{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T04:07:45Z","timestamp":1750392465393,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.86343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T11:02:41Z","timestamp":1750330961000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evidence-Based Topical Therapy for Facial Scars in Diverse Skin Types: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kazemeini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Nadeem-Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anahat","family":"Luthra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raisa","family":"Suha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Turna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Easterly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahara","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Muqaddas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monia","family":"Kazemeini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0142","article-title":"Role of facial expressions in social interactions","volume":"364","author":"Frith C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frith C. Role of facial expressions in social interactions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009, 364:3453-8. 10.1098\/rstb.2009.0142","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019460","article-title":"A comparative view of face perception","volume":"124","author":"Leopold DA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leopold DA, Rhodes G. A comparative view of face perception. J Comp Psychol. 2010, 124:233-51. 10.1037\/a0019460","journal-title":"J Comp Psychol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.547","article-title":"The association of anxiety disorders and depression with facial scarring: population-based, data linkage, matched cohort analysis of 358158 patients","volume":"9","author":"Gibson JA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gibson JA, Dobbs TD, Griffiths R, et al.. The association of anxiety disorders and depression with facial scarring: population-based, data linkage, matched cohort analysis of 358158 patients. BJPsych Open. 2023, 9:e212. 10.1192\/bjo.2023.547","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03227.x","article-title":"Altered body image: appearance-related concerns of people with visible disfigurement","volume":"48","author":"Rumsey N","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rumsey N, Clarke A, White P, Wyn-Williams M, Garlick W. Altered body image: appearance-related concerns of people with visible disfigurement. J Adv Nurs. 2004, 48:443-53. 10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03227.x","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S406235","article-title":"Beyond the surface: a deeper look at the psychosocial impacts of acne scarring","volume":"16","author":"Zhou C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou C, Vempati A, Tam C, et al.. Beyond the surface: a deeper look at the psychosocial impacts of acne scarring. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2023, 16:731-8. 10.2147\/CCID.S406235","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2016.0709","article-title":"Mechanical forces in cutaneous wound healing: emerging therapies to minimize scar formation","volume":"7","author":"Barnes LA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barnes LA, Marshall CD, Leavitt T, et al.. Mechanical forces in cutaneous wound healing: emerging therapies to minimize scar formation. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2018, 7:47-56. 10.1089\/wound.2016.0709","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2021.0010","article-title":"Strategies to minimize surgical scarring: translation of lessons learned from bedside to bench and back","volume":"11","author":"Parikh UM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parikh UM, Mentz J, Collier I, et al.. Strategies to minimize surgical scarring: translation of lessons learned from bedside to bench and back. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2022, 11:311-29. 10.1089\/wound.2021.0010","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2008.00459.x","article-title":"Location-related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin","volume":"30","author":"Tagami H","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tagami H. Location-related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008, 30:413-34. 10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2008.00459.x","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0412-5463.2004.00208.x","article-title":"Distinct locational differences observable in biophysical functions of the facial skin: with special emphasis on the poor functional properties of the stratum corneum of the perioral region","volume":"26","author":"Kobayashi H","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kobayashi H, Tagami H. Distinct locational differences observable in biophysical functions of the facial skin: with special emphasis on the poor functional properties of the stratum corneum of the perioral region. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2004, 26:91-101. 10.1111\/j.0412-5463.2004.00208.x","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/dr.2020.8312","article-title":"Quality of life in black African patients with keloid scars","volume":"12","author":"Kassi K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kassi K, Kouame K, Kouassi A, et al.. Quality of life in black African patients with keloid scars. Dermatol Rep. 2020, 12:8312. 