{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:21:18Z","timestamp":1791390078966,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.85567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T20:42:31Z","timestamp":1749415351000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spinal Mechanisms of Pain Modulation by Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Jaden Y","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Romman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristides P","family":"Koutrouvelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S108884","article-title":"A review of spinal cord stimulation systems for chronic pain","volume":"9","author":"Verrills P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verrills P, Sinclair C, Barnard A. A review of spinal cord stimulation systems for chronic pain. J Pain Res. 2016, 9:481-92. 10.2147\/JPR.S108884","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.71132","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of spinal cord stimulation in the management of acute pain and chronic pain related to failed back surgery syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Fang JY","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fang JY, Yamamoto H, Romman AN, Koutrouvelis A, Yamamoto S. Comparative efficacy of spinal cord stimulation in the management of acute pain and chronic pain related to failed back surgery syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cureus. 2024, 16:e71132. 10.7759\/cureus.71132","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12692","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation: clinical efficacy and potential mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Sdrulla AD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sdrulla AD, Guan Y, Raja SN. Spinal cord stimulation: clinical efficacy and potential mechanisms. Pain Pract. 2018, 18:1048-67. 10.1111\/papr.12692","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.83004","article-title":"Effectiveness of neuromodulation in postoperative pain management following spine surgery: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Venna R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Venna R, Yamamoto T, Romman A, Koutrouvelis AP, Yamamoto S. Effectiveness of neuromodulation in postoperative pain management following spine surgery: a systematic review. Cureus. 2025, 17:e83004. 10.7759\/cureus.83004","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S424589","article-title":"Pain Education and Knowledge (PEAK) consensus guidelines for neuromodulation: a proposal for standardization in fellowship and training programs","volume":"16","author":"Pritzlaff SG","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pritzlaff SG, Goree JH, Hagedorn JM, et al.. Pain Education and Knowledge (PEAK) consensus guidelines for neuromodulation: a proposal for standardization in fellowship and training programs\r\n. J Pain Res. 2023, 16:3101-17. 10.2147\/JPR.S424589","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2018.1418662","article-title":"Burst and high frequency stimulation: underlying mechanism of action","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Yearwood T, De Ridder D, Vanneste S. Burst and high frequency stimulation: underlying mechanism of action. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2018, 15:61-70. 10.1080\/17434440.2018.1418662","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12721","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for treating chronic pain: reviewing preclinical and clinical data on paresthesia-free high-frequency therapy","volume":"21","author":"Chakravarthy K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chakravarthy K, Richter H, Christo PJ, Williams K, Guan Y. Spinal cord stimulation for treating chronic pain: reviewing preclinical and clinical data on paresthesia-free high-frequency therapy. Neuromodulation. 2018, 21:10-8. 10.1111\/ner.12721","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004631","article-title":"Intraoperative spinal cord stimulation mitigates central sensitization after spine surgery in mice","volume":"48","author":"Yamamoto S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yamamoto S, Duong A, Kim A, et al.. Intraoperative spinal cord stimulation mitigates central sensitization after spine surgery in mice. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2023, 48:E169-76. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004631","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005382","article-title":"The role of NMDA and NK1 receptor signaling in spine surgery-induced central sensitization [Online ahead of print]","author":"Yamamoto S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yamamoto S, Fang J, Eter A, Liu G, Nguyen A, Chung JM, La JH. The role of NMDA and NK1 receptor signaling in spine surgery-induced central sensitization [Online ahead of print]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2025, 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005382","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja SN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al.. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020, 161:1976-82. 10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13192","article-title":"Mechanism of dorsal root ganglion stimulation for pain relief in painful diabetic polyneuropathy is not dependent on GABA release in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord","volume":"26","author":"Koetsier E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koetsier E, Franken G, Debets J, et al.. Mechanism of dorsal root ganglion stimulation for pain relief in painful diabetic polyneuropathy is not dependent on GABA release in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020, 26:136-43. 