{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:07:42Z","timestamp":1790996862391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.86937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T04:32:41Z","timestamp":1751171561000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Chronic Dermatoses: From Pathophysiology to Emerging Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Irisdey","family":"Espinoza Urzua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Vidal Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manrique","family":"Vega Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian Eduardo","family":"Bedoya Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gifneth Giselle","family":"de la Cruz Donis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres Romero","family":"Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50993-8","article-title":"Skin hepcidin initiates psoriasiform skin inflammation via Fe-driven hyperproliferation and neutrophil recruitment","volume":"15","author":"Abboud E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abboud E, Chrayteh D, Boussetta N, et al.. Skin hepcidin initiates psoriasiform skin inflammation via Fe-driven hyperproliferation and neutrophil recruitment. Nat Commun. 2024, 15:6718. 10.1038\/s41467-024-50993-8","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.07.020","article-title":"Commensal microbe regulation of skin cells in disease","volume":"32","author":"Gan Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gan Y, Zhang J, Qi F, et al.. Commensal microbe regulation of skin cells in disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2024, 32:1264-79. 10.1016\/j.chom.2024.07.020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb11040043","article-title":"Epidermal barrier development via corneoptosis: a unique form of cell death in stratum granulosum cells","volume":"11","author":"Matsui T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matsui T. Epidermal barrier development via corneoptosis: a unique form of cell death in stratum granulosum cells. J Dev Biol. 2023, 11:10.3390\/jdb11040043","journal-title":"J Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.10.047","article-title":"Skin innervation","volume":"144","author":"St\u00e4nder S","year":"2024","unstructured":"St\u00e4nder S, Schmelz M. Skin innervation. J Invest Dermatol. 2024, 144:1716-23. 10.1016\/j.jid.2023.10.047","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1361005","article-title":"Unraveling the skin; a comprehensive review of atopic dermatitis, current understanding, and approaches","volume":"15","author":"Afshari M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Afshari M, Kolackova M, Rosecka M, \u010celakovsk\u00e1 J, Krejsek J. Unraveling the skin; a comprehensive review of atopic dermatitis, current understanding, and approaches. Front Immunol. 2024, 15:1361005. 10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1361005","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.024","article-title":"Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction","volume":"145","author":"Celebi S\u00f6zener Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Celebi S\u00f6zener Z, Cevhertas L, Nadeau K, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020, 145:1517-28. 10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.11.023","article-title":"The role of autophagy in skin fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and epidermal stem cells","volume":"140","author":"Jeong D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeong D, Qomaladewi NP, Lee J, Park SH, Cho JY. The role of autophagy in skin fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and epidermal stem cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2020, 140:1691-7. 10.1016\/j.jid.2019.11.023","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2021.10.004","article-title":"Innovation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: emerging topical and oral Janus kinase inhibitors","volume":"71","author":"Nakashima C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nakashima C, Yanagihara S, Otsuka A. Innovation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: emerging topical and oral Janus kinase inhibitors. Allergol Int. 2022, 71:40-6. 10.1016\/j.alit.2021.10.004","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01261-2","article-title":"Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Ogulur I","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ogulur I, Mitamura Y, Yazici D, et al.. Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 2025, 22:211-42. 10.1038\/s41423-025-01261-2","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae138","article-title":"Blockade of interleukin-13 signalling improves skin barrier function and biology in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"191","author":"Sander N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sander N, St\u00f6lzl D, Fonfara M, et al.. Blockade of interleukin-13 signalling improves skin barrier function and biology in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2024, 191:344-50. 10.1093\/bjd\/ljae138","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2902084","article-title":"Recent advancements in the atopic dermatitis mechanism","volume":"29","author":"Savva M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Savva M, Papadopoulos NG, Gregoriou S, Katsarou S, Papapostolou N, Makris M, Xepapadaki P. Recent advancements in the atopic dermatitis mechanism. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2024, 29:84. 