10.4081\/dr.2020.8312","journal-title":"Dermatol Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168776","article-title":"Comprehensive insights into keloid pathogenesis and advanced therapeutic strategies","volume":"25","author":"Kim HJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Kim YH.  Comprehensive insights into keloid pathogenesis and advanced therapeutic strategies. Int J Mol Sci. 2024, 25:8776. 10.3390\/ijms25168776","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700531","article-title":"The wound healing process: an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Velnar T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Velnar T, Bailey T, Smrkolj V. The wound healing process: an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Int Med Res. 2009, 37:1528-42. 10.1177\/147323000903700531","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509359125","article-title":"Factors affecting wound healing","volume":"89","author":"Guo S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guo S, Dipietro LA. Factors affecting wound healing. J Dent Res. 2010, 89:219-29. 10.1177\/0022034509359125","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2017.11.002","article-title":"Wound healing","volume":"81","author":"Wang PH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang PH, Huang BS, Horng HC, Yeh CC, Chen YJ. Wound healing. J Chin Med Assoc. 2018, 81:94-101. 10.1016\/j.jcma.2017.11.002","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.08.019","article-title":"Vascularization in skin wound healing: where do we stand and where do we go?","volume":"73","author":"Moreira HR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moreira HR, Marques AP. Vascularization in skin wound healing: where do we stand and where do we go?. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2022, 73:253-62. 10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.08.019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Physiology, sebaceous glands","author":"Hoover E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoover E, Krishnamurthy K. Physiology, sebaceous glands. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2020."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2000.09190.x","article-title":"Double butterfly suture for high tension: a broadly anchored, horizontal, buried interrupted suture","volume":"26","author":"Breuninger H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Breuninger H. Double butterfly suture for high tension: a broadly anchored, horizontal, buried interrupted suture. Dermatol Surg. 2000, 26:215-8. 10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2000.09190.x","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Incidence of hypertrophic scars among African Americans linked to vitamin D-3 metabolism?","volume":"97","author":"Cooke GL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cooke GL, Chien A, Brodsky A, Lee RC. Incidence of hypertrophic scars among African Americans linked to vitamin D-3 metabolism?. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005, 97:1004-9.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.58527","article-title":"The efficacy of silicone gel for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids","volume":"2","author":"Puri N","year":"2009","unstructured":"Puri N, Talwar A. The efficacy of silicone gel for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2009, 2:104-6. 10.4103\/0974-2077.58527","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2009.06.206","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of silicone gel, silicone gel sheeting, and topical onion extract including heparin and allantoin for the treatment of postburn hypertrophic scars","volume":"35","author":"Karagoz H","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karagoz H, Yuksel F, Ulkur E, Evinc R. Comparison of efficacy of silicone gel, silicone gel sheeting, and topical onion extract including heparin and allantoin for the treatment of postburn hypertrophic scars. Burns. 2009, 35:1097-103. 10.1016\/j.burns.2009.06.206","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013878.pub2","article-title":"Silicone gel sheeting for treating keloid scars","volume":"1","author":"Tian F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian F, Jiang Q, Chen J, Liu Z. Silicone gel sheeting for treating keloid scars. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023, 1:CD013878. 10.1002\/14651858.CD013878.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003826.pub3","article-title":"Silicone gel sheeting for preventing and treating hypertrophic and keloid scars: a clinical study","volume":"2013","author":"O'Brien L","year":"2013","unstructured":"O'Brien L, Jones DJ. Silicone gel sheeting for preventing and treating hypertrophic and keloid scars: a clinical study. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013, 2013:CD003826. 10.1002\/14651858.CD003826.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2015.0625","article-title":"The use of silicone adhesives for scar reduction","volume":"4","author":"Bleasdale B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bleasdale B, Finnegan S, Murray K, Kelly S, Percival SL. The use of silicone adhesives for scar reduction. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2015, 4:422-30. 