10.1111\/cns.13192","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.983","article-title":"Endocannabinoid activation of CB(1) receptors contributes to long-lasting reversal of neuropathic pain by repetitive spinal cord stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Sun L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun L, Tai L, Qiu Q, Mitchell R, Fleetwood-Walker S, Joosten EA, Cheung CW. Endocannabinoid activation of CB(1) receptors contributes to long-lasting reversal of neuropathic pain by repetitive spinal cord stimulation. Eur J Pain. 2017, 21:804-14. 10.1002\/ejp.983","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2399374","article-title":"Burst and tonic spinal cord stimulation differentially activate GABAergic mechanisms to attenuate pain in a rat model of cervical radiculopathy","volume":"62","author":"Crosby ND","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crosby ND, Weisshaar CL, Smith JR, Zeeman ME, Goodman-Keiser MD, Winkelstein BA. Burst and tonic spinal cord stimulation differentially activate GABAergic mechanisms to attenuate pain in a rat model of cervical radiculopathy. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2015, 62:1604-13. 10.1109\/TBME.2015.2399374","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00147.2015","article-title":"Spinal sensory projection neuron responses to spinal cord stimulation are mediated by circuits beyond gate control","volume":"114","author":"Zhang TC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang TC, Janik JJ, Peters RV, Chen G, Ji RR, Grill WM. Spinal sensory projection neuron responses to spinal cord stimulation are mediated by circuits beyond gate control. J Neurophysiol. 2015, 114:284-300. 10.1152\/jn.00147.2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00254.2014","article-title":"Modeling effects of spinal cord stimulation on wide-dynamic range dorsal horn neurons: influence of stimulation frequency and GABAergic inhibition","volume":"112","author":"Zhang TC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang TC, Janik JJ, Grill WM. Modeling effects of spinal cord stimulation on wide-dynamic range dorsal horn neurons: influence of stimulation frequency and GABAergic inhibition. J Neurophysiol. 2014, 112:552-67. 10.1152\/jn.00254.2014","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12007","article-title":"Spinal GABAergic mechanisms in the effects of spinal cord stimulation in a rodent model of neuropathic pain: is GABA synthesis involved?","volume":"16","author":"Ultenius C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ultenius C, Song Z, Lin P, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Spinal GABAergic mechanisms in the effects of spinal cord stimulation in a rodent model of neuropathic pain: is GABA synthesis involved?. Neuromodulation. 2013, 16:114-20. 10.1111\/ner.12007","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.11.006","article-title":"Decreased intracellular GABA levels contribute to spinal cord stimulation-induced analgesia in rats suffering from painful peripheral neuropathy: the role of KCC2 and GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition","volume":"60","author":"Janssen SP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Janssen SP, Gerard S, Raijmakers ME, Truin M, Van Kleef M, Joosten EA. Decreased intracellular GABA levels contribute to spinal cord stimulation-induced analgesia in rats suffering from painful peripheral neuropathy: the role of KCC2 and GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition. Neurochem Int. 2012, 60:21-30. 10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.11.006","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.11.013","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation induces c-Fos expression in the dorsal horn in rats with neuropathic pain after partial sciatic nerve injury","volume":"450","author":"Smits H","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smits H, Kleef MV, Honig W, Gerver J, Gobrecht P, Joosten EA. Spinal cord stimulation induces c-Fos expression in the dorsal horn in rats with neuropathic pain after partial sciatic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett. 2009, 450:70-3. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.11.013","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(98)00324-3","article-title":"Effect of spinal cord stimulation on tactile hypersensitivity in mononeuropathic rats is potentiated by simultaneous GABA(B) and adenosine receptor activation","volume":"247","author":"Cui JG","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cui JG, Meyerson BA, Sollevi A, Linderoth B. Effect of spinal cord stimulation on tactile hypersensitivity in mononeuropathic rats is potentiated by simultaneous GABA(B) and adenosine receptor activation. Neurosci Lett. 1998, 247:183-6. 10.1016\/s0304-3940(98)00324-3","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3959(97)00077-8","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation attenuates augmented dorsal horn release of excitatory amino acids in mononeuropathy via a GABAergic mechanism","volume":"73","author":"Cui JG","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cui JG, O'Connor WT, Ungerstedt U, Linderoth B, Meyerson BA. Spinal cord stimulation attenuates augmented dorsal horn release of excitatory amino acids in mononeuropathy via a GABAergic mechanism. Pain. 1997, 73:87-95. 