{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:49:20Z","timestamp":1789044560063,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.86770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T04:50:22Z","timestamp":1750913422000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The \u2018Designer\u2019 Artificial Pancreas: How Does Current Technology Mimic Pancreatic Physiology?"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Lucie","family":"Ayliffe Daly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Atkinson MA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS, Michels AW. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2014, 383:69-82. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)80085-Z","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial","volume":"90","author":"The DCCT Research Group","year":"1991","unstructured":"The DCCT Research Group. Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. Am J Med. 1991, 90:450-9. 10.1016\/0002-9343(91)80085-Z","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2623","article-title":"Variability of insulin requirements over 12 weeks of closed-loop insulin delivery in adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Ruan Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruan Y, Thabit H, Leelarathna L, et al.. Variability of insulin requirements over 12 weeks of closed-loop insulin delivery in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016, 39:830-2. 10.2337\/dc15-2623","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.04.003","article-title":"A critical review and analysis of ethical issues associated with the artificial pancreas","volume":"45","author":"Quintal A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Quintal A, Messier V, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Racine E. A critical review and analysis of ethical issues associated with the artificial pancreas. Diabetes Metab. 2019, 45:1-10. 10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.04.003","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0599-y","article-title":"Risk of hypoglycaemia in types 1 and 2 diabetes: effects of treatment modalities and their duration","volume":"50","author":"UK Hypoglycaemia Study Group","year":"2007","unstructured":"UK Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Risk of hypoglycaemia in types 1 and 2 diabetes: effects of treatment modalities and their duration. Diabetologia. 2007, 50:1140-7. 10.1007\/s00125-007-0599-y","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6107.204","article-title":"Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: an approach to achieving normoglycaemia","volume":"1","author":"Pickup JC","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pickup JC, Keen H, Parsons JA, Alberti KG. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: an approach to achieving normoglycaemia. Br Med J. 1978, 1:204-7. 10.1136\/bmj.1.6107.204","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4022-4","article-title":"Coming of age: the artificial pancreas for type 1 diabetes","volume":"59","author":"Thabit H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thabit H, Hovorka R. Coming of age: the artificial pancreas for type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2016, 59:1795-805. 10.1007\/s00125-016-4022-4","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2015.0417","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring: a review of successes, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"18 Suppl 2","author":"Rodbard D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodbard D. Continuous glucose monitoring: a review of successes, challenges, and opportunities. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2016, 18 Suppl 2:S3-S13. 10.1089\/dia.2015.0417","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-183","article-title":"The JDRF CCTN CGM TIME Trial: timing of initiation of continuous glucose monitoring in established pediatric type 1 diabetes: study protocol, recruitment and baseline characteristics","volume":"14","author":"Lawson ML","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lawson ML, Bradley B, McAssey K, et al.. The JDRF CCTN CGM TIME Trial: timing of initiation of continuous glucose monitoring in established pediatric type 1 diabetes: study protocol, recruitment and baseline characteristics. BMC Pediatr. 2014, 14:183. 10.1186\/1471-2431-14-183","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/152091500316737","article-title":"Performance evaluation of the MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system during patient home use","volume":"2","author":"Gross TM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gross TM, Bode BW, Einhorn D, et al.. Performance evaluation of the MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system during patient home use. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2000, 2:49-56. 10.1089\/152091500316737","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814532203","article-title":"A comparative effectiveness analysis of three continuous glucose monitors: the navigator, G4 platinum, and enlite","volume":"8","author":"Damiano ER","year":"2014","unstructured":"Damiano ER, McKeon K, El-Khatib FH, et al.. A comparative effectiveness analysis of three continuous glucose monitors: the navigator, G4 platinum, and enlite. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014, 8:699-708. 10.1177\/1932296814532203","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-76-LB","article-title":"76-LB: Performance of FreeStyle libre 3 system","volume":"71","author":"Karnika SA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karnika SA, Brazg RL, Castorino KN, et al.. 76-LB: Performance of FreeStyle libre 3 system. Diabetes. 2022, 71:.. 10.2337\/db22-76-LB","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2022.0011","article-title":"Accuracy and safety of Dexcom G7 continuous glucose monitoring in adults with diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Garg SK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garg SK, Kipnes M, Castorino K, et al.. Accuracy and safety of Dexcom G7 continuous glucose monitoring in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2022, 24:373-80. 10.1089\/dia.2022.0011","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5010005","article-title":"An overview of insulin pumps and glucose sensors for the generalist","volume":"5","author":"McAdams BH","year":"2016","unstructured":"McAdams BH, Rizvi AA. An overview of insulin pumps and glucose sensors for the generalist. J Clin Med. 2016, 5:10.3390\/jcm5010005","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.12.022","article-title":"Glucose-responsive insulin delivery for type 1 diabetes: The artificial pancreas story","volume":"544","author":"Bally L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bally L, Thabit H, Hovorka R. Glucose-responsive insulin delivery for type 1 diabetes: The artificial pancreas story. Int J Pharm. 