10.31083\/j.fbl2902084","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.03.010","article-title":"Neuroimmune communication regulating pruritus in atopic dermatitis","volume":"149","author":"Steinhoff M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steinhoff M, Ahmad F, Pandey A, et al.. Neuroimmune communication regulating pruritus in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022, 149:1875-98. 10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.03.010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2022.04.003","article-title":"Peripheral itch sensitization in atopic dermatitis","volume":"71","author":"Tominaga M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tominaga M, Takamori K. Peripheral itch sensitization in atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int. 2022, 71:265-77. 10.1016\/j.alit.2022.04.003","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.02.005","article-title":"Targeting skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"van den Bogaard EH","year":"2023","unstructured":"van den Bogaard EH, Elias PM, Goleva E, et al.. Targeting skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023, 11:1335-46. 10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.02.005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.3023","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib vs dupilumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"157","author":"Blauvelt A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blauvelt A, Teixeira HD, Simpson EL, et al.. Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib vs dupilumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2021, 157:1047-55. 10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.3023","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.08.009","article-title":"JAK inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitis","volume":"148","author":"Chovatiya R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chovatiya R, Paller AS. JAK inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021, 148:927-40. 10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.08.009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2022.12.004","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"50","author":"Clebak KT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clebak KT, Helm L, Uppal P, Davis CR, Helm MF. Atopic dermatitis. Prim Care. 2023, 50:191-203. 10.1016\/j.pop.2022.12.004","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1068260","article-title":"JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: an updated review","volume":"13","author":"Huang IH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang IH, Chung WH, Wu PC, Chen CB. JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: an updated review. Front Immunol. 2022, 13:1068260. 10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1068260","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00750-1","article-title":"Type 2 chronic inflammatory diseases: targets, therapies and unmet needs","volume":"22","author":"Kolkhir P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kolkhir P, Akdis CA, Akdis M, et al.. Type 2 chronic inflammatory diseases: targets, therapies and unmet needs. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2023, 22:743-67. 10.1038\/s41573-023-00750-1","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754221130969","article-title":"Treatment with dupilumab in patients with atopic dermatitis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Koskeridis F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koskeridis F, Evangelou E, Ntzani EE, Kostikas K, Tsabouri S. Treatment with dupilumab in patients with atopic dermatitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cutan Med Surg. 2022, 26:613-21. 10.1177\/12034754221130969","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.04.057","article-title":"Emerging treatments for itch in atopic dermatitis: a review","volume":"89","author":"Labib A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Labib A, Ju T, Yosipovitch G. Emerging treatments for itch in atopic dermatitis: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023, 89:338-44. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.04.057","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.05.019","article-title":"Effect of dupilumab on blood eosinophil counts in patients with asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, atopic dermatitis, or eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"10","author":"Wechsler ME","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wechsler ME, Klion AD, Paggiaro P, et al.. Effect of dupilumab on blood eosinophil counts in patients with asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, atopic dermatitis, or eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022, 10:2695-709. 10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.05.019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084130","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of atopic dermatitis pathogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Sroka-Tomaszewska J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sroka-Tomaszewska J, Trzeciak M. Molecular mechanisms of atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021, 22:10.3390\/ijms22084130","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00683-2","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of dupilumab in adolescents with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: results through Week 52 from a Phase III open-label extension trial (LIBERTY AD PED-OLE)","volume":"23","author":"Blauvelt A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blauvelt A, Guttman-Yassky E, Paller AS, et al.. Long-term efficacy and safety of dupilumab in adolescents with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: results through Week 52 from a Phase III open-label extension trial (LIBERTY AD PED-OLE). Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022, 23:365-83. 10.1007\/s40257-022-00683-2","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2023.08.012","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"108","author":"Clebak KT","year":"2024","unstructured":"Clebak KT, Helm L, Uppal P, Davis CR, Helm MF. Atopic dermatitis. Med Clin North Am. 2024, 108:641-53. 10.1016\/j.mcna.2023.08.012","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19280","article-title":"Abrocitinib efficacy and safety in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: results from phase 3 studies, including the long-term extension JADE EXTEND study","volume":"37","author":"Reich K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reich K, Silverberg JI, Papp KA, et al.. Abrocitinib efficacy and safety in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: results from phase 3 studies, including the long-term extension JADE EXTEND study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023, 37:2056-66. 10.1111\/jdv.19280","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2017.04.007","article-title":"Pattern of skin diseases among patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Aman S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aman S, Nadeem M, Mahmood K, Ghafoor MB. Pattern of skin diseases among patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2017, 12:392-6. 10.1016\/j.jtumed.2017.04.007","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18050","article-title":"Prevalence of most common skin diseases in Europe: a population-based study","volume":"36","author":"Richard MA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Richard MA, Paul C, Nijsten T, et al.. Prevalence of most common skin diseases in Europe: a population-based study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022, 36:1088-96. 10.1111\/jdv.18050","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.945336","article-title":"Skin barrier dysfunction in acne vulgaris: pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches","volume":"30","author":"Deng Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deng Y, Wang F, He L. Skin barrier dysfunction in acne vulgaris: pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches. Med Sci Monit. 2024, 30:e945336. 10.12659\/MSM.945336","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jjns.12597","article-title":"Risk factors of skin barrier dysfunction in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Konya I","year":"2024","unstructured":"Konya I, Shishido I, Nemoto M, Yano R. Risk factors of skin barrier dysfunction in older adults: a systematic review. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2024, 21:e12597. 10.1111\/jjns.12597","journal-title":"Jpn J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/derm.2024.0106","article-title":"Effect of skin barrier on atopic dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Liu H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu H. Effect of skin barrier on atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2025, 36:37-45. 10.1089\/derm.2024.0106","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2025.04.001","article-title":"Stratum corneum pH and ceramides: key regulators and biomarkers of skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis","volume":"118","author":"Sakai T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sakai T, Hatano Y. Stratum corneum pH and ceramides: key regulators and biomarkers of skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2025, 118:51-7. 10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2025.04.001","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16055","article-title":"Is there a direct link between skin barrier dysfunction and asthma?","volume":"79","author":"Santos AF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Santos AF. Is there a direct link between skin barrier dysfunction and asthma?. Allergy. 2024, 79:1416-8. 10.1111\/all.16055","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16318","article-title":"The epithelial barrier theory and its associated diseases","volume":"79","author":"Sun N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun N, Ogulur I, Mitamura Y, et al.. The epithelial barrier theory and its associated diseases. Allergy. 2024, 79:3192-237. 10.1111\/all.16318","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.14218","article-title":"Skin barrier dysfunction associates with type 2 inflammatory diseases: evidence from a birth cohort","volume":"35","author":"Abreu DB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abreu DB, Mendes FC, Silva D, Barros H, Moreira A. Skin barrier dysfunction associates with type 2 inflammatory diseases: evidence from a birth cohort. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2024, 35:e14218. 10.1111\/pai.14218","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14060728","article-title":"New insights into the role of PPAR\u03b3 in skin physiopathology","volume":"14","author":"Briganti S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Briganti S, Mosca S, Di Nardo A, Flori E, Ottaviani M. New insights into the role of PPAR\u03b3 in skin physiopathology. Biomolecules. 2024, 14:10.3390\/biom14060728","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae262","article-title":"Inflammasomes: emerging therapeutic targets in hidradenitis suppurativa?","volume":"191","author":"Campbell C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Campbell C, Mayatra JM, Neve AJ, Fletcher JM, Johnston DG. Inflammasomes: emerging therapeutic targets in hidradenitis suppurativa?. Br J Dermatol. 2024, 191:670-9. 