): University of Washington, Seattle, WA; 2003. 3:"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2018.12.003","article-title":"Phenotype and genotype determine the diagnosis of MERRF or MERRF plus","volume":"137","author":"Finsterer J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Finsterer J. Phenotype and genotype determine the diagnosis of MERRF or MERRF plus. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2020, 137:241-2. 10.1016\/j.anorl.2018.12.003","journal-title":"Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.46.5.1334","article-title":"A MERRF\/PEO overlap syndrome associated with the mitochondrial DNA 3243 mutation","volume":"46","author":"Verma A","year":"1996","unstructured":"Verma A, Moraes CT, Shebert RT, Bradley WG. A MERRF\/PEO overlap syndrome associated with the mitochondrial DNA 3243 mutation. Neurology. 1996, 46:1334-6. 10.1212\/wnl.46.5.1334","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fibers","author":"Hameed S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hameed S, Tadi P. Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fibers. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2023."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.06.010","article-title":"Management of epilepsy in MERRF syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Finsterer J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finsterer J, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. Management of epilepsy in MERRF syndrome. Seizure. 2017, 50:166-70. 10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.06.010","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00302-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"10","author":"GBD Epilepsy Collaborators","year":"2025","unstructured":"GBD Epilepsy Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Public Health. 2025, 10:e203-27. 10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00302-5","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Progressive myoclonic epilepsy: a retrospective study of newly-diagnosed adult patients from a single center. [Article in Chinese]","volume":"41","author":"Zhang J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhou J, Ji C, Wu D, Wang K. Progressive myoclonic epilepsy: a retrospective study of newly-diagnosed adult patients from a single center. [Article in Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. 2024, 41:432-6.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Scheffer IE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al.. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017, 58:512-21. 10.1111\/epi.13709","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13670","article-title":"Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Fisher RS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al.. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017, 58:522-30. 10.1111\/epi.13670","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13071245","article-title":"A novel MTTK gene variant m.8315A>C as a cause of MERRF syndrome","volume":"13","author":"\u0160tufkov\u00e1 H","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u0160tufkov\u00e1 H, Kol\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1 H, Lokvencov\u00e1 K, Honz\u00edk T, Zeman J, Hans\u00edkov\u00e1 H, Tesa\u0159ov\u00e1 M. A novel MTTK gene variant m.8315A>C as a cause of MERRF syndrome. Genes (Basel). 2022, 13:1245. 10.3390\/genes13071245","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.5.1231","article-title":"Myoclonus epilepsy and ragged-red fibres (MERRF). 1. A clinical, pathological, biochemical, magnetic resonance spectrographic and positron emission tomographic study","volume":"112","author":"Berkovic SF","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berkovic SF, Carpenter S, Evans A, et al.. Myoclonus epilepsy and ragged-red fibres (MERRF). 1. A clinical, pathological, biochemical, magnetic resonance spectrographic and positron emission tomographic study. Brain. 1989, 112:1231-60. 10.1093\/brain\/112.5.1231","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Psoriasis, bulbar involvement, and diarrhea in late myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers-syndrome due to the m.8344A > G tRNA (Lys) mutation","volume":"16","author":"Finsterer J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finsterer J, Kovacs GG. Psoriasis, bulbar involvement, and diarrhea in late myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers-syndrome due to the m.8344A > G tRNA (Lys) mutation. Iran J Neurol. 2017, 16:45-9.","journal-title":"Iran J Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Seizures in myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers detected by DNA analysis: a case report","volume":"84","author":"Sitburana O","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sitburana O, Witoonpanich R, Phudhichareonrat S, Lertrit P, Supavilai R. Seizures in myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers detected by DNA analysis: a case report. J Med Assoc Thai. 2001, 84:1051-5.","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"MERRF: myoclonus epilepsy and ragged red fibers","author":"Cohen BH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen BH. MERRF: myoclonus epilepsy and ragged red fibers. Mitochondrial Case Studies. Saneto RP, Parikh S, Cohen BH (ed): Academic Press, Cambridge, MA; 2016. 31-6."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1575","article-title":"Advances in the genetics of progressive myoclonus epilepsy","volume":"106","author":"Delgado-Escueta AV","year":"2001","unstructured":"Delgado-Escueta AV, Ganesh S, Yamakawa K. Advances in the genetics of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Am J Med Genet. 