2018, 544:309-18. 10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.12.022","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. MiniMed 640G system with SmartGuard for managing blood glucose levels in people with type 1 diabetes. (2016). Accessed: June 26, 2025: http:\/\/MiniMed 640G system with SmartGuard for managing blood glucose levels in people with type 1 diabetes."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0091","article-title":"The hybrid closed-loop system: evolution and practical applications","volume":"20","author":"Weaver KW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weaver KW, Hirsch IB. The hybrid closed-loop system: evolution and practical applications. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2018, 20:S216-23. 10.1089\/dia.2018.0091","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4968325","article-title":"Evaluation of PD\/PID controller for insulin control on blood glucose regulation in a Type-I diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Mahmud F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mahmud F, Isse NH, Daud NAM, Morsin M. Evaluation of PD\/PID controller for insulin control on blood glucose regulation in a Type-I diabetes. 2017, 10:1063\/1. 10.1063\/1.4968325"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13816","article-title":"Is an artificial pancreas (closed-loop system) for Type 1 diabetes effective?","volume":"36","author":"Boughton CK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boughton CK, Hovorka R. Is an artificial pancreas (closed-loop system) for Type 1 diabetes effective?. Diabet Med. 2019, 36:279-86. 10.1111\/dme.13816","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1830","article-title":"MD-logic artificial pancreas system: a pilot study in adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Atlas E","year":"2010","unstructured":"Atlas E, Nimri R, Miller S, et al.. MD-logic artificial pancreas system: a pilot study in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010, 33:1072-6. 10.2337\/dc09-1830","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0575","article-title":"Too much glucagon, too little insulin: time course of pancreatic islet dysfunction in new-onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Brown RJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brown RJ, Sinaii N, Rother KI. Too much glucagon, too little insulin: time course of pancreatic islet dysfunction in new-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008, 31:1403-4. 10.2337\/dc08-0575","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2023.01.058","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for closed-loop blood glucose control: two approaches","volume":"55","author":"Felice F Di","year":"2022","unstructured":"Felice F Di, Borri A, Benedetto MD Di. Deep reinforcement learning for closed-loop blood glucose control: two approaches. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2022, 55:115-20. 10.1016\/j.ifacol.2023.01.058","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2010","article-title":"Early loss of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Siafarikas A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siafarikas A, Johnston RJ, Bulsara MK, et al.. Early loss of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012, 35:1757-62. 10.2337\/dc11-2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1430","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of 24-h closed-loop insulin delivery in well-controlled pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover case series","volume":"34","author":"Murphy HR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murphy HR, Kumareswaran K, Elleri D, et al.. Safety and efficacy of 24-h closed-loop insulin delivery in well-controlled pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover case series. Diabetes Care. 2011, 34:2527-9. 10.2337\/dc11-1430","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602494","article-title":"Closed-loop insulin delivery during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Stewart ZA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stewart ZA, Wilinska ME, Hartnell S, et al.. Closed-loop insulin delivery during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:644-54. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1602494","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0883","article-title":"Closed-loop control during intense prolonged outdoor exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: the artificial pancreas ski study","volume":"40","author":"Breton MD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Breton MD, Cher\u00f1avvsky DR, Forlenza GP, et al.. Closed-loop control during intense prolonged outdoor exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: the artificial pancreas ski study. Diabetes Care. 2017, 40:1644-50. 10.2337\/dc17-0883","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31947-0","article-title":"Closed-loop insulin delivery in suboptimally controlled type 1 diabetes: a multicentre, 12-week randomised trial","volume":"392","author":"Tauschmann M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tauschmann M, Thabit H, Bally L, et al.. Closed-loop insulin delivery in suboptimally controlled type 1 diabetes: a multicentre, 12-week randomised trial. Lancet. 2018, 392:1321-9. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31947-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2016.08.001","article-title":"Real-time insulin bolusing for unannounced meals with artificial pancreas","volume":"59","author":"Turksoy K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turksoy K, Hajizadeh I, Samadi S, et al.. Real-time insulin bolusing for unannounced meals with artificial pancreas. Control Eng Pract. 2017, 59:159-64. 10.1016\/j.conengprac.2016.08.001","journal-title":"Control Eng Pract"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2644","article-title":"Overnight closed-loop insulin delivery in young people with type 1 diabetes: a free-living, randomized clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Hovorka R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hovorka R, Elleri D, Thabit H, et al.. Overnight closed-loop insulin delivery in young people with type 1 diabetes: a free-living, randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2014, 37:1204-11. 