10.1093\/bjd\/ljae262","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2025.4810","article-title":"Skin condition and barrier function in individuals with a history of atopic dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Cho E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cho E, Kim J, Kang B, et al.. Skin condition and barrier function in individuals with a history of atopic dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol. 2025, 35:16-24. 10.1684\/ejd.2025.4810","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1393673","article-title":"Role of antioxidants supplementation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a critical narrative review","volume":"11","author":"De Simoni E","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Simoni E, Candelora M, Belleggia S, et al.. Role of antioxidants supplementation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a critical narrative review. Front Nutr. 2024, 11:1393673. 10.3389\/fnut.2024.1393673","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17453","article-title":"What lies behind melasma: a review of the related skin microenvironment","volume":"64","author":"Gu D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gu D, Pan R, Meng X, Liu T, Zhong H, Chen N, Xu Y. What lies behind melasma: a review of the related skin microenvironment. Int J Dermatol. 2025, 64:256-65. 10.1111\/ijd.17453","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.24-0088","article-title":"Long-term application of MC903 in mice prolongs the characteristic symptoms of atopic dermatitis, such as inflammation, skin barrier dysfunction, and itching","volume":"74","author":"Hoshino Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoshino Y, Kirima K, Arichika N, Kakumoto Y, Shibamori M, Matsumoto S, Hiyama H. Long-term application of MC903 in mice prolongs the characteristic symptoms of atopic dermatitis, such as inflammation, skin barrier dysfunction, and itching. Exp Anim. 2025, 74:276-85. 10.1538\/expanim.24-0088","journal-title":"Exp Anim"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dermatopathology8020017","article-title":"Ichthyoses-a clinical and pathological spectrum from heterogeneous cornification disorders to inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Metze D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Metze D, Traupe H, S\u00fc\u00dfmuth K. Ichthyoses-a clinical and pathological spectrum from heterogeneous cornification disorders to inflammation. Dermatopathology (Basel). 2021, 8:107-23. 10.3390\/dermatopathology8020017","journal-title":"Dermatopathology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2024.100222","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus colonizing the skin microbiota of adults with severe atopic dermatitis exhibits genomic diversity and convergence in biofilm traits","volume":"8","author":"Sivori F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sivori F, Cavallo I, Truglio M, et al.. Staphylococcus aureus colonizing the skin microbiota of adults with severe atopic dermatitis exhibits genomic diversity and convergence in biofilm traits. Biofilm. 2024, 8:100222. 10.1016\/j.bioflm.2024.100222","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.0079","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab, a high-affinity interleukin 13 inhibitor, in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a Phase 2b randomized clinical trial","volume":"156","author":"Guttman-Yassky E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guttman-Yassky E, Blauvelt A, Eichenfield LF, et al.. Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab, a high-affinity interleukin 13 inhibitor, in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a Phase 2b randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2020, 156:411-20. 10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.0079","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.12.065","article-title":"Roflumilast foam 0.3% for adolescent and adult patients with seborrheic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blinded, vehicle-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"90","author":"Blauvelt A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blauvelt A, Draelos ZD, Stein Gold L, et al.. Roflumilast foam 0.3% for adolescent and adult patients with seborrheic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blinded, vehicle-controlled, phase 3 trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024, 90:986-93. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.12.065","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2024.2344589","article-title":"Rapid and sustained improvements in itch and quality of life with upadacitinib plus topical corticosteroids in adults and adolescents with atopic dermatitis: 52-week outcomes from the phase 3 AD Up study","volume":"35","author":"Magnolo N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Magnolo N, Cameron MC, Shahriari M, et al.. Rapid and sustained improvements in itch and quality of life with upadacitinib plus topical corticosteroids in adults and adolescents with atopic dermatitis: 52-week outcomes from the phase 3 AD Up study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2024, 35:2344589. 10.1080\/09546634.2024.2344589","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2024.2411834","article-title":"Longer-term safety and efficacy of baricitinib for atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients 2 to <18 years old: a randomized clinical trial of extended treatment to 3.6 years","volume":"35","author":"Wollenberg A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wollenberg A, Ikeda M, Chu CY, et al.. Longer-term safety and efficacy of baricitinib for atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients 2 to &lt;18 years old: a randomized clinical trial of extended treatment to 3.6 years. J Dermatolog Treat. 