10.1016\/s0304-3959(97)00077-8","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(96)03069-2","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord stimulation on touch-evoked allodynia involve GABAergic mechanisms. An experimental study in the mononeuropathic rat","volume":"66","author":"Cui JG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cui JG, Linderoth B, Meyerson BA. Effects of spinal cord stimulation on touch-evoked allodynia involve GABAergic mechanisms. An experimental study in the mononeuropathic rat. Pain. 1996, 66:287-95. 10.1016\/0304-3959(96)03069-2","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199608000-00026","article-title":"Release of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the dorsal horn and suppression of tactile allodynia by spinal cord stimulation in mononeuropathic rats","volume":"39","author":"Stiller CO","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stiller CO, Cui JG, O'Connor WT, Brodin E, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Release of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the dorsal horn and suppression of tactile allodynia by spinal cord stimulation in mononeuropathic rats. Neurosurgery. 1996, 39:367-74; discussion 374-5. 10.1097\/00006123-199608000-00026","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199403000-00014","article-title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid is released in the dorsal horn by electrical spinal cord stimulation: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat","volume":"34","author":"Linderoth B","year":"1994","unstructured":"Linderoth B, Stiller CO, Gunasekera L, O'Connor WT, Ungerstedt U, Brodin E. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is released in the dorsal horn by electrical spinal cord stimulation: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Neurosurgery. 1994, 34:484-8; discussion 488-9. 10.1227\/00006123-199403000-00014","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.03.007","article-title":"Spatiotemporal distribution of electrically evoked spinal compound action potentials during spinal cord stimulation","volume":"26","author":"Calvert JS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calvert JS, Darie R, Parker SR, et al.. Spatiotemporal distribution of electrically evoked spinal compound action potentials during spinal cord stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2023, 26:961-74. 10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.03.007","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.04.010","article-title":"In vivo measurements reveal that both low- and high-frequency spinal cord stimulation heterogeneously modulate superficial dorsal horn neurons","volume":"520","author":"Kuo SW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuo SW, Zhang T, Esteller R, Grill WM. In vivo measurements reveal that both low- and high-frequency spinal cord stimulation heterogeneously modulate superficial dorsal horn neurons. Neuroscience. 2023, 520:119-31. 10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.04.010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0058-22.2022","article-title":"Surround inhibition mediates pain relief by low amplitude spinal cord stimulation: modeling and measurement","volume":"9","author":"Gilbert JE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gilbert JE, Titus N, Zhang T, Esteller R, Grill WM. Surround inhibition mediates pain relief by low amplitude spinal cord stimulation: modeling and measurement. eNeuro. 2022, 9:ENEURO.0058-22. 10.1523\/ENEURO.0058-22.2022","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12161","article-title":"Efficacy of kilohertz-frequency and conventional spinal cord stimulation in rat models of different pain conditions","volume":"17","author":"Song Z","year":"2014","unstructured":"Song Z, Viisanen H, Meyerson BA, Pertovaara A, Linderoth B. Efficacy of kilohertz-frequency and conventional spinal cord stimulation in rat models of different pain conditions. Neuromodulation. 2014, 17:226-34; discussion 234-5. 10.1111\/ner.12161","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00443.x","article-title":"Comparison of intensity-dependent inhibition of spinal wide-dynamic range neurons by dorsal column and peripheral nerve stimulation in a rat model of neuropathic pain","volume":"18","author":"Yang F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang F, Xu Q, Cheong YK, et al.. Comparison of intensity-dependent inhibition of spinal wide-dynamic range neurons by dorsal column and peripheral nerve stimulation in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pain. 2014, 18:978-88. 10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00443.x","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.10.015","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation of dorsal columns in a rat model of neuropathic pain: evidence for a segmental spinal mechanism of pain relief","volume":"153","author":"Smits H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smits H, van Kleef M, Joosten EA. Spinal cord stimulation of dorsal columns in a rat model of neuropathic pain: evidence for a segmental spinal mechanism of pain relief. Pain. 2012, 153:177-83. 10.1016\/j.pain.2011.10.015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.09.049","article-title":"Bipolar spinal cord stimulation attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity at an intensity that activates a small portion of A-fiber afferents in spinal nerve-injured rats","volume":"199","author":"Yang F","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang F, Carteret AF, Wacnik PW, et al.. Bipolar spinal cord stimulation attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity at an intensity that activates a small portion of A-fiber afferents in spinal nerve-injured rats. Neuroscience. 2011, 199:470-80. 