10.2337\/dc13-2644","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00141-2","article-title":"Outpatient overnight glucose control with dual-hormone artificial pancreas, single-hormone artificial pancreas, or conventional insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: an open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Haidar A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haidar A, Legault L, Matteau-Pelletier L, et al.. Outpatient overnight glucose control with dual-hormone artificial pancreas, single-hormone artificial pancreas, or conventional insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015, 3:595-604. 10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00141-2","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296815616134","article-title":"Metabolic control with the bio-inspired artificial pancreas in adults with type 1 diabetes: a 24-hour randomized controlled crossover study","volume":"10","author":"Reddy M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reddy M, Herrero P, Sharkawy ME, et al.. Metabolic control with the bio-inspired artificial pancreas in adults with type 1 diabetes: a 24-hour randomized controlled crossover study. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015, 10:405-13. 10.1177\/1932296815616134","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14605","article-title":"Outcomes of hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery activated 24\/7 versus evening and night in free-living prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes: A multicentre, randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Renard E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Renard E, Tubiana-Rufi N, Bonnemaison E, et al.. Outcomes of hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery activated 24\/7 versus evening and night in free-living prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes: A multicentre, randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022, 24:511-21. 10.1111\/dom.14605","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2003.08.011","article-title":"Closed-loop insulin delivery-the path to physiological glucose control","volume":"56","author":"Steil GM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Steil GM, Panteleon AE, Rebrin K. Closed-loop insulin delivery-the path to physiological glucose control. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004, 56:125-44. 10.1016\/j.addr.2003.08.011","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0485","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of insulin aspart in pump-treated subjects with type 1 diabetes: reproducibility and effect of age, weight, and duration of diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Haidar A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Haidar A, Elleri D, Kumareswaran K, et al.. Pharmacokinetics of insulin aspart in pump-treated subjects with type 1 diabetes: reproducibility and effect of age, weight, and duration of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013, 36:e173-4. 10.2337\/dc13-0485","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814554797","article-title":"Time lag of glucose from intravascular to interstitial compartment in type 1 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Basu A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basu A, Dube S, Veettil S, et al.. Time lag of glucose from intravascular to interstitial compartment in type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015, 9:63-8. 10.1177\/1932296814554797","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/isl.24590","article-title":"Clinical utility of insulin and insulin analogs","volume":"5","author":"Sanlioglu AD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sanlioglu AD, Altunbas HA, Balci MK, et al.. Clinical utility of insulin and insulin analogs. Islets. 2013, 5:67-78. 10.4161\/isl.24590","journal-title":"Islets"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2018.02.003","article-title":"Automatic regulatory control in type 1 diabetes without carbohydrate counting","volume":"74","author":"Colmegna P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colmegna P, Garelli F, De Battista H, S\u00e1nchez-Pe\u00f1a R. Automatic regulatory control in type 1 diabetes without carbohydrate counting. Control Eng Pract. 2018, 74:22-32. 10.1016\/j.conengprac.2018.02.003","journal-title":"Control Eng Pract"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1232","article-title":"A meal detection algorithm for the artificial pancreas: a randomized controlled clinical trial in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Palisaitis E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palisaitis E, El Fathi A, von Oettingen JE, et al.. A meal detection algorithm for the artificial pancreas: a randomized controlled clinical trial in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2021, 44:604-6. 10.2337\/dc20-1232","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2205225","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized trial of a bionic pancreas in type 1 diabetes","volume":"387","author":"Bionic Pancreas Research Group","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bionic Pancreas Research Group. Multicenter, randomized trial of a bionic pancreas in type 1 diabetes. New Eng Jr Med. 2022, 387:1161-72.","journal-title":"New Eng Jr Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0009","article-title":"Feasibility study of a bio-inspired artificial pancreas in adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Reddy M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reddy M, Herrero P, El Sharkawy M, et al.. Feasibility study of a bio-inspired artificial pancreas in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014, 16:550-7. 10.1089\/dia.2014.0009","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12571","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various glucagon dosages at different blood glucose levels","volume":"18","author":"Blauw H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blauw H, Wendl I, DeVries JH, et al.. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various glucagon dosages at different blood glucose levels. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016, 18:34-9. 10.1111\/dom.12571","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i7.912","article-title":"Mechanisms of hypoglycemia unawareness and implications in diabetic patients","volume":"6","author":"Mart\u00edn-Tim\u00f3n I","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Tim\u00f3n I, Del Ca\u00f1izo-G\u00f3mez FJ. Mechanisms of hypoglycemia unawareness and implications in diabetic patients. World J Diabetes. 