2001, 106:129-38. 10.1002\/ajmg.1575","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Two cases of MERRF (myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged red fibers) showing different clinical features in the same family. [Article in Japanese]","volume":"33","author":"Nomura T","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nomura T, Ota M, Kotake N, Tanaka K. Two cases of MERRF (myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged red fibers) showing different clinical features in the same family. [Article in Japanese]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1993, 33:1198-200.","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24525","article-title":"Epilepsy in adults with mitochondrial disease: a cohort study","volume":"78","author":"Whittaker RG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Whittaker RG, Devine HE, Gorman GS, et al.. Epilepsy in adults with mitochondrial disease: a cohort study. Ann Neurol. 2015, 78:949-57. 10.1002\/ana.24525","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1552624","article-title":"Mitochondrial causes of epilepsy: evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"35","author":"Steele HE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steele HE, Chinnery PF. Mitochondrial causes of epilepsy: evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Neurol. 2015, 35:300-9. 10.1055\/s-0035-1552624","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.08.134","article-title":"Metabolic and mitochondrial disorders associated with epilepsy in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"47","author":"Frye RE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frye RE. Metabolic and mitochondrial disorders associated with epilepsy in children with autism spectrum disorder. Epilepsy Behav. 2015, 47:147-57. 10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.08.134","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12122","article-title":"Mitochondrial epilepsy in pediatric and adult patients","volume":"128","author":"Finsterer J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finsterer J, Zarrouk Mahjoub S. Mitochondrial epilepsy in pediatric and adult patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013, 128:141-52. 10.1111\/ane.12122","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2012.03.003","article-title":"Epilepsy in mitochondrial disorders","volume":"21","author":"Finsterer J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Finsterer J, Zarrouk Mahjoub S. Epilepsy in mitochondrial disorders. Seizure. 2012, 21:316-21. 10.1016\/j.seizure.2012.03.003","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2016.0846","article-title":"Myoclonus epilepsy in mitochondrial disorders","volume":"18","author":"Lamperti C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lamperti C, Zeviani M. Myoclonus epilepsy in mitochondrial disorders. Epileptic Disord. 2016, 18:94-102. 10.1684\/epd.2016.0846","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-179001","article-title":"Cysteine supplementation may be beneficial in a subgroup of mitochondrial translation deficiencies","volume":"4","author":"Bartsakoulia M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bartsakoulia M, M\u03cbller JS, Gomez-Duran A, Yu-Wai-Man P, Boczonadi V, Horvath R. Cysteine supplementation may be beneficial in a subgroup of mitochondrial translation deficiencies. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2017, 4:97. 10.3233\/JND-179001","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.243568","article-title":"Antimyoclonic effect of levetiracetam and clonazepam combined treatment on myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fiber syndrome with m.8344A>G mutation","volume":"131","author":"Su LJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su LJ, Wang YL, Han T, et al.. Antimyoclonic effect of levetiracetam and clonazepam combined treatment on myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fiber syndrome with m.8344A>G mutation. Chin Med J (Engl). 2018, 131:2433-8. 10.4103\/0366-6999.243568","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00724","article-title":"Overlapping Leigh syndrome\/myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres in an adolescent patient with a mitochondrial DNA A8344G mutation","volume":"9","author":"Shen C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen C, Xian W, Zhou H, Li X, Liang X, Chen L. Overlapping Leigh syndrome\/myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres in an adolescent patient with a mitochondrial DNA A8344G mutation. Front Neurol. 2018, 9:724. 10.3389\/fneur.2018.00724","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.07.020","article-title":"Rufinamide efficacy and safety in children aged 1-4\u202fyears with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Kim SH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SH, Kang HC, Lee JS, Kim HD. Rufinamide efficacy and safety in children aged 1-4\u202fyears with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Brain Dev. 2018, 40:897-903. 10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.07.020","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2022.06.008","article-title":"Perampanel for the treatment of patients with myoclonic seizures in clinical practice: evidence from the PERMIT study","volume":"100","author":"D'Souza W","year":"2022","unstructured":"D'Souza W, Alsaadi T, Montoya J, et al.. Perampanel for the treatment of patients with myoclonic seizures in clinical practice: evidence from the PERMIT study. Seizure. 2022, 100:56-66. 