{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:12:01Z","timestamp":1773054721670,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.85085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T13:47:00Z","timestamp":1748612820000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Smear- and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Negative Tuberculosis: A Case Series Highlighting Diagnostic Limitations and the Role of Escalation"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Daraselia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ani","family":"Toloraia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salome","family":"Tsertsvadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Todua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13626","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis associated acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia: a case report and literature review","volume":"17","author":"Zhao X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao X, Cheng Y, Xiong Y, Wang G. Pulmonary tuberculosis associated acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia: a case report and literature review. Clin Respir J. 2023, 17:499-506. 10.1111\/crj.13626","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0143-2023","article-title":"The tuberculous pleural effusion","volume":"19","author":"McNally E","year":"2023","unstructured":"McNally E, Ross C, Gleeson LE. The tuberculous pleural effusion. Breathe (Sheff). 2023, 19:230143. 10.1183\/20734735.0143-2023","journal-title":"Breathe (Sheff)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.11.033","article-title":"Silent airway mucus plugs in COPD and clinical implications","volume":"166","author":"Mettler SK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mettler SK, Nath HP, Grumley S, et al.. Silent airway mucus plugs in COPD and clinical implications. Chest. 2024, 166:1010-9. 10.1016\/j.chest.2023.11.033","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4728-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of tuberculosis from smear-negative presumptive TB cases using Xpert MTB\/Rif assay: a cross-sectional study from Nepal","volume":"19","author":"Khadka P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khadka P, Thapaliya J, Basnet RB, Ghimire GR, Amatya J, Rijal BP. Diagnosis of tuberculosis from smear-negative presumptive TB cases using Xpert MTB\/Rif assay: a cross-sectional study from Nepal. BMC Infect Dis. 2019, 19:1090. 10.1186\/s12879-019-4728-2","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0628-2","article-title":"Delays to treatment initiation is associated with tuberculosis treatment outcomes among patients on directly observed treatment short course in Southwest Ethiopia: a follow-up study","volume":"18","author":"Asres A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asres A, Jerene D, Deressa W. Delays to treatment initiation is associated with tuberculosis treatment outcomes among patients on directly observed treatment short course in Southwest Ethiopia: a follow-up study. BMC Pulm Med. 2018, 18:64. 10.1186\/s12890-018-0628-2","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08334-5","article-title":"Resolution of an insidious and migratory Mycobacterium tuberculosis-associated secondary organizing pneumonia: a case report and literature review","volume":"23","author":"Huang LL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang LL, Wang C, Liu Y, Gu XY, Wang WX, Chen W, Hu CM. Resolution of an insidious and migratory Mycobacterium tuberculosis-associated secondary organizing pneumonia: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis. 2023, 23:372. 10.1186\/s12879-023-08334-5","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmedc.2010.11.004","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis masquerading as community acquired pneumonia","volume":"4","author":"Pinto LM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pinto LM, Shah AC, Shah KD, Udwadia ZF. Pulmonary tuberculosis masquerading as community acquired pneumonia. Respir Med CME. 2011, 4:33-5. 10.1016\/j.rmedc.2010.11.004","journal-title":"Respir Med CME"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/jcsr.jcsr_200_22","article-title":"Polymicrobial community-acquired pneumonia: coinfection with tuberculosis, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus","volume":"12","author":"Pappu SS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pappu SS, Hussain GZ, Srilekhya AS, Chandra N. Polymicrobial community-acquired pneumonia: coinfection with tuberculosis, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus. J Clin Sci Res. 2023, 12:70-3.","journal-title":"J Clin Sci Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2019.100846","article-title":"The role of thoracoscopic biopsies in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis","volume":"27","author":"Haralsingh A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haralsingh A, Rawlins R. The role of thoracoscopic biopsies in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. Respir Med Case Rep. 2019, 27:100846. 10.1016\/j.rmcr.2019.100846","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06276-4","article-title":"Adenosine deaminase negative pleural tuberculosis: a case report","volume":"21","author":"Boggs ZH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boggs ZH, Heysell S, Eby J, Arnold C. Adenosine deaminase negative pleural tuberculosis: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2021, 21:575. 10.1186\/s12879-021-06276-4","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3385","article-title":"Diagnostic delay of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with aspiration pneumonia: two case reports and a mini-review from Japan","volume":"12","author":"Nakao M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nakao M, Sone K, Kagawa Y, Kurokawa R, Sato H, Kunieda T, Muramatsu H. Diagnostic delay of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with aspiration pneumonia: two case reports and a mini-review from Japan. Exp Ther Med. 2016, 12:835-9. 10.3892\/etm.2016.3385","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-475","article-title":"Sputum smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis: sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic algorithm","volume":"4","author":"Swai HF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Swai HF, Mugusi FM, Mbwambo JK. Sputum smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis: sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic algorithm. BMC Res Notes. 2011, 4:475. 10.1186\/1756-0500-4-475","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis is a distinct clinical entity, not a \u201cmisdiagnosis waste basket\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Fawibe AE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fawibe AE, Desalu OO, Agede OA, Ojuawo OB, Oloyede T, Aladesanmi AO, Salami AK. Smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis is a distinct clinical entity, not a \u201cmisdiagnosis waste basket\u201d. Int J Respir Pulm Med. 2022, 9:177.","journal-title":"Int J Respir Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06745-w","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in persons living with HIV in Eastern Europe: associated factors and effect on mortality-a multicentre prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Kraef C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kraef C, Bentzon A, Panteleev A, et al.. Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in persons living with HIV in Eastern Europe: associated factors and effect on mortality-a multicentre prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2021, 21:1038. 10.1186\/s12879-021-06745-w","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.1650","article-title":"Verification of diagnosis in tuberculosis: a case report and discussion","volume":"9","author":"Dave AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dave AM, Adelrahman A, Mehta V, Cavalieri S, Vivekanadan R. Verification of diagnosis in tuberculosis: a case report and discussion. Cureus. 2017, 9:e1650. 10.7759\/cureus.1650","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v13.i19.104083","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with pleuritis due to ampicillin\/sulbactam: a case report","volume":"13","author":"Hara M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hara M, Yashiro T, Yashiro Y. Delayed diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with pleuritis due to ampicillin\/sulbactam: a case report. World J Clin Cases. 2025, 13:104083. 10.12998\/wjcc.v13.i19.104083","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710583","article-title":"The great masquerader: tuberculosis presenting as community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"41","author":"Dheda K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dheda K, Makambwa E, Esmail A. The great masquerader: tuberculosis presenting as community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2020, 41:592-604. 10.1055\/s-0040-1710583","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/13267","article-title":"Tuberculous or non-tuberculous pneumonia: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Abdullah N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdullah N, Ishak A, Badrin S. Tuberculous or non-tuberculous pneumonia: a case report. Electron J Gen Med. 2023, 20:507. 10.29333\/ejgm\/13267","journal-title":"Electron J Gen Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/372120-smear--and-polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-negative-tuberculosis-a-case-series-highlighting-diagnostic-limitations-and-the-role-of-escalation","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T13:47:01Z","timestamp":1748612821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/372120-smear--and-polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-negative-tuberculosis-a-case-series-highlighting-diagnostic-limitations-and-the-role-of-escalation"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":18,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.85085","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]}}}