10.1089\/wound.2015.0625","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031458","article-title":"Scarring skin: mechanisms and therapies","volume":"25","author":"Lin X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin X, Lai Y. Scarring skin: mechanisms and therapies. Int J Mol Sci. 2024, 25:1458. 10.3390\/ijms25031458","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.2.553","article-title":"Assessment of topical corticosteroid ointment on postcesarean scars prevention: a prospective clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Meseci E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meseci E. Assessment of topical corticosteroid ointment on postcesarean scars prevention: a prospective clinical trial. Pak J Med Sci. 2019, 35:309-14. 10.12669\/pjms.35.2.553","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Review of silicone gel sheeting and silicone gel for the prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids","volume":"29","author":"Hsu KC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hsu KC, Luan CW, Tsai YW. Review of silicone gel sheeting and silicone gel for the prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Wounds. 2017, 29:154-8.","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkad009","article-title":"The application of corticosteroids for pathological scar prevention and treatment: current review and update","volume":"11","author":"Sheng M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sheng M, Chen Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. The application of corticosteroids for pathological scar prevention and treatment: current review and update. Burns Trauma. 2023, 11:tkad009. 10.1093\/burnst\/tkad009","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2019.87443","article-title":"Retinoids: active molecules influencing skin structure formation in cosmetic and dermatological treatments","volume":"36","author":"Zasada M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zasada M, Budzisz E. Retinoids: active molecules influencing skin structure formation in cosmetic and dermatological treatments. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2019, 36:392-7. 10.5114\/ada.2019.87443","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ciia.2006.1.4.327","article-title":"Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety","volume":"1","author":"Mukherjee S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mukherjee S, Date A, Patravale V, Korting HC, Roeder A, Weindl G. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clin Interv Aging. 2006, 1:327-48. 10.2147\/ciia.2006.1.4.327","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.191643","article-title":"Optimising wound healing in aesthetic surgery: from the laboratory to the clinic","volume":"9","author":"Khunger N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khunger N. Optimising wound healing in aesthetic surgery: from the laboratory to the clinic. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2016, 9:137-8. 10.4103\/0974-2077.191643","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-017-0185-2","article-title":"Why topical retinoids are mainstay of therapy for acne","volume":"7","author":"Leyden J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leyden J, Stein-Gold L, Weiss J. Why topical retinoids are mainstay of therapy for acne. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2017, 7:293-304. 10.1007\/s13555-017-0185-2","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44766-3_24","article-title":"Onion extract","author":"Poetschke J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poetschke J, Gauglitz GG. Onion extract. Textbook on Scar Management. Springer, Cham, Switzerland; 2020. 209-13. 10.1007\/978-3-030-44766-3_24"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/212945","article-title":"Effectiveness of onion extract gel on surgical scars in Asians","volume":"2012","author":"Chanprapaph K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chanprapaph K, Tanrattanakorn S, Wattanakrai P, Wongkitisophon P, Vachiramon V. Effectiveness of onion extract gel on surgical scars in Asians. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012, 2012:212945. 10.1155\/2012\/212945","journal-title":"Dermatol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"A new proprietary onion extract gel improves the appearance of new scars: a randomized, controlled, blinded-investigator study","volume":"5","author":"Draelos ZD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Draelos ZD, Baumann L, Fleischer AB JR, Plaum S, Avakian EV, Hardas B. A new proprietary onion extract gel improves the appearance of new scars: a randomized, controlled, blinded-investigator study. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012, 5:18-24.","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080866","article-title":"The roles of vitamin C in skin health","volume":"9","author":"Pullar JM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MC. The roles of vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients. 2017, 9:866. 10.3390\/nu9080866","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2024.01.006","article-title":"Impact of nutrition on skin wound healing and aesthetic outcomes: a comprehensive narrative review","volume":"39","author":"Seth I","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seth I, Lim B, Cevik J, et al.. Impact of nutrition on skin wound healing and aesthetic outcomes: a comprehensive narrative review. JPRAS Open. 2024, 39:291-302. 