10.1016\/j.seizure.2022.06.008","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2016.0861","article-title":"Myoclonus and seizures in progressive myoclonus epilepsies: pharmacology and therapeutic trials","volume":"18","author":"Michelucci R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michelucci R, Pasini E, Riguzzi P, Andermann E, K\u00e4lvi\u00e4inen R, Genton P. Myoclonus and seizures in progressive myoclonus epilepsies: pharmacology and therapeutic trials. Epileptic Disord. 2016, 18:145-53. 10.1684\/epd.2016.0861","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-011-0131-z","article-title":"Treatment options in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"13","author":"Mantoan L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mantoan L, Walker M. Treatment options in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2011, 13:355-70. 10.1007\/s11940-011-0131-z","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01186.x","article-title":"Current treatment of myoclonic astatic epilepsy: clinical experience at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","volume":"48","author":"Kilaru S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kilaru S, Bergqvist AG. Current treatment of myoclonic astatic epilepsy: clinical experience at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Epilepsia. 2007, 48:1703-7. 10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01186.x","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers--report of a patient with negative myoclonus [Article in Japanese]","volume":"32","author":"Iwanga K","year":"1992","unstructured":"Iwanga K, Mori K, Inoue M, Yoshimura T, Tanno Y. Myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers--report of a patient with negative myoclonus [Article in Japanese]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1992, 32:870-3.","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000110193.78872.dd","article-title":"Levetiracetam in progressive myoclonic epilepsy: an exploratory study in 9 patients","volume":"62","author":"Crest C","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crest C, Dupont S, Leguern E, Adam C, Baulac M. Levetiracetam in progressive myoclonic epilepsy: an exploratory study in 9 patients. Neurology. 2004, 62:640-3. 10.1212\/01.wnl.0000110193.78872.dd","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.11.021","article-title":"Antimyoclonic effect of levetiracetam in MERRF syndrome","volume":"243","author":"Mancuso M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mancuso M, Galli R, Pizzanelli C, Filosto M, Siciliano G, Murri L. Antimyoclonic effect of levetiracetam in MERRF syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2006, 243:97-9. 10.1016\/j.jns.2005.11.021","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7632-0","article-title":"\"Myo-cardiomyopathy\" is commonly associated with the A8344G \"MERRF\" mutation","volume":"262","author":"Catteruccia M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Catteruccia M, Sauchelli D, Della Marca G, et al.. \"Myo-cardiomyopathy\" is commonly associated with the A8344G \"MERRF\" mutation. J Neurol. 2015, 262:701-10. 10.1007\/s00415-014-7632-0","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.12.010","article-title":"Lacosamide treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Afra P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Afra P, Adamolekun B. Lacosamide treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Seizure. 2012, 21:202-4. 10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.12.010","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18115","article-title":"POLR3B is associated with a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with myoclonic-atonic seizures and ataxia","volume":"65","author":"Symonds JD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Symonds JD, Park KL, Mignot C, et al.. POLR3B is associated with a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with myoclonic-atonic seizures and ataxia. Epilepsia. 2024, 65:3303-23. 10.1111\/epi.18115","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebcr.2015.06.007","article-title":"Use of perampanel in one case of super-refractory hypoxic myoclonic status: case report","volume":"4","author":"Santamarina E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santamarina E, Sueiras M, Lid\u00f3n RM, et al.. Use of perampanel in one case of super-refractory hypoxic myoclonic status: case report. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2015, 4:56-9. 10.1016\/j.ebcr.2015.06.007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav Case Rep"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.5.781","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of piracetam in the treatment of progressive myoclonus epilepsy","volume":"58","author":"Fedi M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fedi M, Reutens D, Dubeau F, Andermann E, D'Agostino D, Andermann F. Long-term efficacy and safety of piracetam in the treatment of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 2001, 58:781-6. 10.1001\/archneur.58.5.781","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Status Epilepticus","author":"Wylie T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wylie T, Sandhu DS, Murr NI. Status Epilepticus. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2023."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.32709","article-title":"Arginine for the treatment of mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Argudo JM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Argudo JM, Astudillo Moncayo OM, Insuasti W, et al.. Arginine for the treatment of mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes: a systematic review. Cureus. 2022, 14:e32709. 