2024, 35:2411834. 10.1080\/09546634.2024.2411834","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122753","article-title":"OX40-OX40L inhibition for the treatment of atopic dermatitis-focus on rocatinlimab and amlitelimab","volume":"14","author":"L\u00e9 AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00e9 AM, Torres T. OX40-OX40L inhibition for the treatment of atopic dermatitis-focus on rocatinlimab and amlitelimab. Pharmaceutics. 2022, 14:10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122753","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae062","article-title":"A multicentre randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study of the efficacy and\u00a0safety of\u00a0xeligekimab (GR1501) in patients with\u00a0moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis","volume":"191","author":"Cai L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai L, Jiang C, Zhang G, et al.. A multicentre randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study of the efficacy and\u00a0safety of\u00a0xeligekimab (GR1501) in patients with\u00a0moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2024, 191:336-43. 10.1093\/bjd\/ljae062","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4680","article-title":"Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Nakatsuji T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Narala S, et al.. Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med. 2017, 9:10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4680","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010007","article-title":"Staphylococcal phage in combination with Staphylococcus epidermidis as a potential treatment for Staphylococcus aureus-associated atopic dermatitis and suppressor of phage-resistant mutants","volume":"13","author":"Shimamori Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shimamori Y, Mitsunaka S, Yamashita H, et al.. Staphylococcal phage in combination with Staphylococcus epidermidis as a potential treatment for Staphylococcus aureus-associated atopic dermatitis and suppressor of phage-resistant mutants. Viruses. 2020, 13:10.3390\/v13010007","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-024-01308-8","article-title":"A narrative review of the OX40-OX40L pathway as a potential therapeutic target in atopic dermatitis: focus on rocatinlimab and amlitelimab","volume":"14","author":"Abdelhalim A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelhalim A, Yilmaz O, Elshaikh Berair M, Torres T. A narrative review of the OX40-OX40L pathway as a potential therapeutic target in atopic dermatitis: focus on rocatinlimab and amlitelimab. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2024, 14:3197-210. 10.1007\/s13555-024-01308-8","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1640709","article-title":"Sublingual immunotherapy of atopic dermatitis in mite-sensitized patients: a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"47","author":"Liu L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu L, Chen J, Xu J, et al.. Sublingual immunotherapy of atopic dermatitis in mite-sensitized patients: a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2019, 47:3540-7. 10.1080\/21691401.2019.1640709","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19925","article-title":"Deucravacitinib in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: pooled safety and tolerability over 52\u2009weeks from two phase 3 trials (POETYK PSO-1 and PSO-2)","volume":"38","author":"Strober B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Strober B, Blauvelt A, Warren RB, et al.. Deucravacitinib in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: pooled safety and tolerability over 52\u2009weeks from two phase 3 trials (POETYK PSO-1 and PSO-2). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024, 38:1543-54. 10.1111\/jdv.19925","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.2701","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase 2 inhibition with zasocitinib (TAK-279) in psoriasis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"160","author":"Armstrong AW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Armstrong AW, Gooderham M, Lynde C, et al.. Tyrosine kinase 2 inhibition with zasocitinib (TAK-279) in psoriasis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2024, 160:1066-74. 10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.2701","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-025-04174-2","article-title":"The impact of biologics targeting the IL-17 and IL-23 pathways on metabolic indicators in plaque psoriasis","volume":"317","author":"Jiang W","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang W, Li Q, Zheng W. The impact of biologics targeting the IL-17 and IL-23 pathways on metabolic indicators in plaque psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2025, 317:643. 10.1007\/s00403-025-04174-2","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llac069","article-title":"Interleukin-18 as a severity marker and novel potential therapeutic target for epidermolytic ichthyosis","volume":"48","author":"Ansai O","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ansai O, Miyauchi T, Hayashi R, et al.. Interleukin-18 as a severity marker and novel potential therapeutic target for epidermolytic ichthyosis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2023, 48:199-210. 10.1093\/ced\/llac069","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.2463","article-title":"Noninferiority of 16-week vs 8-week guselkumab dosing in super responders for maintaining control of psoriasis: the GUIDE randomized clinical trial","volume":"160","author":"Eyerich K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eyerich K, Asadullah K, Pinter A, et al.. Noninferiority of 16-week vs 8-week guselkumab dosing in super responders for maintaining control of psoriasis: the GUIDE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2024, 160:953-63. 