2015, 6:912-26. 10.4239\/wjd.v6.i7.912","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2254","article-title":"Novel use of glucagon in a closed-loop system for prevention of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Castle JR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Castle JR, Engle JM, El Youssef J, Massoud RG, et al.. Novel use of glucagon in a closed-loop system for prevention of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010, 33:1282-7. 10.2337\/dc09-2254","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4107-0","article-title":"Efficacy of single-hormone and dual-hormone artificial pancreas during continuous and interval exercise in adult patients with type 1 diabetes: randomised controlled crossover trial","volume":"59","author":"Taleb N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taleb N, Emami A, Suppere C, et al.. Efficacy of single-hormone and dual-hormone artificial pancreas during continuous and interval exercise in adult patients with type 1 diabetes: randomised controlled crossover trial. Diabetologia. 2016, 59:2561-71. 10.1007\/s00125-016-4107-0","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12880","article-title":"Outpatient 60-hour day-and-night glucose control with dual-hormone artificial pancreas, single-hormone artificial pancreas, or sensor-augmented pump therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes: An open-label, randomised, crossover, controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Haidar A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haidar A, Messier V, Legault L, et al.. Outpatient 60-hour day-and-night glucose control with dual-hormone artificial pancreas, single-hormone artificial pancreas, or sensor-augmented pump therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes: An open-label, randomised, crossover, controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017, 19:713-20. 10.1111\/dom.12880","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0228","article-title":"Randomized outpatient trial of single- and dual-hormone closed-loop systems that adapt to exercise using wearable sensors","volume":"41","author":"Castle JR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Castle JR, El Youssef J, Wilson LM, et al.. Randomized outpatient trial of single- and dual-hormone closed-loop systems that adapt to exercise using wearable sensors. Diabetes Care. 2018, 41:1471-7. 10.2337\/dc18-0228","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13581","article-title":"Dual-hormone artificial pancreas: benefits and limitations compared with single-hormone systems","volume":"35","author":"Peters TM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peters TM, Haidar A. Dual-hormone artificial pancreas: benefits and limitations compared with single-hormone systems. Diabet Med. 2018, 35:450-9. 10.1111\/dme.13581","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0803","article-title":"Quantification of the glycemic response to microdoses of subcutaneous glucagon at varying insulin levels","volume":"37","author":"El Youssef J","year":"2014","unstructured":"El Youssef J, Castle JR, Bakhtiani PA, et al.. Quantification of the glycemic response to microdoses of subcutaneous glucagon at varying insulin levels. Diabetes Care. 2014, 37:3054-60. 10.2337\/dc14-0803","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13220","article-title":"Dasiglucagon, a next-generation ready-to-use glucagon analog, for treatment of severe hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Results of a phase 3, randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Battelino T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Battelino T, Tehranchi R, Bailey T, et al.. Dasiglucagon, a next-generation ready-to-use glucagon analog, for treatment of severe hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Results of a phase 3, randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Diabetes. 2021, 22:734-41. 10.1111\/pedi.13220","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0754","article-title":"Effect of repeated glucagon doses on hepatic glycogen in type 1 diabetes: implications for a bihormonal closed-loop system","volume":"38","author":"Castle JR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castle JR, El Youssef J, Bakhtiani PA, et al.. Effect of repeated glucagon doses on hepatic glycogen in type 1 diabetes: implications for a bihormonal closed-loop system. Diabetes Care. 2015, 38:2115-9. 10.2337\/dc15-0754","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.14.82","article-title":"How to overcome the limitations of current insulin administration with new non-invasive delivery systems","volume":"6","author":"Sousa F","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sousa F, Castro P, Fonte P, Sarmento B. How to overcome the limitations of current insulin administration with new non-invasive delivery systems. Ther Deliv. 2015, 6:83-94. 10.4155\/tde.14.82","journal-title":"Ther Deliv"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-015-0125-z","article-title":"Towards a physiological prandial insulin profile: enhancement of subcutaneously injected prandial insulin using local warming devices","volume":"6","author":"El-Laboudi AH","year":"2015","unstructured":"El-Laboudi AH, Oliver N. Towards a physiological prandial insulin profile: enhancement of subcutaneously injected prandial insulin using local warming devices. Diabetes Ther. 2015, 6:257-72. 10.1007\/s13300-015-0125-z","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2066","article-title":"Closed-loop artificial pancreas systems: physiological input to enhance next-generation devices","volume":"37","author":"Kudva YC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kudva YC, Carter RE, Cobelli C, et al.. Closed-loop artificial pancreas systems: physiological input to enhance next-generation devices. Diabetes Care. 2014, 37:1184-90. 10.2337\/dc13-2066","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/366411-the-designer-artificial-pancreas-how-does-current-technology-mimic-pancreatic-physiology","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T04:50:25Z","timestamp":1750913425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/366411-the-designer-artificial-pancreas-how-does-current-technology-mimic-pancreatic-physiology"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":53,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.86770","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]}}}