10.7759\/cureus.32709","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.02.013","article-title":"Efficacy of felbamate in the treatment of intractable pediatric epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Zupanc ML","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zupanc ML, Roell Werner R, Schwabe MS, et al.. Efficacy of felbamate in the treatment of intractable pediatric epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2010, 42:396-403. 10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.02.013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8020032","article-title":"Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity in the geriatric population: challenges and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Will Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Will Y, Shields JE, Wallace KB. Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity in the geriatric population: challenges and future directions. Biology (Basel). 2019, 8:32. 10.3390\/biology8020032","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2012.644535","article-title":"Mitochondrial toxicity of antiepileptic drugs and their tolerability in mitochondrial disorders","volume":"8","author":"Finsterer J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Finsterer J, Zarrouk Mahjoub S. Mitochondrial toxicity of antiepileptic drugs and their tolerability in mitochondrial disorders. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012, 8:71-9. 10.1517\/17425255.2012.644535","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.150905","article-title":"A typical case of myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF) and the lessons learned","volume":"61","author":"Chandra SR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chandra SR, Issac TG, Gayathri N, Gupta N, Abbas MM. A typical case of myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF) and the lessons learned. J Postgrad Med. 2015, 61:200-2. 10.4103\/0022-3859.150905","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers: report of one case","volume":"32","author":"Lii YP","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lii YP, Chi SC, Mak SC, Chen CH. Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers: report of one case. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1991, 32:251-6.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.07.012","article-title":"SLC6A1 mutation and ketogenic diet in epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures","volume":"64","author":"Palmer S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palmer S, Towne MC, Pearl PL, et al.. SLC6A1 mutation and ketogenic diet in epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures. Pediatr Neurol. 2016, 64:77-9. 10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.07.012","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.03.004","article-title":"Aromatic antiepileptic drugs and mitochondrial toxicity: effects on mitochondria isolated from rat liver","volume":"22","author":"Santos NA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Santos NA, Medina WS, Martins NM, Mingatto FE, Curti C, Santos AC. Aromatic antiepileptic drugs and mitochondrial toxicity: effects on mitochondria isolated from rat liver. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008, 22:1143-52. 10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.03.004","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2013.09.002","article-title":"Influence of mitochondrion-toxic agents on the cardiovascular system","volume":"67","author":"Finsterer J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finsterer J, Ohnsorge P. Influence of mitochondrion-toxic agents on the cardiovascular system. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013, 67:434-45. 10.1016\/j.yrtph.2013.09.002","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/8904_2011_73","article-title":"Complete deletion of a POLG1 allele in a patient with Alpers syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Naess K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naess K, Barbaro M, Bruhn H, et al.. Complete deletion of a POLG1 allele in a patient with Alpers syndrome. JIMD Rep. 2012, 4:67-73. 10.1007\/8904_2011_73","journal-title":"JIMD Rep"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05324","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of two patients with progressive myoclonic epilepsy treated with vagus nerve stimulation therapy","volume":"6","author":"Fujimoto A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujimoto A, Okanishi T, Sato K, Enoki H. Long-term outcomes of two patients with progressive myoclonic epilepsy treated with vagus nerve stimulation therapy. Heliyon. 2020, 6:e05324. 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05324","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1741350","article-title":"Emerging treatments for progressive myoclonus epilepsies","volume":"20","author":"Riva A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riva A, Guglielmo A, Balagura G, et al.. Emerging treatments for progressive myoclonus epilepsies. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020, 20:341-50. 10.1080\/14737175.2020.1741350","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/352478-a-review-of-the-advances-in-the-medical-management-of-epilepsy-associated-with-myoclonic-epilepsy-with-ragged-red-fibers-merrf-syndrome","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T05:39:10Z","timestamp":1745473150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/352478-a-review-of-the-advances-in-the-medical-management-of-epilepsy-associated-with-myoclonic-epilepsy-with-ragged-red-fibers-merrf-syndrome"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.82875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]}}}