10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.2463","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1274248","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, a look towards the repositioning of drugs","volume":"14","author":"Pe\u00f1a-Corona SI","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Corona SI, Guti\u00e9rrez-Ruiz SC, Echeverria ML, Cort\u00e9s H, Gonz\u00e1lez-Del Carmen M, Leyva-G\u00f3mez G. Advances in the treatment of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, a look towards the repositioning of drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2023, 14:1274248. 10.3389\/fphar.2023.1274248","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae402","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the ustekinumab biosimilar ABP 654 in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a\u00a0randomized double-blinded active-controlled comparative clinical study over 52 weeks","volume":"192","author":"Blauvelt A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blauvelt A, Papp K, Trivedi M, et al.. Efficacy and safety of the ustekinumab biosimilar ABP 654 in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a\u00a0randomized double-blinded active-controlled comparative clinical study over 52 weeks. Br J Dermatol. 2025, 192:826-36. 10.1093\/bjd\/ljae402","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052506","article-title":"Current strategies for the gene therapy of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis and other types of inherited ichthyosis","volume":"23","author":"Chulpanova DS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chulpanova DS, Shaimardanova AA, Ponomarev AS, Elsheikh S, Rizvanov AA, Solovyeva VV. Current strategies for the gene therapy of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis and other types of inherited ichthyosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:10.3390\/ijms23052506","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ski2.25","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of secukinumab for the treatment of severe ABCA12 deficiency-related ichthyosis in a child","volume":"1","author":"Yogarajah J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yogarajah J, Gouveia C, Iype J, et al.. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab for the treatment of severe ABCA12 deficiency-related ichthyosis in a child. Skin Health Dis. 2021, 1:e25. 10.1002\/ski2.25","journal-title":"Skin Health Dis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-022-02430-6","article-title":"New developments in the molecular treatment of ichthyosis: review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Joosten MD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joosten MD, Clabbers JM, Jonca N, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Gosty\u0144ski AH. New developments in the molecular treatment of ichthyosis: review of the literature. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2022, 17:269. 10.1186\/s13023-022-02430-6","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1074243","article-title":"Biological treatments for pediatric Netherton syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Pontone M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pontone M, Giovannini M, Filippeschi C, et al.. Biological treatments for pediatric Netherton syndrome. Front Pediatr. 2022, 10:1074243. 10.3389\/fped.2022.1074243","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1297658","article-title":"Case report: interleukin-17 targeted biological therapy in netherton syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Mahajan R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahajan R, Bakshi S, Kumar A, De D, Handa S. Case report: interleukin-17 targeted biological therapy in netherton syndrome. Front Pediatr. 2023, 11:1297658. 10.3389\/fped.2023.1297658","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53016-0","article-title":"Modulating the skin mycobiome-bacteriome and treating seborrheic dermatitis with a probiotic-enriched oily suspension","volume":"14","author":"Truglio M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Truglio M, Sivori F, Cavallo I, et al.. Modulating the skin mycobiome-bacteriome and treating seborrheic dermatitis with a probiotic-enriched oily suspension. Sci Rep. 2024, 14:2722. 10.1038\/s41598-024-53016-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abp9159","article-title":"Dual antibody inhibition of KLK5 and KLK7 for Netherton syndrome and atopic dermatitis","volume":"14","author":"Chavarria-Smith J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chavarria-Smith J, Chiu CP, Jackman JK, et al.. Dual antibody inhibition of KLK5 and KLK7 for Netherton syndrome and atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med. 2022, 14:eabp9159. 10.1126\/scitranslmed.abp9159","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15115","article-title":"Ketoconazole 2% cream alters the skin fungal microbiome in seborrhoeic dermatitis: a cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Tao R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tao R, Wang R, Wan Z, Song Y, Wu Y, Li R. Ketoconazole 2% cream alters the skin fungal microbiome in seborrhoeic dermatitis: a cohort study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2022, 47:1088-96. 10.1111\/ced.15115","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.201","article-title":"Ex-vivo gene therapy restores LEKTI activity and corrects the architecture of Netherton syndrome-derived skin grafts","volume":"19","author":"Di WL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Di WL, Larcher F, Semenova E, et al.. Ex-vivo gene therapy restores LEKTI activity and corrects the architecture of Netherton syndrome-derived skin grafts. Mol Ther. 2011, 19:408-16. 