10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.09.049","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(03)02530-7","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation inhibits long-term potentiation of spinal wide dynamic range neurons","volume":"973","author":"Wallin J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wallin J, Fisk\u00e5 A, Tj\u00f8lsen A, Linderoth B, Hole K. Spinal cord stimulation inhibits long-term potentiation of spinal wide dynamic range neurons. Brain Res. 2003, 973:39-43. 10.1016\/s0006-8993(03)02530-7","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3959(98)00169-9","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation attenuates dorsal horn neuronal hyperexcitability in a rat model of mononeuropathy","volume":"79","author":"Yakhnitsa V","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yakhnitsa V, Linderoth B, Meyerson BA. Spinal cord stimulation attenuates dorsal horn neuronal hyperexcitability in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Pain. 1999, 79:223-33. 10.1016\/s0304-3959(98)00169-9","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00844-7","article-title":"Involvement of opioid peptides in the analgesic effect of spinal cord stimulation in a rat model of neuropathic pain","volume":"38","author":"Zhai FJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhai FJ, Han SP, Song TJ, Huo R, Lan XY, Zhang R, Han JS. Involvement of opioid peptides in the analgesic effect of spinal cord stimulation in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci Bull. 2022, 38:403-16. 10.1007\/s12264-022-00844-7","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00220.x","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation reduces hypersensitivity through activation of opioid receptors in a frequency-dependent manner","volume":"17","author":"Sato KL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sato KL, King EW, Johanek LM, Sluka KA. Spinal cord stimulation reduces hypersensitivity through activation of opioid receptors in a frequency-dependent manner. Eur J Pain. 2013, 17:551-61. 10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00220.x","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.03.012","article-title":"Spinal 5-HT receptors that contribute to the pain-relieving effects of spinal cord stimulation in a rat model of neuropathy","volume":"152","author":"Song Z","year":"2011","unstructured":"Song Z, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Spinal 5-HT receptors that contribute to the pain-relieving effects of spinal cord stimulation in a rat model of neuropathy. Pain. 2011, 152:1666-73. 10.1016\/j.pain.2011.03.012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.09.020","article-title":"Pain relief by spinal cord stimulation involves serotonergic mechanisms: an experimental study in a rat model of mononeuropathy","volume":"147","author":"Song Z","year":"2009","unstructured":"Song Z, Ultenius C, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Pain relief by spinal cord stimulation involves serotonergic mechanisms: an experimental study in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Pain. 2009, 147:241-8. 10.1016\/j.pain.2009.09.020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.03.023","article-title":"Cholinergic mechanisms involved in the pain relieving effect of spinal cord stimulation in a model of neuropathy","volume":"139","author":"Schechtmann G","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schechtmann G, Song Z, Ultenius C, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Cholinergic mechanisms involved in the pain relieving effect of spinal cord stimulation in a model of neuropathy. Pain. 2008, 139:136-45. 10.1016\/j.pain.2008.03.023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26898","article-title":"High-frequency spinal stimulation suppresses microglial Kaiso-P2X7 receptor axis-induced inflammation to alleviate neuropathic pain in rats","volume":"95","author":"Yu J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu J, Wong S, Lin Z, et al.. High-frequency spinal stimulation suppresses microglial Kaiso-P2X7 receptor axis-induced inflammation to alleviate neuropathic pain in rats. Ann Neurol. 2024, 95:966-83. 10.1002\/ana.26898","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13235","article-title":"Effect of stimulation intensity of a differential target multiplexed SCS program in an animal model of neuropathic pain","volume":"23","author":"Cede\u00f1o DL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cede\u00f1o DL, Kelley CA, Vallejo R. Effect of stimulation intensity of a differential target multiplexed SCS program in an animal model of neuropathic pain. Pain Pract. 2023, 23:639-46. 10.1111\/papr.13235","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2203067","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation alleviates pain hypersensitivity by attenuating neuroinflammation in a model of painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"22","author":"Ni W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ni W, Li J, Xu Q, Wang N, Wang Y. Spinal cord stimulation alleviates pain hypersensitivity by attenuating neuroinflammation in a model of painful diabetic neuropathy. J Integr Neurosci. 2023, 22:67. 10.31083\/j.jin2203067","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006016","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation alleviates neuropathic pain by attenuating microglial activation via reducing colony-stimulating factor 1 levels in the spinal cord in a rat model of chronic constriction injury","volume":"135","author":"Sun C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun C, Tao X, Wan C, et al.. Spinal cord stimulation alleviates neuropathic pain by attenuating microglial activation via reducing colony-stimulating factor 1 levels in the spinal cord in a rat model of chronic constriction injury. Anesth Analg. 