10.1016\/j.jpra.2024.01.006","journal-title":"JPRAS Open"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-013-0210-5","article-title":"Improved scar appearance with combined use of silicone gel and vitamin C for Asian patients: a comparative case series","volume":"37","author":"Yun IS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yun IS, Yoo HS, Kim YO, Rah DK. Improved scar appearance with combined use of silicone gel and vitamin C for Asian patients: a comparative case series. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2013, 37:1176-81. 10.1007\/s00266-013-0210-5","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Vitamin C, topical retinoids, and sunscreen in clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Ball S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ball S, Laknahur M, Kohli N, et al.. Vitamin C, topical retinoids, and sunscreen in clinical practice. Osteopath Fam Physician. 2024, 16:22-30.","journal-title":"Osteopath Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040425","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the multiple functions of niacinamide: therapeutic implications and cosmeceutical applications in functional skincare products","volume":"13","author":"Marques C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marques C, Hadjab F, Porcello A, et al.. Mechanistic insights into the multiple functions of niacinamide: therapeutic implications and cosmeceutical applications in functional skincare products. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024, 13:425. 10.3390\/antiox13040425","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04834.x","article-title":"The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer","volume":"147","author":"Hakozaki T","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hakozaki T, Minwalla L, Zhuang J, et al.. The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. Br J Dermatol. 2002, 147:20-31. 10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04834.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S39246","article-title":"Topical niacinamide 4% and desonide 0.05% for treatment of axillary hyperpigmentation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Castanedo-Cazares JP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castanedo-Cazares JP, L\u00e1rraga-Pi\u00f1ones G, Ehnis-P\u00e9rez A, Fuentes-Ahumada C, Oros-Ovalle C, Smoller BR, Torres-\u00c1lvarez B. Topical niacinamide 4% and desonide 0.05% for treatment of axillary hyperpigmentation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013, 6:29-36. 10.2147\/CCID.S39246","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/379173","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma","volume":"2011","author":"Navarrete-Sol\u00eds J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Navarrete-Sol\u00eds J, Castanedo-C\u00e1zares JP, Torres-\u00c1lvarez B, et al.. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma. Dermatol Res Pract. 2011, 2011:379173. 10.1155\/2011\/379173","journal-title":"Dermatol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.129959","article-title":"Surgical scar revision: an overview","volume":"7","author":"Garg S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garg S, Dahiya N, Gupta S. Surgical scar revision: an overview. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2014, 7:3-13. 10.4103\/0974-2077.129959","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810500434183","article-title":"Final report of the safety assessment of niacinamide and niacin","volume":"24","author":"Andersen FA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andersen FA. Final report of the safety assessment of niacinamide and niacin. Int J Toxicol. 2005, 24:1-31. 10.1080\/10915810500434183","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Enhancing the care and treatment of skin of color, part 1: the broad scope of pigmentary disorders","volume":"76","author":"Taylor SC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taylor SC. Enhancing the care and treatment of skin of color, part 1: the broad scope of pigmentary disorders. Cutis. 2005, 76:249-55.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041036","article-title":"Hyper- and hypopigmentation in a subject with Fitzpatrick skin phototype VI: a new treatment option","volume":"13","author":"Veronese S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Veronese S, Aggarwal R, Giovanelli T, Sbarbati A. Hyper- and hypopigmentation in a subject with Fitzpatrick skin phototype VI: a new treatment option. J Clin Med. 2024, 13:1036. 10.3390\/jcm13041036","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ski2.40","article-title":"Skin cancers in skin types IV-VI: does the Fitzpatrick scale give a false sense of security?","volume":"1","author":"Goon P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goon P, Banfield C, Bello O, Levell NJ. Skin cancers in skin types IV-VI: does the Fitzpatrick scale give a false sense of security?. Skin Health Dis. 2021, 1:e40. 10.1002\/ski2.40","journal-title":"Skin Health Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S385162","article-title":"Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation in dark skin: molecular mechanism and skincare implications","volume":"15","author":"Markiewicz E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Markiewicz E, Karaman-Jurukovska N, Mammone T, Idowu OC. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation in dark skin: molecular mechanism and skincare implications. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2022, 15:2555-65. 10.2147\/CCID.S385162","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/2177-1235.2014RBCP0057","article-title":"Keloid and hypertrophic scar distribution according to Fitzpatrick skin phototypes (Article in Portuguese)","volume":"27","author":"Hochman B","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hochman B, Farkas CB, Isoldi FC, et al.. Keloid and hypertrophic scar distribution according to Fitzpatrick skin phototypes (Article in Portuguese). Rev Bras Cir Plast. 2012, 27:185-9. 10.5935\/2177-1235.2014RBCP0057","journal-title":"Rev Bras Cir Plast"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S470997","article-title":"A comprehensive review of non-surgical treatments for hypertrophic and keloid scars in skin of color","volume":"17","author":"Bronte J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bronte J, Zhou C, Vempati A, Tam C, Khong J, Hazany S, Hazany S. A comprehensive review of non-surgical treatments for hypertrophic and keloid scars in skin of color. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2024, 17:1459-69. 10.2147\/CCID.S470997","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color","volume":"3","author":"Davis EC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Davis EC, Callender VD. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010, 3:20-31.","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-015-1572-0","article-title":"A comprehensive evidence-based review on the role of topicals and dressings in the management of skin scarring","volume":"307","author":"Sidgwick GP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sidgwick GP, McGeorge D, Bayat A. A comprehensive evidence-based review on the role of topicals and dressings in the management of skin scarring. Arch Dermatol Res. 2015, 307:461-77. 10.1007\/s00403-015-1572-0","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.03.022","article-title":"Topical treatments for hypertrophic scars","volume":"55","author":"Zurada JM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zurada JM, Kriegel D, Davis IC. Topical treatments for hypertrophic scars. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006, 55:1024-31. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.03.022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2006.32195.x","article-title":"New combination of triamcinolone, 5\u2010fluorouracil, and pulsed\u2010dye laser for treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars","volume":"32","author":"Asilian A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Asilian A, Darougheh A, Shariati F. New combination of triamcinolone, 5\u2010fluorouracil, and pulsed\u2010dye laser for treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars. Dermatol Surg. 2006, 32:907-15. 10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2006.32195.x","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13213","article-title":"Combination therapy using non-ablative fractional laser and intralesional triamcinolone injection for hypertrophic scars and keloids treatment","volume":"16","author":"Shin J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin J, Cho JT, Park SI, Jung SN. Combination therapy using non-ablative fractional laser and intralesional triamcinolone injection for hypertrophic scars and keloids treatment. Int Wound J. 2019, 16:1450-6. 10.1111\/iwj.13213","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70159-6","article-title":"Topical all-trans-retinoic acid prevents corticosteroid-induced skin atrophy without abrogating the anti-inflammatory effect","volume":"21","author":"Lesnik RH","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lesnik RH, Mezick JA, Capetola RJ, Kligman LH. Topical all-trans-retinoic acid prevents corticosteroid-induced skin atrophy without abrogating the anti-inflammatory effect. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989, 21:186-90. 10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70159-6","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0b013e31829c4597","article-title":"Keloids and hypertrophic scars: update and future directions","volume":"1","author":"Huang C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang C, Murphy GF, Akaishi S, Ogawa R. Keloids and hypertrophic scars: update and future directions. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2013, 1:e25. 10.1097\/GOX.0b013e31829c4597","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030606","article-title":"Keloid and hypertrophic scars are the result of chronic inflammation in the reticular dermis","volume":"18","author":"Ogawa R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogawa R. Keloid and hypertrophic scars are the result of chronic inflammation in the reticular dermis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017, 18:606. 10.3390\/ijms18030606","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/377785-evidence-based-topical-therapy-for-facial-scars-in-diverse-skin-types-a-narrative-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T11:02:42Z","timestamp":1750330962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/377785-evidence-based-topical-therapy-for-facial-scars-in-diverse-skin-types-a-narrative-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":58,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.86343","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}}}