10.1038\/mt.2010.201","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-024-01828-0","article-title":"Polysaccharide, conjugate, and mRNA-based vaccines are immunogenic in patients with Netherton syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Nouwen AE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nouwen AE, Zaeck LM, Schappin R, et al.. Polysaccharide, conjugate, and mRNA-based vaccines are immunogenic in patients with Netherton syndrome. J Clin Immunol. 2024, 45:36. 10.1007\/s10875-024-01828-0","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-025-04028-x","article-title":"Role of immune cells in seborrheic dermatitis: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study","volume":"317","author":"Xian Q","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xian Q, Zhou J, Li X, Xu Y, Sun Y. Role of immune cells in seborrheic dermatitis: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Arch Dermatol Res. 2025, 317:482. 10.1007\/s00403-025-04028-x","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00901-z","article-title":"Ruxolitinib cream monotherapy improved symptoms and quality of life in adults and adolescents with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis: patient-reported outcomes from two Phase III studies","volume":"26","author":"Simpson EL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Simpson EL, Augustin M, Tha\u00e7i D, et al.. Ruxolitinib cream monotherapy improved symptoms and quality of life in adults and adolescents with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis: patient-reported outcomes from two Phase III studies. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2025, 26:121-37. 10.1007\/s40257-024-00901-z","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00855-2","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and long-term disease control of ruxolitinib cream among adolescents with atopic dermatitis: pooled results from two randomized Phase 3 studies","volume":"25","author":"Eichenfield LF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eichenfield LF, Simpson EL, Papp K, et al.. Efficacy, safety, and long-term disease control of ruxolitinib cream among adolescents with atopic dermatitis: pooled results from two randomized Phase 3 studies. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2024, 25:669-83. 10.1007\/s40257-024-00855-2","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032695","article-title":"Bacteriophages and the microbiome in dermatology: the role of the phageome and a potential therapeutic strategy","volume":"24","author":"Natarelli N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Natarelli N, Gahoonia N, Sivamani RK. Bacteriophages and the microbiome in dermatology: the role of the phageome and a potential therapeutic strategy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023, 24:10.3390\/ijms24032695","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.2131","article-title":"Cendakimab in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"160","author":"Blauvelt A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blauvelt A, Guttman-Yassky E, Lynde C, et al.. Cendakimab in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2024, 160:856-64. 10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.2131","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-02974-y","article-title":"Improvement across dimensions of disease with lebrikizumab use in atopic dermatitis: two Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled monotherapy trials (ADvocate1 and ADvocate2)","volume":"42","author":"Simpson E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Simpson E, Fern\u00e1ndez-Pe\u00f1as P, de Bruin-Weller M, et al.. Improvement across dimensions of disease with lebrikizumab use in atopic dermatitis: two Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled monotherapy trials (ADvocate1 and ADvocate2). Adv Ther. 2025, 42:132-43. 10.1007\/s12325-024-02974-y","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.3121","article-title":"Roflumilast cream, 0.15%, for atopic dermatitis in adults and children: INTEGUMENT-1 and INTEGUMENT-2 randomized clinical trials","volume":"160","author":"Simpson EL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simpson EL, Eichenfield LF, Alonso-Llamazares J, et al.. Roflumilast cream, 0.15%, for atopic dermatitis in adults and children: INTEGUMENT-1 and INTEGUMENT-2 randomized clinical trials. JAMA Dermatol. 2024, 160:1161-70. 10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.3121","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01261-8","article-title":"JAK inhibitors for treatment of psoriasis: focus on selective TYK2 inhibitors","volume":"80","author":"Nogueira M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nogueira M, Puig L, Torres T. JAK inhibitors for treatment of psoriasis: focus on selective TYK2 inhibitors. Drugs. 2020, 80:341-52. 10.1007\/s40265-020-01261-8","journal-title":"Drugs"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/383644-skin-barrier-dysfunction-in-chronic-dermatoses-from-pathophysiology-to-emerging-therapeutic-strategies","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T04:32:42Z","timestamp":1751171562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/383644-skin-barrier-dysfunction-in-chronic-dermatoses-from-pathophysiology-to-emerging-therapeutic-strategies"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"references-count":78,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.86937","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]}}}