2022, 135:178-90. 10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806921999013","article-title":"Modulation of microglial activation states by spinal cord stimulation in an animal model of neuropathic pain: comparing high rate, low rate, and differential target multiplexed programming","volume":"17","author":"Smith WJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith WJ, Cede\u00f1o DL, Thomas SM, Kelley CA, Vetri F, Vallejo R. Modulation of microglial activation states by spinal cord stimulation in an animal model of neuropathic pain: comparing high rate, low rate, and differential target multiplexed programming. Mol Pain. 2021, 17:1744806921999013. 10.1177\/1744806921999013","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13103","article-title":"Proteomic modulation in the dorsal spinal cord following spinal cord stimulation therapy in an in vivo neuropathic pain model","volume":"24","author":"Tilley DM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tilley DM, Lietz CB, Cedeno DL, Kelley CA, Li L, Vallejo R. Proteomic modulation in the dorsal spinal cord following spinal cord stimulation therapy in an in vivo neuropathic pain model. Neuromodulation. 2021, 24:22-32. 10.1111\/ner.13103","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12475","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation reduces cardiac pain through microglial deactivation in rats with chronic myocardial ischemia","volume":"24","author":"Wang J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang J, Wu XC, Zhang MM, et al.. Spinal cord stimulation reduces cardiac pain through microglial deactivation in rats with chronic myocardial ischemia. Mol Med Rep. 2021, 24:835. 10.3892\/mmr.2021.12475","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.134763","article-title":"Early high-frequency spinal cord stimulation treatment inhibited the activation of spinal mitogen-activated protein kinases and ameliorated spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats","volume":"721","author":"Liao WT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao WT, Tseng CC, Wu CH, Lin CR. Early high-frequency spinal cord stimulation treatment inhibited the activation of spinal mitogen-activated protein kinases and ameliorated spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2020, 721:134763. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.134763","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072390","article-title":"Suppression of superficial microglial activation by spinal cord stimulation attenuates neuropathic pain following sciatic nerve injury in rats","volume":"21","author":"Shinoda M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shinoda M, Fujita S, Sugawara S, et al.. Suppression of superficial microglial activation by spinal cord stimulation attenuates neuropathic pain following sciatic nerve injury in rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:2390. 10.3390\/ijms21072390","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12964","article-title":"Effects of phase polarity and charge balance spinal cord stimulation on behavior and gene expression in a rat model of neuropathic pain","volume":"23","author":"Vallejo R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vallejo R, Gupta A, Kelley CA, et al.. Effects of phase polarity and charge balance spinal cord stimulation on behavior and gene expression in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuromodulation. 2020, 23:26-35. 10.1111\/ner.12964","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109029","article-title":"Spinal autofluorescent flavoprotein imaging in a rat model of nerve injury-induced pain and the effect of spinal cord stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Jongen JL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jongen JL, Smits H, Pederzani T, et al.. Spinal autofluorescent flavoprotein imaging in a rat model of nerve injury-induced pain and the effect of spinal cord stimulation. PLoS One. 2014, 9:e109029. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0109029","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000047","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and glial cell activation in animals with neuropathic pain","volume":"118","author":"Sato KL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sato KL, Johanek LM, Sanada LS, Sluka KA. Spinal cord stimulation reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and glial cell activation in animals with neuropathic pain. Anesth Analg. 2014, 118:464-72. 10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000047","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.08.023","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation exerts analgesia effects in chronic constriction injury rats via suppression of the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"581","author":"Yuan B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yuan B, Liu D, Liu X. Spinal cord stimulation exerts analgesia effects in chronic constriction injury rats via suppression of the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway. Neurosci Lett. 2014, 581:63-8. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.08.023","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/370961-spinal-mechanisms-of-pain-modulation-by-spinal-cord-stimulation-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T20:42:33Z","timestamp":1749415353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/370961-spinal-mechanisms-of-pain-modulation-by-spinal-cord-stimulation-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.85567","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]}}}